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GIRLS'  AND  BOYS' 

INSPIRING 

UNITED  STATES  HISTORY 


••••••• 


AND 

A  HEART  TO  HEART  TALK 

ABOUT 

WHITE  FOLKS 


BY 
WILLIAM  HENRY  HARRISON,  Jr. 


''service  our  mission: 

{Graduating  Class  Motto) 


WILLIAM  HENRY  HARRISON,  Jr., 

As  •  hustling  agent  delivering  his  popular  book,  which  (by  melting 
the  saddest  person  laugh,  the  jolliest  person  cry  and  the  most  thought- 
less person  think),  is  selling  itself  like  buckwheat  cakes  and  sausage 
steaming-hot  some  frosty  morn  or  cool  refreshing  ice  cream  when  the 
sun  is  very   warm. 


COLORED 

GIRLS  and  BOYS' 
INSPIRING 

UNITED  STATES 
HISTORY; 

AND    A 

HEART  TO   HEART  TALK 

ABOUT 

WHITE   FOLKS 


BY 


William  Henry  Harrison,  Jrj 


LOAN  STACK 

5<,T\  G 


COPYRIGHT  1921 

BY 

WILLIAM  HENRY  HARRISON.  Jr. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DEDICATED 


TO  THOSE  COLORED  GIRLS  AND  BOYS 

UPON  WHOSE  NOBLE  EFFORTS  AND  ACHIEVEMENTS 

WILL  REST  THE  FOUNDATIONS  FOR 

THE  FUTURE  SUCCESS  OF 

THE  NEGRO  RACE: 

AND 

TO   ALL  THOSE  WHITE  WOMEN  AND  MEN 

WHOSE    KIND     ENCOURAGEMENT    OF     AND    JUST 

DEALINGS  WITH  ALL   HUMANITY  ARE  BRINGING 

ABOUT  BETTER   UNDERSTANDING  AND    GREATER 

CO-OPERATIONS  BETWEEN 


WHITE  AND  COLORED  PEOPLE. 


COMPOSED    —    COMPILED    —    WRITTEN 
ARRANGED    —     DESIGNED 

AND 

ORIGINAL  DRAWINGS 
MADE  FROM  ALONG 

THE  FAMOUS  PICTURESQUE  LEHIGH  VALLEY 

OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  U.  S.  A. 

BY 
WILLIAM  HENRY  HARRISON,  JR. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Actors 233 

Agriculture    96 

Architects 186 

Army  Officers 57 

Artists 184 

Athletics 203 

Bankers 118 

Baseball  213 

Basketball  218 

Bishops 73 

Boley,  Okla 40 

Books 154 

Business 114 

Business  Schools 113 

Business  People 122 

Churches 65 

City  Officers 45 

Civil  War 26 

Colleges,  Colored 161 

Colleges,  White 160 

Colonial  War 17 

Colored  Women's  Clubs 86 

Composers 200 

Congressmen 42 

Dentists 175 

Diplomats 43 

Elocutionists 239 

Field  Sports 205 

Folklore  Songs 36 

Football 204 

Fraternal  Orders 128-252-253 

Golfing 231 

Higher  Education 159 

Hospitals 174 

Industrial  Education 106 

Insurance 125 

Inventions 176 

Lawyers 130 

Liberty  Bonds 61 


Magazines 148 

Marcus  Garvey 95 

Medicine 170 

Mexican  War 21 

Ministers 73 

Music 188 

N.A.A.C.P 245 

Newspapers 135 

"Negro  Servants" 10 

Negro  Business  League 89 

Nurses 174 

Orators 157 

Pan-African  Congress 92 

Pianists 198 

Plantation  Morals 30 

Poets 180 

Prize  Fighters 220 

Reconstruction  Days „ , ...  3B 

Real  Estate , 121 

Revolutionary  War 18 

Rowing 227 

Rural  Schools 110 

Science 164 

Sculptors 187 

Singers 192 

Slaves  10 

Skating '. 230 

Spanish  American  W7ar 47 

State  Legislators 45 

Spingarn  Medalists 94 

Statisicians  157 

Sunday  Schools 78 

Swimming  228 

Tennis 230 

Theaters 239 

Underground  R.  R 22 

Urban  League 248 

Violinists 195 

War  of  1812 19 

White  Friends 242 

World  War .• 49 

Y.  M.  C.  A S3 

Y.  W.  C.  A 79 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE 

Not  to  Boast  but  to  Boost 

Negroes  should  find  great  pride  indeed 

In  Race  progress  herein  they  read; 
But  to  such  readers  let  me  tell 

This  book  means  not  our  heads  to  swell; 
For  five  of  the  greatest  rich  white  men 

Could  buy  the  wealth  of  our  Race:  and  then! 

So  this  book  is  neither  a  brag  nor  boast 

But  just  to  inspire  our  younger  host 
To  elevate  their  racial  name 

From  poisoned  stains  of  slavery  shame, 
By  climbing  to  the  highest  heights 

Thro  aid  of  friends  who  are  "real  whites". 

TWENTY-FIVE  years  ago,  when  a  lad  fifteen  years  old  at- 
tending the  public  schools  of  Pennsylvania,  in  which  State 
I  was  born  and  reared,  certain  ideas  and  sentiments  caused  me  to 
secretly  resolve  that  some  day,  when  I  had  gotten  together  the 
necessary  data,  I  would  write  just  such  a  book  as  is  contained 
herein.  At  the  time  that  resolution  was  formed,  I  was  attend- 
ing the  Darlington  School  in  Middle  town  District,  Delaware 
County  over  which  Prof.  A.  G.  C.  Smith  was  Superintendent. 
And  I  remember  with  much  gratefulness  my  first  and  last  public 
school  teachers,  Misses  Carrie  V.  Hamilton  and  Rebecca  R. 
Crumley  and  Prof.  Smith  for  their  kind  and  frequent  words  to 
me  as  encouragement  to  continue  my  education  after  graduat- 
ing from  the  public  schools. 

My  favorite  study  was  the  United  States  History,  and  even 
at  the  tender  age  of  fifteen  years,  I  was  greatly  surprised  and 
Race  pridely  hurt  not  to  find  any  history,  except  about  slavery, 
in  such  books  concerning  the  American  Negro.  I  had  such 
childish  confidence  in  my  school  books  and  their  authors  that 
I  felt  sure  if  Negroes  had  fought  and  died  in  the  several  American 
wars;  had  become  great  poets,  orators,  artists,  sculptors,  etc., 
the  histories  I  was  studying  would  have  mentioned  such.  I 
thought  in  doing  that  they  would  have  been  preserving  United 
States  valuable  history  more  so  than  merely  giving  just  credit 
to  the  Colored  people  who  had  made  such  history.  I  did  not 
know  that  right  then  the  attentions  of  many  public  school 


children  in  far  away  Europe  were  often  called  to  the  histories  of 
such  distinguished  Colored  Americans  as  Phyllis  Wheatley,  the 
poetess;  Frederick  Douglas,  the  orator;  Henry  O.  Tanner,  the 
artist;  Edmonia  Lewis,  the  sculptoress — all  of  them  having  won 
recognition  and  fame  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  America. 

My  youthful  ignorance,  regarding  the  achievements  of  my 
race,  is  easily  explained  when  it  is  taken  into  consideration  that 
I  was  a  farmer  boy  living  far  from  libraries  I  had  never  seen  and 
Negro  histories  I  had  never  heard  about.  And  the  United  States 
histories  then  used  in  the  public  schools  had  nothing  in  them  to 
enlighten  me  on  that  subject.  They  misled  and  kept  me,  along 
with  thousands  of  other  Colored  school  children,  in  absolute 
ignorance  relative  to  the  progress  and  attainments  of  the  Ameri- 
can Colored  people.  So  whenever  our  history  classes  went  up 
to  recite  and  my  white  classmates  proudly  went  through  the 
lessons  about  General  George  Washington,  Noah  Webster, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  Eli  Whitney,  Longfellow,  etc.,  while  I  knew 
and  could  just  as  easily  recite  such  history,  nevertheless,  my 
feelings  of  crushed  race  pride  and  mortification  were  beyond  ex- 
pression because  not  one  thing  could  I  proudly  recite  from  my 
lessons  about  great  things  my  people  had  accomplished  in 
America. 

It  is  the  same  with  the  United  States  histories  used  in  our 
public  schools  of  today.  They  do  not  relate  about  Crispus 
Attucks,  a  Negro  soldier  and  the  first  Colonist  martyr  to  give 
his  life  for  America  in  the  Revolutionary  War;  nor  about  the 
Colored  sailor,  William  Tillman,  who  received  six  thousand 
dollars  from  the  Federal  Government  for  recapturing  a  stolen 
schooner  from  the  Rebels  in  the  Civil  War;  nor  about  the 
Colored  Registrars  of  the  United  States  Treasury,  B.  K.  Bruce, 
J.  W.  Lyons,  W.  T.  Vernon  and  J.  C.  Napier,  whose  names, 
during  different  administrations  covering  a  period  of  more  than 
thirty  years,  appeared  on  all  the  United  States  paper  money 
made  and  issued  during  that  period;  nor  about  Matthew  A. 
Henson,  who  was  with  Commodore  Peary  when  he  (Peary) 
discovered  the  North  Pole;  nor  about  Booker  T.  Washington, 
one  of  the  greatest  orators  America  has  ever  produced  and  also 


builder  of  one  of  the  most  famous  institutions  of  learning  not 
only  in  America  but  in  the  world. 

As  I  said  before,  I  knew  nothing  about  such  Negro  history 
while  I  was  a  farmer's  boy,  but  I  could  never  quite  rid  myself 
of  a  feeling  that  the  Colored  people  in  the  United  States  did  have 
a  worthy  history.  I  studied  the  white  man's  U.  S.  History  from 
cover  to  cover  and  learned  all  I  could  from  it,  but  I  got  no  more 
racial  inspiration  from  it  than  a  white  boy  would  get  from 
studying  only  a  Negro  history  in  which  nothing  was  written 
about  his  own  racial  achievements.  So  I  secretly  resolved  to 
immediately  begin  to  quietly  and  patiently  research  for  American 
Negro  data  in  order  to  some  day  publish  a  book  so  that  future 
Colored  school  children  would  not  be  kept  in  ignorance  about 
their  own  race  history.  I  felt  it  was  perfectly  right  and  neces- 
sary to  study  the  white  man's  history  at  the  school  desks,  but 
if  Colored  children  were  not  permitted  to  study  the  history  of 
their  own  race  at  the  same  desks;  it  was  perfectly  right  and  nec- 
cessary  that  Colored  children  learn  about  the  achievements  of 
their  great  men  and  women  at  their  home  firesides  within  their 
family  circles* 

So  for  the  benefit  mostly  of  Colored  youths,  here  are  the 
crude  results  of  my  boyhood  resolutions  and  manhood  efforts  after 
twenty-five  years  filled  with  trying  discouragements,  and  bitter 
disappointments,  but  also  just  as  full  of  unswerving  determina- 
tions, constant  hopefulness,  upward  climbs,  ceaseless  works  and 
fervent  prayers  to  God  to  succeed. 

The  author  wishes  to  use  this  place  and  opportunity  to  express 
his  deepest  thanks  to  the  more  than  one  hundred  prominent 
Colored  men  and  women,  living  in  as  many  large  cities  in  all 
parts  of  the  United  States,  who  so  friendly  sent  to  him  up-to- 
date  information  regarding  the  progress  and  success  of  Colored 
people  in  those  cities. 

For  the  unusual  generosity  and  kindness  in  giving  of  their 
valuable  time  to  personally  and  helpfully  send  to  him  exception- 
ally fitting  and  authentic  Negro  data,  the  writer  most  courteous- 

7 


ly  acknowledges  and  gratefully  names  the  following  distinguished 
Colored  and  white  contributors; 

Mr.  Cleveland  G.  Allen,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  Associate  Editor  of  the  New 
York  Home  News,  and  Lecturer  on  Negro  Music  in  the  Public  Schools 
of  New  York  City. 

Rev.  G.  W.  Allen,  D.  D.  ,  Editor  &  Manager  of  Southern  Christian  Re- 
corder, Nashville,  Tenn. 

Attorney  Violette  N.  Anderson,  foremost  woman  lawyer  in  Chicago,  111.,  and 
one  of  the  most  prominent  Colored  women  in  her  profession  in  America. 

Rev.  F.  P.  Baker,  prominent  minister  in  Evansville,  Ind. 

Miss  Eva  D.  Bowles,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  Executive  Secretary  in  charge  of 
Colored  Work  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association. 

Mr.  Thomas  F.  Blue,  Head  of  Colored  Library,  Louisville,  Ky. 

Miss  Mabel  S.  Brady,  Branch  Y.  W.  C.  A.  Secretary,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Rev.  Geo.  F.  Bragg,  prominent  minister  and  author  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

Mr.  Chas.  H.  Brooks,  Phila.,  Pa.,  Sec'y  of  Cherry  Bldg.  &  Loan  Ass'n, 
and  prominent  in  insurance  business. 

Captain  Walter  R.  Brown,  Assistant  Commandant,  Hampton  Institute,  Va. 

Rev.  Russell  S.  Brown,  prominent  minister  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Mr.  Walter  A.  Butler,  San  Franscisco,  Cal.,  Financier  and  President  of  the 
Northern  California  Branch  of  the  N.  A.  A.  C.  P. 

Rev.  H.  W.  Childs,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  prominent  minister  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and 
member  of  the  Executive  Board  of  New  England  Baptist  Convention. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Claytor,  prominent  physcian  in  Roanoke,  Va. 

Mr.  M.  L.  Collins,  Editor  of  Shreveport  Sun,  Shreveport,  La. 

Prof.  J.  W.  Cromwell,  Historian,  and  instructor  of  higher  education  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Mr.  A.  G.  Dill,  New  York  City,  Editor  of  The  Brownies'  BQok  and  Business 
Manager  of  The  Crisis  Magazine. 

Prof.  Carl  Diton,  Phila.,  Pa.,  noted  composer,  organist  and  pianist. 

Mr.  James  E.  Gayle,  New  Orleans,  La.,  Editor  of  The  Vindicator,  and  Manag- 
er of  the  Pythian  two  hundred  thousand  dollar  Temple  in  that  city. 

F.  Grant  Gilmore,  Author,  Playwright  and  Producer,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Bishop  Robert  E.  Jones,  Editor  of  Southwestern  Christian  Advocate,  New 
Orleans,  La.,  first  and  only  Negro  elected  Presiding  Bishop  over  the  Louis- 
iana, Alabama,  Mississippi  and  Texas  Diocese  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

Mr.  Joseph  L.  Jones,  Founder  &  President  of  the  Central  Regalia  Co.,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 

Rev.  D.  J.  Jenkins,  D.  D.,  Editor  of  Charleston  Messenger,  Founder  and 
President  of  The  Orphan  Aid  Society,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Hon.  Jas.  Weldon  Johnson,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  United  States  ex-Consul 
to  several  foreign  countries,  Associate  Editor  of  The  New  York  Age, 
Secretary  of  the  National  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Colored 
People. 

Mr.  Tony  Langston,  Chicago,  111.,  Advertising  Manager  of  Chicago  Defender 
and  eight  theaters,  President  of  Langston's  Slide  and  Advertising  Com- 
pany. 

Mr.  Matt.  N.  Lewis,  Editor  of  The  Star,  Newport  News,  Va. 

Principal  Isaac  H.  Miller,  A.  B.,  Cookman  Institute,  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Mitchell,  Editor  of  The  Argus,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Dr.  J.  E.  Mooreland,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  International  Secretary  and  Head 
of  the  Colored  Department  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 

Mr.  Daniel  Murray,  Assistant  Librarian,  Congressional  Library,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

8 


Dr.  Harvey  Murray,  M.  D.,  prominent  physician,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Mrs.  Mary  F.  Parker,  Chester,  Pa.,  Undertaker  and  Embalmer,  and  Frater- 
nal worker. 
The  late  Mr.  Chris  Perry,  who  until  his  death  was  Editor  of  The  Philadelphia 

Tribune  and  President  of  National  Negro  Press  Association. 
Attorney  T.  Gillis  Nutter,  Charleston,  W.  Va.f  Representative  in  the  West 

Virginia  Legislature. 
Mr.  Geo.  W.  Perry,  Boley,  Oka.,  Editor  of  Boley  Progress  and  prosperous 

farmer. 
Mr.  Jos.  L.  Ray,  Bethlehem,  Pa.,   Confidential  Man  of  Mr.  Charles  M. 

Schwab. 
Mr.  John  H.  Rives,  Dayton,  Ohio,  Editor  of  The  Dayton  Forum. 
Hon.  F.  M.  Roberts,  Sacramento,  Cal.,  Assemblyman  in  the  California  State 

Legislature. 
Mr.  C.  K.  Robinson,  Editor  of  Independent  Clarion,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Mr.  R.  H.  Rutherford,  President  &  Treasurer  of  The  National  Benefit  Life 

Insurance  Co.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Miss  Myrtilla  J.  Sherman,  In  Charge  of  Negro  Record  Department,  The 

Hampton  Normal  and  Agricultural  Institute,  Hampton,  Va. 
Mr.  John  A.  Simms,  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  Editor  of  The  Florida  Sentinel. 
Attorney  Harry  C.  Smith,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Editor  of  Cleveland  Gazette, 

ex-Member  of  the  Ohio  State  Legislature  where  he  introduced  as  Bills 

and  had  enacted  as  Laws,  The  Ohio  Anti-Lynching  Law  and  The  Ohio 

Civil  Rights  Law. 
Mr.  C.  C.  Spaulding,  Durham,  N.  C,  Vice-President  &  Gen'l  Manager  of  The 

North  Carolina  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company. 
Mrs.  Maggie  L.  Walker,  Richmond,  Va.,  R.  W.  G.  Secretary  &  Treasurer  of 

the  I.  0.  of  St.  Luke,  and  President  of  the  St.  Luke  Bank. 
Miss  H.  Georgiana  Whyte,  Chicago,  111.,  Editor  of  the  Women's  Department, 

The  Favorite  Magazine. 
Mr.  J.  Finley  Wilson,  Washington,  D.  C,  Editor  of  The  Washington  Eagle, 

and  President  of  The  National  Negro  Press  Association. 
Dr.  Carter  G.  Woodson,  Washington,  D.  C,  Editor  of  The  Journal  of  Negro 

History,  and  Director  of  Research  for  The  Association  For  The  Study 

of  Negro  Life  and  History,  Incorporated. 
Mr.  P.  B.  Young,  Norfolk,  Va.,    Capitalist  and  Editor  of  The  Journal  and 

Guide. 

But  the  full  credit,  due  for  most  of  the  Negro  data  references 
contained  in  this  book,  the  author  takes  great  pleasure  in  justly 
acknowledging  and  gratefully  extending,  through  the  Negro 
Year  Book,  to  its  Editor,  Prof.  Monroe  N.  Work,  Director,  De- 
partment of  Records  and  Research.  Tuskegee  Normal  and 
Industrial  Institute,  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  whose  personal  consent 
was  obtained  by  the  writer  to  take  extracts  from  the  Negro 
Year  Book. 

William  Henry  Harrison,  Jr. 


FIRST  AFRICANS  VISIT  VIRGINIA 

Invited  Guests  Detained 

White  settlers  came  invitedless 

And  made  this  land  their  home  so  real; 
So  Negroes  to,  have  right  to  feel 

This  is  their  home  without  appeal ; 
For  they  were  brought  invited  guests 

And  told  that  they  must  always  stay; 
So  this  is  why  they  are  here  today 
Most  loyal  citizens  every  way. 

— Harrison. 

OVER  three  hundred  years  ago  (1619)  Africans  were  first 
brought  as  ' 'Negro  Servants"  (Ref.  Prof.  Monroe  N. 
Work's  Negro  Year  Book;  page  153,  1918-1919  edition)  to  the 
early  colonies  of  the  United  States  by  the  captain  of  a  Dutch 
ship  who  sold  twenty  Negroes  to  white  plantation  owners  at 
Jamestown,  Virginia.  As  the  results  of  those  and  many  other 
native  Africans  being  later  captured  and  forcibly  brought  to 
America,  real  slavery  was  finally  started  and  spread  so  rapidly 
that  there  were  about  four  million  slaves  in  the  United  States 
by  January  1,  1863.  At  that  time  all  the  slaves  in  the  Rebel 
states  were  set  free  by  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  of  Presi- 
dent Abraham  Lincoln,  who  was  later  murdered  for  that  Godly 
act  by  one  of  his  own  race.  But  today  Abraham  Lincoln  is 
remembered  in  all  civilized  countries  as  one  of  the  greatest 
among  the  greatest  men  the  world  has  ever  known;  as  the 
noblest  president  who  has  ever  governed  the  United  States  and 
as  the  truest  and  most  fair-minded  white  friend  the  Negro  race 
has  ever  had.  On  December  18,  1865  the  adoption  of  the 
13th  Amendment  to  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  gave 
freedom  to  the  remaining  slaves  who  lived  in  the  states  that  had 
not  rebelled  against  the  Union.  Thus  in  these  two  legal  ways, 
that  were  made  possible  by  the  Northern  States  winning  the 
Civil  War,  were  all  the  slaves  in  the  United  States  of  America 
set  free. 

When  the  few  broad-minded  white  people  in  the  early  colonies 
stopped  to  realize  that  the  first  African  people  who  arrived  were 
not  used  to  America's  new  foods,  unusual  hard  work,  cold  change- 
able climates  and  were  without  a  knowledge  of  the  white  man's 

10 


language,  habits  and  religion;  it  is  no  great  wonder  why  that 
small  portion  of  justice  thinking  white  people  so  readily  saw  un- 
usual good  qualities  and  latent  talents  in  a  group  of  supposed 
brainless  heathens  who  so  quickly,  peacefully  and  profitably 
stepped  from  the  narrow  paths  of  African  savagery  into  the 
broad  avenues  of  American  civilization.  But  the  large  numbers 
of  narrow-minded  people,  who  then  (as  now)  tried  so  hard  to 
make  themselves  and  others  believe  that  Negroes  were  inferior 
human  beings  to  themselves,  put  forth  the  explanation  that  the 
remarkable  and  rapid  adjustments  of  the  slaves  to  American 
surroundings  were  due  to  their  childlike  dispositions  to  imitate 
actions,  to  humbly  obey  orders  and  their  great  physical  strength 
to  do  all  kinds  of  hard  work  at  all  times  under  all  conditions. 
Such  people  were  entirely  wrong  in  such  ideas,  just  as  all  ill- 
meaning  prejudiced  ideas  keep  their  owners  wrong,  mean  and  in 
the  lowest  stages  of  human  society.  When  men  and  women  al- 
low their  minds  to  become  poisoned  with  hateful,  envious  and 
jealous  prejudice  toward  other  people  and  refuse  to  have  any- 
thing to  do  with  them  because  they  are  Colored,  they  have  and 
show  just  about  as  much  greatness  in  good  taste  and  good  com- 
mon-sense as  if  they  were  to  refuse  to  puff  on  their  favorite  brand 
of  Havana  cigars  or  to  nibble  on  one  of  Mr.  Huyler's  famed 
chocolate  bon-bons  just  because  the  cigar  and  bon-bon  are  of 
rich  brown  colors.  Such  narrow-minded  actions  do  not  make 
people  great  except  in  their  own  home-town  little  social  circles. 
And  when  they  leave  home  and  go  out  into  the  world  to  mingle 
among  well-cultured,  highly  educated  and  broad-minded  people, 
prejudiced  men  and  women  soon  find  that  their  supposed  great- 
ness along  side  of,  for  instance,  an  Abraham  Lincoln  or  a  Har- 
riet Beecher  Stowe*  is  as  large  as  a  grain  of  sand  is  along  side  of  a 
mountain.  If  President  Lincoln  had  not  preserved  the  Union 
and  signed  the  Emancipation  Proclamation,  or  if  Mrs.  Stowe  had 
not  written  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,*  but  instead,  both  had   turned 

As  the  result  of  her  being  kind,  courteous  and  considerate  of  the  feelings 
of  respectable  Colored  people  with  whom  she  came  in  contact  and  her  writing 
against  slavery  in  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  the  name  of  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe 
stands  today  as  the  most  widely  known  and  famous  women  authoress  the  world 
had  ever  known.  During  the  first  year  her  book  was  published  over  100 
editions  appeared,  and  up  to  the  present  time  it  is  said  that  at  least  two  mil- 

11 


lion  copies  of  it  have  been  sold  throughout  the  United  States  and  foreign  coun- 
tries. Aside  from  the  English  language,  it  has  been  issued  in  over  a  score  of 
other  civilized  languages.  It  is  estimated  as  being  the  most  popularly  read 
book  in  the  world  with  the  exception  of  the  Bible.  It  has  been  just  as  suc- 
cessfully produced  on  the  stage  and  since  its  first  publication  in  book  form  in 
1852,  it  has  continued  to  hold  its  popularity  as  no  other  book  has  ever  done  for 
such  a  period  of  years  with  the  exception  of  the  Bible.  It  is  estimated  that 
during  just  the  first  year  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  was  published  its  authoress  re- 
ceived at  least  $50,000  as  royalties  from  its  sales. 

This  is  how  the  unkown  and  poor  but  mannerly  refined,  highly  cultured, 
sensibly  educated  and  broad-minded  white  lady,  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe, 
made  for  herself  everlasting  fame,  immortalized  her  name  and  at  the  same  time 
reaped  an  independent  fortune;  just  by  sowing  seeds  of  consideration  and 
kindness  among,  looking  upon  and  treating  as  God's  human  beings  and  full- 
fledged  American  citizens  the  Colored  people  in  the  United  States 

As  the  above  were  the  earthly  rewards  the  hearts  of  weak  and  sinful  man- 
kind were  softened  and  melted  enough  to  give  to  Mrs.  Stowe,  just  think  of  the 
indescribable  rewards  the  always  loving  heart  of  the  strong  and  pure  Al- 
mighty God  is  today  bestowing  upon  her  in  Heaven  with  Him. 

up  their  noses  in  disdain,  tossed  their  heads  in  haughty  proud- 
ness  and  snobbishly  spurned  well-behaved,  well-dressed  and  in- 
telligent people  just  because  of  their  colors;  the  names  of  Lincoln 
and  Stowe  (in  stead  of  now  being  enshrined  in  the  Hall  Of  Fame 
and  written  in  the  world's  history  ever  to  be  remembered  and 
beloved  by  all  nations)  would  have  been  buried  and  forgotten 
a  few  years  after  their  owners  had  died  as  is  the  case  with  the 
names  of  all  race  prejudiced  people.  But  this  point  regarding 
the  utter  foolishness  and  ignorance  of  people  showing  race  pre- 
judice was  much  more  ably  and  vividly  brought  out  in  one  of 
Mr.  McKay's  bull's-eye-shot  and  soul-stirring  pictures  that 
appear  in  the  Sunday  issues  of  the  New  York  American — one 
among  several  such  big  white  journals  from  which  the  writer 
derives  new  inspiration  and  increased  knowledge  every  Sunday. 
This  picture  and  editorial  in  question,  that  described  the  "Nama- 
qua"  savage  tribe  of  Negroes  living  in  the  African  jungles,  were 
printed  in  the  March  6,  1921  issue  of  the  New  York  American, 
and  the  following  is  an  extract  from  that  article  titled  "Shooting 
At  The  Storm." 

"The  savages  of  Africa  had  first  of  all  to  fight  and  conquer 
the  burning  sun,  hence  the  black  skin  that  keeps  off  the  deadly 
"actinic  rays"  that  would  quickly  destroy  any  white  race  in  their 
climate,  and  the  thick  woolly  hair,  saturated  with  grease,  pro- 
tecting the  skull  from  the  heat  and  the  deadly  effect  of  those 

same  rays. 

12 


"As  we  think  of  different  kinds  of  human  beings,  let  us  judge 
them  by  the  conditions  under  which  they  live,  whether  they  be 
Eskimos  near  the  North  Pole  or  men  like  these  Namaquas  at  the 
Equator. 

"Self-satisfied  ignorance  is  horrified  at  the  Eskimo  eating 
enormous  quantities  of  rank,  fat  whale  blubber.  Any  race 
transferred  to  the  Artie  Circle  would  do  that  or  die.  Ignorance 
despises  the  black  skin  and  woolly  hair  of  the  African.  Any 
white  race  transferred  to  the  African  tropics  would  develop 
such  skin  and  hair,  or  it  would  die. 

"UNDERSTAND  what  you  are  discussing,  as  far  as  possible, 
before  discussing  it.  An  eagle  cannot  understand  a  turtle,  or  a 
turtle  an  eagle.  And  a  cow,  mildly  grazing,  cannot  understand 
either.  Every  human  being  that  despises  another,  no  matter 
what  the  other  may  be,  simply  represents  the  animal  expression 
of  prejudice  based  on  ignorance." 

Now  the  real  truth,  as  to  how  those  strange  and  friendless 
slaves  were  able  to  so  readily  adapt  themselves  to  this  country 
and  so  aptly  adopt  the  methods  and  customs  of  the  colonists, 
is  that  from  mere  force  of  habits  they  put  into  their  everyday 
lives  their  inherited  qualities  of  open-friendliness,  big-hearted- 
nefcj,  broad-mindedness,  trustworthiness,  constant-loyalty, 
quick-alertness,  unbounded-patience,  everready-forgivefulness 
and  undying  hopefulness.  These  qualities  (in  which  all  civilized 
countries  of  today  stand  badly  in  need  of  a  much  broader  growth 
and  a  higher  culture)  had  been  handed  down  to  the  American 
slaves  by  their  African  forefathers  who  had  for  centuries  dwelt 
in  the  darkest  and  wildest  torrid  jungles  without  a  knowledge  of 
the  white  man's  civilization.  And  those  black  ancestors  had 
passed  to  their  suffering  offsprings  such  full  portions  of  the  above 
named  manhood  and  brotherhood  principles  that  the  slaves  were 
able,  as  they  pitifully  and  tearfully  went  back  and  forth  to  their 
body-torturing  and  spirit-crushing  tasks,  to  shame,  by  their 
unspiteful  and  unrevengeful  actions  under  such  cruel  treatments, 
just  a  little  measure  of  their  inherited  virtues  into  the  so-called 
civilized,  educated  and  Christian  white  people  who  held  them  in 
bondage.     It  must  be  granted  that  their  owners  did  teach  the 

13 


slaves  (whose  foreparents  had  lived  in  a  very  hot  country  where 
little  clothing  was  needed  and  food  was  plentiful  without  working 
for  it)  how  to  properly  dress  and  how  to  regularly  work.  And 
although  those  enslaved  people  were  taught  those  good  habits 
only  as  means  for  their  selfish  and  greedy  owners  to  enable 
themselves  to  get  richer,  nevertheless,  the  Colored  people  of  to- 
day are  glad  and  thankful  that  they  are  now  able  to  turn  to  their 
own  personal  and  racial  advantages  the  industrial  habits  learned 
by  their  people  in  slavery.  On  the  other  hand,  Colored  people 
will  always  be  sorry  and  unthankful  to  those  brute  overseers 
and  raping  slave  owners  who  so  sinfully  and  beastfully  forced 
upon  and  taught  numerous  and  most  harmful  immoral  vices  to 
their  slaves.  And  those  soul-damning  and  life-sapping  vices  are 
still  clinging  to  and  leaving  their  marks  on  the  rapidly  advancing 
Colored  people,  just  as  the  poison  ivy  clings  to  and  mars  the 
health  and  beauty  of  the  young  and  tender  acorn  sprouts  as 
they  struggle  upward  to  become  future  majestic  oaks  in  the 
densely  foliaged  forests. 

However,  all  of  the  white  people  in  America  at  that  time  did 
not  approve  of  or  own  slaves  (just  as  all  of  the  white  people 
in  the  United  States  today  do  not  approve  of  nor  take  part  in 
discriminating  against  respectable  Colored  people)  because  they 
knew  it  was  not  right.  They  had  the  kind  of  Christianity  that 
was  real  and  pure  enough  to  make  their  minds  fully  understand 
and  their  hearts  to  tenderly  feel  that  slavery  in  its  kindest  man- 
ner is  the  worse  sin  against  God  and  the  greatest  crime  against 
humanity.  And  it  was  this  class  of  God-serving  and  fellowman- 
loving  white  men  and  women  who  secretly  and  in  great  danger 
of  being  caught  and  punished  (for  the  laws  of  the  country  for- 
bid the  educating  of  slaves)  taught  the  otherwise  friendless  people 
in  bondage  their  first  knowledge  of  God  and  Jesus  Christ.  When 
it  is  remembered  that  those  African  people  were  just  a  few  years 
out  of  a  land  where  the  practices  of  their  tribes  for  centuries 
had  been  to  worship  in  a  different  religion;  it  is  easily  seen  that 
the  slaves  were  an  unusual  reasoning,  sensible  and  broad-minded 
group  of  uncivilized  people  to  have  so  quickly  found  the  mistake 
in  and  so  suddenly  thrown  aside  their  old  and  false  religion  and 
so  readily  accepted  in  its  place  the  new  and  true  Faith. 

14 


Answered  Prayers 

During  the  two  hundred  and  forty-four  years  of  their  bitter 
servitude  those  shackled  people  had  learned  to  place  so  much 
faith  and  trust  in  their  newly  found  religion  that  they  felt  sure 
God  in  his  own  wisdom,  time  and  manner  would  hear  and  answer 
their  usually  silent  and  always  heart-rending  prayers  for  de- 
liverance from  slavery. 

So  as  Southern  heats  washed  briny  sweat  into  their  sun- 
dazed  eyes,  or  Northern  colds  checked  frozen  blood  from  flowing 
through  their  veins;  the  hopeful  prayers  of  the  slaves,  that  they 
and  their  children  might  some  day  become  free,  were  constant- 
ly offered  up  from  the  tobacco  plantations  of  Virginia ;  from  the 
cotton  belts  of  Alabama,  Georgia  and  Mississippi ;  from  the  corn 
fields  of  Tennessee  and  Texas;  from  the  rice  swamps  of  South 
Carolina;  from  the  orange  groves  of  Florida;  from  the  stone 
quarries  of  Connecticut,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania;  from 
the  truck  farms  of  Delaware,  Maryland  and  New  Jersey;  from 
the  turpentine  forests  of  North  Carolina;  from  the  blue  grass 
meadows  of  Kentucky ;  from  the  fishing  banks  of  Massachusetts, 
New  Hampshire  and  Rhode  Island  and  from  the  cane-brakes  of 
Louisiana. 

Likewise,  the  Colored  people  of  today,  as  they  patiently  and 
gradually  draw  themselves  up  and  away  from  the  slum  and 
slime  of  slavery,  are  constantly  sending  up  to  Heaven  from  the 
east,  the  west,  the  north  and  the  south  points  of  this  country 
their  hopeful  and  earnest  prayers  that  God  in  His  mysterious 
way  will  convert  and  bring  back  to  Christianity  those  prejudiced, 
heathenish  and  uncivilized  members  of  the  Caucasian  race  who 
persecute  and  discriminate  against  all  darker  races  just  on  account 
of  their  progress.  As  living  witnesses  and  proofs  that  such 
prayers  are  already  being  duly  heard  and  daily  answered  by 
God,  the  author  will  tell  on  the  following  pages  of  this  book 
(mainly  for  the  inspiration  of  Colored  boys  and  girls  so  that  they 
will  not  lose  confidence  in  themselves,  trust  in  mankind  and  faith 
in  God)  just  a  little  of  the  remarkable  progress  and  success 
made  by  the  American  Colored  people  during  their  fifty-eight 
years  of  freedom. 

15 


But  the  Negro  youths  who  read  these  following  pages  should 
ever  bear  in  mind  that  the  members  of  their  race  who  have 
climbed  and  mounted  these  rounds  of  success  have  only  been 
able  to  do  so  through  the  guidance  and  care  of  God ;  through  the 
unswerving  determinations  and  ceaseless  struggles  on  the  part 
of  themselves  and  through  the  hearty  good-will  and  brotherhood 
helpfulness  of  the  thousands  of  American  white  people  who  are 
today  true  and  loyal  friends  of  the  American  Colored  people. 


16 


THE  COLORED  RACE  IN  THE  WARS  OF  THE  U.  S. 


In  the  Colonial,  French  and  Indian  Wars 
(1704-1759) 

Even  farther  back  than  1704  Colored  freemen  and  slaves  show- 
ed their  braveness  and  fighting  abilities  by  taking  active 
parts  in  helping  the  white  plantation  owners  to  protect  and  pre- 
serve their  homes  from  the  justly  aggrieved  Indians.  Around 
the  above  date  and  the  period  between  the  years  1708  and  1718 
a  series  of  Colonial  and  Indian  wars  took  place.  These  conflicts 
stretched  from  little  but  dignified  Rhode  Island  (Queen  Anne's 
War)  through  the  Tuscarora  Indian  War  down  to  the  Yamasse 
Indian  War  that  for  a  time  threatened  to  wipe  away  the  rice  and 
indago  colony  of  South  Carolina.  Included  among  these  military 
operations  were  the  French  and  Indian  Wars  in  which  many 
Negroes  gave  good  accounts  of  themselves,  foremost  among  them 
being  Sam  Jenkins  and  Israel  Titus  who  showed  unusual  brave- 
ness under  the  commands  of  General  Washington  and  Braddock. 


17 


IN  THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR 
(1775-1783) 

Crispus   Attucks 

His  statue  stands  in  Boston  park 

To  tell  the  sacred  battle  mark 
Where  first  his  life  met  death's  decree 

So  freedom  to  these  States  could  be. 

— Harrison 

ALTHOUGH  such  records  cannot  be  found  on  the  pages  of  the 
United  States  histories  used  in  the  American  public  schools, 
a  trip  to  cultured  Boston  will  enable  one  to  read  on  the  monuments 
in  public  squares  and  in  the  public  libraries  the  name  and  facts 
about  the  glorious  deeds  of  that  pioneer  Negro  patriot,  Crispus 
Attucks  who  fell  as  the  first  American  mactyr  in  the  Boston 
Massacre  of  1770.  It  is  also  in  the  Puritan  records  of  New  Eng- 
land where  one  may  learn  about  Peter  Salem,  the  Colored  soldier 
who  avenged  the  death  of  the  first  seven  American  martyrs  at 
Lexington  and  Concord  by  slaying  Major  Pitcain,  the  British 
officer  who  in  company  with  his  men  charged  against 
the  Colonists  at  Bunker  Hill.  Among  the  hundreds  of  other 
men  of  color  who  took  parts  in  those  fierce  skirmishes  were  Salem 
Poor,  reported  at  the  Commander's  office  for  extraordinary 
bravery  at  Bunker  Hill,  and  " Black  Prince"  cited  for  unexcelled 
gallantry  at  Newport.  It  is  understood  that  among  those  who 
received  pensions  at  the  close  of  the  war  were  Cato  Howe,  A. 
Ames  and  T.  Coburn. 

Few  know  that  it  was  a  Colored  man,  Jordan  Freeman,  who 
timely  and  mortally  received  on  his  ready  spear  point  the  British 
officer,  Major  Montgomery  as  he  daringly  leaped,  followed  by 
his  soldiers,  over  the  walls  of  Griswold,  an  American  fort.  Later 
on  in  that  same  battle  of  1781  the  Colonists  were  over  powered 
and  compelled  to  surrender,  whereupon  the  American  leader, 
Ledyard,  courteously  handed  his  sword  to  the  British  officer  in 
command.  That  unfair  Englishman  upon  receiving  the  sword 
immediately  thrust  it  up  to  the  hilt  through  the  body  of  Ledyard. 
A  Colored  soldier,  Lambo  Latham,  who  was  standing  near  and 
saw  the  dastardly  act,  made  one  mighty  pantherlike  leap  and 

18 


loyally  avenged  the  death  of  his  American  commander  by  plung- 
ing his  bayonet  clear  through  the  body  of  that  ungallant  Britisher. 
For  that  act  of  fidelity  and  partiotism,  Lambo  Latham  received 
over  thirty  bayonet  stabs  from  the  enemy  before  he  stopped 
fighting  and  gave  his  last  breath  for  America  and  its  white  peo- 
ple who  at  that  moment  were  denying  their  Colored  slaves  the 
same  sweet  freedom  for  which  they  were  fighting  to  get  from 
England. 

Not  only  did  "John  Bull's"  subjects  have  to  face  human  lions 
in  the  forms  of  fighting  Colored  men,  but  they  also  had  to  feel 
the  pains  and  fear  the  death  dealing  blows  of  human  tigeresses  in 
the  forms  of  Colored  women  fighters.  And  all  Americans  who 
are  truely  proud  of  their  country  and  its  real  history  should  read 
and  remember  about  one  Molly  Pitcher,  who  after  her  husband 
had  been  killed  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  bravely  took  his 
place  at  a  cannon  and  nervely  upheld  America's  cause  during 
the  remainder  of  that  fierce  and  bloody  conflict.  Then  there  was 
the  undaunted  and  resourceful  Deborah  Gannet,  who  by  assum- 
ing the  name  of  "Bob"  Shurtliff"  entered  the  American  army 
and  went  through  more  than  one  year  of  actual  battlefield  fight- 
ing and  camp  life  exposure.  And  during  her  entire  service  she 
successfully  kept  her  moral  purity  by  cleverly  hiding  from  the 
officials  and  the  soldiers  the  knowledge  of  her  sex.  This  in  other 
words  read  her  war  record  on  a  pension  certificate  granted  to  her 
after  her  honorable  discharge  from  the  army.  And  there  were 
doubtless  many  other  unrecognized  but  noble  Negro  women  who 
entered  numerous  conflicts  and  gave  their  last  drop  of  blood  and 
lives  in  order  that  the  white  colonists  might  enjoy  the  freedom 
that  their  Colored  brothers  and  sisters  then  saw  no  signs  of 
ever  receiving. 

In  the  War  of  1812 
(1812) 

There  are  few  people  who  know  that  one  of  the  main  causes 
of  The  War  of  1812  was  on  account  of  the  British  forcibly  taking 
and  compelling  three  Americans  (two  Negroes  and  one  Caucasian) 
to  sail  under  the  English  flag.  It  was  in  that  same  war  that  a 
Colored  soldier,  Jefferys,  on  seeing  a  body  of  American  troops 

19 


retreating  under  heavy  fires  from  the  enemy,  clashed  to  their 
front,  rallied  them  together,  led  their  steps  back  and  repelled  the 
British  soldiers  who  were  about  to  break  through  a  very  import- 
ant but  weak  point  in  General  Jackson's  defense  at  Mobile. 
That  general  not  only  noted  that  leadership  rally  but  gave  full 
credit  and  praise  where  it  was  due.  He  also  expressed  grateful- 
ness to  the  soldier  of  color  whose  ideas  first  suggested  the  success- 
ful use  of  bales  of  cotton  for  breastworks  in  fortifications.  In  the 
battles  around  New  Orleans  he  looked  with  soldierly  pride  upon 
the  splendid  fighting  of  his  black  troops. 

When  American  school  children  learn  from  their  United 
States  histories  that  clean-cut  and  famous  naval  battle  report, 
"We  have  met  the  enemy  and  they  are  ours"  .  .  .,  such  his- 
tories do  not  also  inform  their  readers  that  the  personal  pro- 
nouns "we"  and  "ours"  so  prominent  in  Commodore  Perry's 
above  message  includes  the  heroic  deeds  of  Colored  sailors  as 
well  as  white.  So  when  in  reciting  these  stirring  words  their 
iron-charged  bloods  suddenly  gallop  through  their  veins;  their 
chests  expand  wide  with  national  pride;  their  heads  jerk  erect 
with  proud  fighting  spirits  and  their  eyes  sparkle  bright  with 
slumbering  fires,  such  patriotic  emotions  have  been  unkowingly 
and  involuntarily  aroused  in  true  American  youths  because  of  the 
loss  of  Colored  blood  and  lives  as  well  as  of  white  in  those  lake 
battles.  And  among  those  weather-beaten  bronze  "salts" 
were  Jack  Johnson  (not  our  present  ex-champion  heavyweight 
prize  fighter  of  the  world)  and  John  Davis  who  were  both  es- 
pecially mentioned  for  distinguished  service  on  the  schooner, 
"George  Thompson."  That  world  known  message  of  1812  also 
included  many  other  Negro  sailors  who  pitted  their  bravery  and 
brawn  against  the  British  "tars"  in  order  to  help  Commodore 
Oliver  Hazard  Perry  to  break  the  backbone  of  the  War  of  1812 
by  opening  up  a  clear  passage  on  the  Great  Lakes.  It  was 
through  that  same  newly  made  water  path  that  General  William 
Henry  Harrison  (the  hero  of  Tippicanoe,  Log  Cabin  and  Hard 
Cider)  and  his  seasoned  famed  Indian  fighters  were  conveyed  in 
order  to  enter  Canada  where  they  completely  defeated  the  artful 
Proctor  and  slew  the  cunning  Tecumseh  in  that  savagely  fought 

20 


battle  of  The  Thames.  Thus  Colored  fighters  helped  to  end  the 
foxy  and  wolfish  Proctor-Tecumseh  partnership  that  had  an- 
noyed and  tormented  for  so  long  the  American  settlers  on  the 
Northern  frontiers. 

In  the  Mexican  War 
(1845-1847) 

If  it  were  possible  for  General  Santa  Anna  to  bodily  slip  back 
to  earth,  personally  mingle  amid  and  chat  with  those  of  his 
soldier  friends  who  are  still  living;  it  is  more  than  likely  that 
among  the  many  things  talked  over  they  would  seriously  mention 
the  fact  of  having  caught  many  hasty  glances  of  dark  fighting 
faces  under  command  of  the  American  Generals  Taylor  and 
Scott  who  kept  the  Mexicans  on  a  constant  hop-step-and-a- 
jump  around  Vera  Cruz,  Beauna  Vista  and  other  places  in  that 
section. 

On  account  of  Negroes  at  that  period  being  greatly  removed 
from  the  United  States  Army  and  State  Militias,  because  of 
racial  questions,  it  is  not  likely  that  many  Colored  fighters  had  a 
chance  to  get  busy  in  that  one  and  a  half  year  backyard  quarrel 
and  fight.  There  was  published  in  a  Western  paper  a  few  years 
ago  an  account  of  a  Mexican  War  Colored  veteran  known  as 
Captain  Jackson  who  died  in  Chicago,  111.,  in  1894.  And  in 
order  to  have  received  that  military  title,  officially  or  unofficially 
he  surely  must  have  used  some  brain  power  as  well  as  much 
brawn  force  in  helping  to  establish  America's  boundary  line  on 
the  Southern  frontier. 


21 


THROUGH  THE  "UNDERGROUND  RAILROAD" 

Every  Local  Was  a  Special 

No  thundering  trains  on  iron  laid  tracks: 

No  steel  made  cars  with  cushioned  backs: 

No  tickets  punched  by  uniformed  crews: 
Yet  a  railroad  it  was:  I'll  soon  show  you. 

Fleet-footed  horses  on  soft  dirt  roads 

Stole  by  in  nights  with  slavery  loads 
To  stations  anew  further  on  the  way 

Where  all  were  hid  throughout  the  day. 

Engineers,  Conductors  and  Agents  most 

Were  of  Quaker  stock — that  Godly  host, 

Who  through  their  silent  night-dark  roads 
Transported  blacks  from  slavery  goads. 

— Harrison. 

MANY  years  before  the  Civil  War  there  was  organized  among 
the  Northen  white  and  Christian  people,  mostly  Quakers, 
a  secret  society  to  help  runaway  slaves  to  escape  from  the  South 
into  the  free  states  and  Canada.  This  society,  on  account  of  its 
hidden,  winding  and  rapid  ways  of  carrying  its  fleeing  and  hunted 
passengers  into  places  of  freedom  and  safety,  was  known  as  the 
"Underground  Railroad". 

"As  early  as  1786,  there  are  evidences  of  an  underground 
road.  A  letter  of  George  Washington,  written  in  that  year, 
speaks  of  a  slave  escaping  from  Virginia  to  Philadelphia,  and 
being  there  aided  by  a  society  of  Quakers  formed  for  the  purpose 
of  assisting  in  liberating  slaves.  It  was  not,  however,  until  after* 
the  War  of  1812,  that  escaped  slaves  began  to  find  their  way  by 
the  underground  roads  in  considerable  numbers  to  Canada." 

"From  Maine  to  Kansas,  all  the  northern  States  were  dotted 
with  the  underground  stations  and  covered  with  a  network  of  the 
underground  roads.  It  is  estimated  that  between  1830  and  1860 
over  9,000  slaves  were  aided  to  escape  by  way  of  Philadelphia. 
During  this  same  period  in  Ohio,  40,000  fugitives  are  said  to  have 
escaped  by  way  of  the  underground  railroad." 

Reference  (Work's  Negro  Year  Book;  page  167,  1918-1919 
edition). 

Without  doubt,  among  the  greatest  workers  in  that  society 
and  truest  white  friends  to  the  freedom  seeking  slaves  were ;  Cal- 

22 


vin  Fairbanks  who  was  arrested  and  kept  for  over  fifteen  years  in 
Southern  jails  where  he  was  daily  whipped  until  blood  flowed 
from  his  back,  just  because  he  helped  human  beings  to  get  their 
freedom;  Thomas  Garrett  who  was  jailed  and  had  to  sell  all  his 
personal  property  and  real  estate  to  pay  the  fines  imposed  upon 
him  by  the  Southerners  for  doing  the  works  of  Jesus  Christ  by 
aiding  the  weak  and  comforting  the  suffering.  And  when  penni- 
less Thomas  Garrett  got  out  of  jail  he  continued  to  help  runaway 
slaves  to  find  their  freedom;  Samuel  May  whose  Christianity 
helped  thousands  of  Colored  people  to  enjoy  the  freedom  due  all 
human  beings  instead  of  suffering  yokes  and  chains  belonging 
to  dumb  beasts  of  burden;  and  Levi  Coffin,  who  was  recognized 
as  the  central  electrical  force  that  so  powerfully  and  silently 
drove  on,  and  the  chief  consulting  engineer  who  so  watchfully 
kept  in  motion  the  ever  welloiled  and  frictionless  machinery  of  the 
underground  railroad  systems. 

The  following  names  are  those  of  some  of  the  leading  free 
Colored  people  who  in  every  way  possible  were  foremost  in  help- 
ing to  liberate  from  slavery  their  less  fortunate  race  brothers  and 
sisters  in  the  South: 

"Brown,  William  Wells. — Anti-slavery  agitator.  Agent  of  the  under- 
ground railroad.     Born  a  slave  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1816." 

"Douglass,  Frederick. — Noted  American  anti-slavery  agitator  and  jour- 
nalist. Born  a  slave  at  Tuckahoe,  near  Easton,  Maryland,  February..,  1817. 
Died  February  2,  1895." 

"Whipper,  William. — Successful  business  man,  anti-slavery  agitator, 
editor  of  The  National  Reformer." 

"Forten,  James. — Negro  abolitionist.  Born  in  Philadelphia,  September 
6,  1776;  died  March  4,  1842.     Forten  was  a  sail-maker  by  trade." 

"Harper,  Mrs.  Frances  E.  Watkins. — Distinguished  anti-slavery  lecturer, 
writer  and  poet.  Born  of  free  parents,  1825,  Baltimore,  Maryland;  died 
February  22,  1911. 

"Hayden,  Lewis. — Born  1815,  died  1889.  Runaway  slave  from  Kentucky 
to  Boston,  Abolitionist." 

"Ray,  Charles  B. — Anti-slavery  Agitator.  Agent  Underground  Railroad. 
Born  Falmouth,  Mass.,  December  25,  1807;  died  New  York  City,  August  15, 
1886.  Congregational  minister  and  editor  of  the  Colored  American  from 
1839  to  1842. 

"Nell,  William  C. — Anti-slavery  agitator  and  author  of  Boston.  In  1840 
was  a  leader  in  the  agitation  for  public  schools  to  be  thrown  open  to  Negro 
children." 

23 


"Lane,  Lunsford. — Born  a  slave  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.  He  is  placed  in  Prof. 
Bassett's  "History  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Leaders  of  North  Carolina"  among  the 
four  prominent  abolitionists  of  that  State." 

"Purvis,  Robert. — Anti-slavery  agitator;  chairman  of  the  Philadelphia 
Vigilance  Committee  of  the  Underground  Railroad,  and  member  of  the  first 
Anti-slavery  Convention  in  1833." 

"Redmond,  Charles  Lenox. — Born  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  1810,  died 
1873.     First  Negro  to  take  lecture  platform  as  an  anti-slavery  speaker." 

"Russwurm,  John  Brown. — Born  in  Jamaica,  1799;  died  in  Liberia, 
1851.  Editor  of  the  first  Negro  newspaper  published  in  the  United  States, 
the  "Freedmen's  Journal,"  published  in  New  York  City,  1827." 

"Tubman,  Harriet. — Fugitive  slave  and  one  of  the  most  famous  of  the 
underground  railroad  operators,  died  March  10,  1913." 

"Truth,  Sojourner. — A  noted  anti-slavery  speaker,  born  about  1775,  in 
Africa.  Brought  when  a  child,  to  America,  she  was  sold  as  a  slave  in  the 
State  of  New  York." 

"Still,  William. — Secretary  of  the  Philadelphia  Vigilance  Committee  of 
the  Underground  Railroad.  Born  October  7,  1821,  in  Burlington  County, 
New  Jersey." 

"Walker,  David. — First  Negro  to  attack  slavery  through  the  press. 
Born  free  at  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  1785." 

"Gibbs,  Miffin  Wistar. — Lawyer  and  anti-slavery  agitator;  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania,  April,  1823.  He  died  in  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  July  11, 
1915." 

"Knights  of  Liberty. — In  1846  Moses  Dickson  and  eleven  other  free 
Negroes  organized  at  St.  Louis,  The  Knights  of  Liberty  for  the  purpose  of 
overthrowing  slavery.  Ten  years  was  to  be  spent  working  slowly  and 
secretly  making  their  preparations  and  extending  the  society." 

Reference:  (Work's  Negro  Year  Book;  pages  168-69-70-71,  1918-1919 
edition) 

To  the  Colored  boys  and  girls  who  desire  to  learn  more  about 
such  mysterious  underground  railroad  trains,  that  with  their 
nervy  and  plucky  passengers  holding  on  with  all  their  might,  were 
constantly  diving  into  and  running  under  rivers  as  well  as  climb- 
ing upon  and  rolling  down  mountain  sides  without  ever  being 
wrecked  or  seldom  losing  a  passenger,  the  writer  begs  to  offer 
the  following  suggestion: 

Any  evening  when  such  boys  and  girls  suddenly  get  a  burning 
thirst  to  visit  the  ' 'movies"  and  drink  in  the  red-blooded  and 
heroic  screen  capers  of  a  Wm.  S.  Hart,  a  Pearl  White  or  a  Doug- 
lass Fairbanks;  let  those  boys  and  girls  go  to  the  nearest  library 
instead,  secure  a  copy  of  William  Still's  "Underground  Railroad 
Records",  and  return  home  with  it.  In  its  stories  they  will  find 
just  as  hair-raising  adventures  and  exciting  escapes  as  are  to  be 

24 


found  in  any  of  Doyle's  Sherlock  Holmes  detective  cases ;  between 
its  leaves  they  will  find  the  same  kind  of  serious  wit  and  humor 
that  smile  up  from  a  Walt  Mason  newspaper  article;  from 
cover  to  cover  they  will  find  the  same  kind  of  heart-rending  and 
flesh-suffering  word  pictures  that  Longfellow  and  other  authors 
have  so  vividly  painted  in  telling  of  the  expulsions  and  wanderings 
of  the  doomed  Arcadians;  but,  last  and  most  important  of  all 
they  will  find  every  one  of  its  pages  to  contain  as  true  and  valuable 
American  history  as  ever  appeared  in  the  writings  of  a  Bancroft, 
a  Fiske,  a  Higginson,  a  Prescott  or  a  Ridpath. 


25 


IN  THE  CIVIL  WAR 
(1861-1865) 

Abraham  Lincoln 

On  American  pages  of  history  space, 

The  world  gives  Lincoln  the  highest  place, 

For  the  triple  service  his  life  did  give 
So  all  men  in  freedom  here  could  live. 

When  he  signed  his  immortal  name  that  day, 

It  meant  that  together  the  States  must  stay; 
It  lead  the  slaves  to  their  freedom  goals; 
It  washed  one  sin  from  the  Rebels'   souls. 

—  Harrison. 

IF  Colored  men  and  women  in  the  previous  wars  could  be- 
come such  wonderful  fighters  and  loyal  Americans  with  no 
knowledge  and  little  hope  of  ever  receiving  freedom  from  their 
unnumbered  slave  sufferings  and  sacrifices;  then,  how  much 
braver  and  more  patriotic  would  they  be  when  fighting  with  a 
new  hope  and  full  knowledge  that  their  future  freedom  depended 
upon  the  success  of  the  side  on  which  they  were  fighting?  It  is 
needless  to  say  that  out  of  the  more  than  one  hundred  forty 
thousand  Colored  people  who  took  active  parts  in  the  Civil  War, 
there  were  countless  numbers  of  gallant  and  self-sacrificing  deeds 
performed  by  them  that  were  only  seen  and  noted  by  God.  And 
those  acts  of  valor  and  heroism  that  were  witnessed  and  recorded 
here  on  earth  by  mankind  are  so  numerous  that  space  herein  will 
not  allow  but  the  mention  of  a  very  few. 

Captain  Andre  Cailloux  was  one  of  the  bravest  soldiers  to 
fall  in  the  Union  charge  on  Fort  Hudson.  It  is  said  that  his 
Company  charged  that  fort  six  times  looking  point-blank  into  the 
red-flaming,  fire-spitting,  bullet-biting  and  smoke-breathing 
mouths  of  the  enemy's  cannons,  with  a  heavy  loss  among  his 
men  in  each  charge.  Feeling  sure  he  was  going  to  his  certain 
death,  yet  never  flynching,  a  Colored  soldier,  Anselmas  Plancia- 
nocis,  who  was  a  color  sergeant,  uttered  the  following  words  to 
his  commander  before  departing  to  his  post  of  duty  within  gun 
range  and  full  view  to  the  enemy ;  "Colonel,  I  will  bring  back  these 
colors  in  honor,  or  report  to  God  the  reason  why."  He  never 
brought  back  the  colors.     At  another  time  during  the  noted 

26 


battle  at  Fort  Wagner,  it  was  William  Carney  who  upon  seeing 
the  colors  about  to  trail  on  the  ground  as  they  slipped  from  the 
relaxing  grasp  of  a  dying  comrade,  quickly  leaped  to  his  side 
grabbed  the  flag  staff  and  planted  it  on  the  breastworks.  When 
he  in  turn  was  severely  wounded  and  carried  to  the  rear,  he  had 
just  strength  and  breath  enough  to  whisper,  "Boys,  the  Old  flag 
never  touched  the  ground."  Both  artists  and  poets  have  often 
come  forth  to  paint  and  sing  of  the  fierce  fighting  and  brave  stand 
made  by  that  famous  54th  Massachusetts  Colored  Regiment  and 
its  fearless  and  beloved  white  commander,  Col.  Robert  Gould 
Shaw.  He  fell  in  the  thickest  of  the  battle  surrounded  by  hun- 
dreds of  his  wounded  and  dying  Colored  troops  whom  he  had 
watched  over  as  a  loving  father  and  always  led  as  a  fighting  of- 
ficer. Although  Col.  Shaw  and  his  men  were  greatly  outnumb- 
ered by  the  enemy  who  repulsed  their  attack  at  Fort  Wagner,  the 
Colored  soldiers,  who  had  marched  continually  a  day  and  a  night 
without  stopping  and  then  pitched  right  into  fighting  without 
rest  or  food,  proved  to  both  the  North  and  South  that  they  were 
among  the  bravest  of  brave  soldiers. 

Civil  War  veterans  now  living,  and  when  meeting  each  other 
usually  become  so  excited  when  tongue  fighting  their  battles 
over  again  that  they  forget  for  the  time  being  all  about  their 
rheumatics  and,  throw  away  their  canes  as  they  hop  about 
trying  to  imitate  their  former  military  actions  in  battles.  Those 
who  were  there  take  delight  in  telling  how  Gen.  Fitzhugh  Lee 
and  his  prancing  Old  Dominion  well  trained  white  soldiers  met 
their  "Waterloo"  in  Fort  Powhatan  at  the  hands  of  the  belittled 
and  untrained  slave  troops.  It  was  at  Fort  Harrison  in  Virginia 
that  the  Southerners  on  seeing  Negro  troops  charging  on  the 
fort,  taunted  them  with,  "Come  on  darkies,  we  want  your 
muskets."  Eye  witnesses  say  that  the  so-called  "darkies" 
being  so  used  to  obeying  orders  really  did  take  the  guns  to  the 
fort,  but  several  hours  afterwards  when  the  smoke  had  cleared 
away  it  was  seen  that  those  Rebels  who  had  remained  to  accept 
the  muskets  had  received  the  bayonet  ends  through  their  bodies 
instead  of  the  trigger  ends  into  their  hands.  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler's 
records  show  that  his  ten  regiments  of  ex-slave  soldiers  brought 
victory  and  fame  all  along  their  fighting  lines. 

27 


Aside  from  the  chief  motive  to  help  free  themselves,  without 
doubt  one  of  the  main  things  that  spurred  the  Negro  men  to 
fight  so  valiantly  was  their  constant  memory  of  Fort  Pillow. 
At  that  fort  were  stationed  292  Northern  white  soldiers  and  262 
Colored  troops,  all  under  the  command  of  Major  L.  F.  Booth. 
On  the  twelfth  of  April  1864  that  place  was  surrounded  by  a 
much  larger  Confederate  force  under  Generals  Chalmers  and 
Forest  and  ordered  to  surrender.  Upon  the  fort  refusing  to  do  so, 
the  Rebels  closed  in  with  their  usual  battle  cry,  "No  Quarter". 
And  then  as  they  broke  in  the  fort  and  overpowered  the  handful 
of  Union  men,  there  began  a  scene  of  unmentioned  butchering 
and  slaughtering  of  Northern  white  soldiers  and  Colored  ex-slave 
men,  women  and  children  that  far  surpassed  in  horribleness  the 
massacre  of  Custer  and  his  faithful  little  band  by  the  Sioux 
chief,  Sitting  Bull  and  his  merciless  Indian  warriors.  So  after 
that  whenever  Colored  men  entered  battles  their  answer  to  the 
Rebel's  "No  Quarter"  was  a  challenge  "Remember  Fort  Pillow," 
and  times  too  numerous  to  mention  did  Negro  soldiers  fully 
aVenge  that  awful  massacre  of  their  comrades  on  that  April 
day  in  Fort  Pillow. 

By  reading  the  battlefield  records  of  Gen.  Thomas  at  Miliken's 
Bend;  Gen.  Morgan  at  Nashville;  Gen.  Blount  at  Henry  Springs; 
Gen.  Smith  at  Petersburg;  Generals  S.  C.  Armstrong,  B.  F. 
Butler  and  O.  O.  Howard  at  other  vital  places,  as  well  as  the 
fighting  records  made  in  Virginia  at  Wilson  Wharf,  Deep  Bottom, 
Fair  Oaks..,  Hatchers  Run  and  Farmville;  full  proofs  can  be 
found  regarding  the  Colored  soldiers'  supreme  brave  fights  made 
for  a  twofold  purpose — the  saving  of  the  Union  and  the  freedom 
of  themselves. 

In  summing  up  this  part  of  this  very  important  topic,  the 
writer  can  think  of  no  better  way  of  strengthening  the  truth  of 
foregoing  assertions  relative  to  Negro  battlefield  valour  and 
loyalty  in  the  Civil  War  than  by  quoting  the  following:  "When 
the  battle  test  came  these  regiments  justified  the  hopes  enter- 
tained by  their  sanguine  friends."  This  just  and  high  tribute 
was  paid  to  Colored  Civil  War  fighters  by  Comrade  John  Mc- 
Elroy,  a  white  editor  of  Washington,  D.  C,  in  the  editorial  cor- 

28 


respondence  of  his  National  Tribune  published  April  7,  1921. 
He  had  written  about  General  Rufus  Saxton  of  Massachusetts 
taking  military  command  of  St.  Helena  Island,  S.  C.  and  forming 
the  thousands  of  idle  Negro  men  into  regiments  during  the  early 
stages  of  the  Civil  War. 

On  the  Sea 

In  the  month  of  June,  1861,  the  Union  schooner,  "S.  J. 
Waring"  was  captured  by  the  Confederate  privateer,  "Jeff  Davis'. 
All  the  crew  of  the  schooner,  with  the  exception  of  a  Colored  man, 
William  Tillman  and  two  white  men,  were  taken  from  the  ship 
and  replaced  by  Rebel  sailors.  At  an  opportune  moment  Tillman 
killed  the  Rebel  captain  and  mate,  drove  all  the  other  Rebels 
at  the  point  of  a  gun  below  deck  and  took  full  charge  of  the  ship. 
After  ploughing  through  a  terrific  storm,  during  which  time  the 
Rebel  sailors  were  brought  up  and  forced  to  help  man  the  wave- 
tossed  ship,  the  Colored  sailor  safely  guided  the  recaptured  "S. 
J.  Waring"  into  the  harbor  of  New  York.  For  that  nervy  and 
patriotic  act  he  received  from  the  Federal  Government  prize 
money  amounting  to  six  thousand  dollars. 

It  was  through  the  cool-headedness,  gamesness  and  shrewd 
planning  of  Robert  Small,  a  man  of  color,  that  the  Confederate 
gunboat,  "The  Planter"  was  stolen  out  of  Charleston  Harbor, 
running  the  guantlet  of  the  Rebel's  watchful  forts  and  barking 
cannons  and  safely  delivered  into  the  hands  of  a  Northern 
squadron.  Inpayment  for  this  naval  strategy  Robert  Small  was 
made  captain  of  the  gunboat  he  captured  and  during  his  service 
continued  to  show  marked  fearlessness  as  a  fighting  sailor  and 
unusual  executive  ability  as  a  commanding  officer. 

When  the  Civil  War  was  finally  ended  by  General  Ulysses  S. 
Grant  of  the  Union  Army  compelling  General  Robert  E.  Lee  of 
the  Rebel  Army  to  surrender  at  Appomattox  Court  House,  Va., 
on  April  9,  1865,  the  Colored  soldiers  and  sailors  laid  aside  their 
warfare  weapons  with  proud  and  thankful  feelings  that  they  had 
been  given  such  great  chances  to  help  fight  for  and  secure  their 
own  freedom. 

29 


ON  THE  PLANTATIONS 

Broad-Mindedness 

From  African  jungles  to  American  shores,  , 
Negroes  were  brought  to  do  all  the  chores; 

Though  bought  and  sold  without  due  blame, 
They  now  forgive  this  country's  shame. 

—  Harrison. 

THE  slaves  who  went  into  the  battles  of  the  Civil  War  came 
up  to  all  the  standards  of  loyalty  and  bravery  that  had 
been  set  for  them  as  fighting  soldiers.  But  it  was  left  to  the 
millions  of  Colored  men  who  staid  on  the  plantations  during  the 
war  to  come  up  to  and  go  far  beyond  the  standards  of  moral 
self-control  and  human  just  treatment  set  by  their  owners. 
The  Colored  men  who  were  in  the  war  were  really  enjoying  a 
temporary  freedom  while  they  were  fighting  for  a  permanent 
freedom.  But  it  was  quite  different  with  the  shackled  men  who 
staid  on  the  plantations  during  the  war.  They  were  then 
slaves  not  only  one  way  but  in  three  ways.  First,  they  were 
still  slaves  to  their  owners  as  they  were  yet  under  their  control ; 
secondly,  they  were  slaves  to  themselves  inasmuch  as  they  were 
their  own  bosses  and  overseers  to  plant,  cultivate  and  reap  the 
crops  in  the  absence  of  the  white  men ;  thirdly  and  most  important 
of  all,  they  were  slaves  to  the  trust  and  honor  under  which  they 
had  been  left  with  the  care  and  protection  of  the  white  women  and 
children  on  the  plantations.  And  no  records  in  history  have 
been  found  to  show  where  those  thousands  of  white  wives, 
daughters,  mothers  and  sisters  made  complaints  to  their  returned 
husbands,  sons,  fathers  and  brothers  about  having  forced  upon 
them  insulting  and  raping  attentions  from  those  millions  of  slave 
men  under  whose  whole  care  those  white  women  had  been  freely 
left  and  safely  kept  during  the  Civil  War. 

If  those  Colored  men  had  wanted  to  copy  the  spiteful,  re- 
vengeful and  immoral  actions  of  most  of  their  white  owners, 
they  could  easily  have  mistreated  or  destroyed  all  of  those  help- 
less white  women  and  children  in  revenge  for  the  two  hundred 
and  forty-four  years  of  unspeakable  crimes  committed  against 
their  Colored  womanhood  by  the  Southern  white  slave  owners 
and  overseers.      Or  the  slaves  could  have  run  away,  joined  the 

30 


Union  Army  in  a  mass  and  left  alone  those  destitute  white  wo- 
men and  children  to  starve  on  the  untitled  plantations.  But 
those  men  of  the  Negro  race,  not  then  three  hundred  years  from 
the  underbrush  of  Africa,  had  under  their  dark  skins  too  much 
inborn  manhood  and  brotherhood  qualities  to  stoop  down  to 
such  beastily  acts.  They  naturally  grasped  that  grand  and  big 
opportunity  to  show  to  the  Southern  white  people  and  the  rest 
of  the  watchful  world  (that  helplessly  looked  on  in  silence  but 
with  pitiful  and  admiring  glances)  that  they  had  in  their  charac- 
ters and  dispositions  and  knew  when  and  how  to  use  them,  the 
sterling  principles  of  open-fairness,  loyal  friendliness,  tender 
feelings,  human  considerations,  moral  self-control  and  Christlike 
mercy. 

It  is  undeniably  true  that  as  early  as  1860  there  were  in 
the  United  States  over  five  hundred  eighty-eight  thousand 
Mulattoes.  (Ref.  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  page  432,  1918- 
1919  edition)  Among  that  large  number  many  thousands  were 
beautiful  and  innocent  girls  who  were  either  retained  as  their 
white  owners'  immoral  mistresses  on  Southern  plantations  or 
sold  hither  and  thither  from  the  Potomac  River  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  to  be  forced  into  shameful  and  degraded  lives  a  thous- 
and-fold more  friendless,  unhappy  and  unprotected  than  Long- 
fellow's wandering  Evangeline. 

As  the  Civil  War  did  not  begin  until  1861,  it  is  readily  seen 
that  those  one  half  million  and  more  Mulattoes  were  not  the  re- 
sults of  slave  men  forcing  immoral  attentions  upon  the  white 
women  and  girls  left  under  their  personal  cares  during  the  four 
years  of  the  Civil  War.  But  those  half-Colored,  half  white 
people  were  the  undeniable  results  of  the  brutal  rapings  of 
white  plantation  owners  and  overseers  upon  their  helpless  and 
unprotected  black  slave  women  for  over  two  hundred  years. 
So  is  it  strange  that  fair  and  pure  minded  white  people  through- 
out the  world,  knowing  and  seeing  all  around  them  today  the 
increased  results  of  those  first  beastily  actions  by  immoral 
members  of  their  own  race,  listen  without  interest  but  with 
shame  and  impatience  whenever,  through  sheer  politeness,  they 
are  compelled  to  remain  as  audiences  before  certain  classes  of 

31 


Southern  men  who  for  centuries  (including  today)  have  been 
talking  through  mouth  and  press  about  keeping  their  Southern 
white  blood  untainted  and  unstained?  Colored  boys  and  girls, 
therefore,  should  not  become  down-hearted  and  discouraged 
when  they  read  in  newspapers  or  hear  from  platforms  such 
Southern  white  men  writing  or  making  such  "Jekel-Hyde" 
talks;  because  close-observing,  sound-reasoning  and  fair-judging 
white  people  in  the  South,  in  the  North  and  throughout  the 
world  fully  understand  the  whole  situation  and  do  not  in  the 
least  take  such  Southern  false  utterances  seriously.  In  fact  they 
usually  cannot  keep  from  laughing  at  the  funny  side  of  the  whole 
thing  and  say  among  themselves,    "How  absurd." 

No  one  but  God  knows  the  number  of  decerned  Southern 
white  married  women  who  during  slavery  days  secretly  worried 
themselves  sick,  slowly  pined  away  and  silently  died  of  broken 
hearts  in  their  richly  furnished  colonial  mansions,  because  of  the 
ever  haunting,  taunting  and  stinging  knowledge  that  their 
unfaithful,  disloyal  and  immoral  husbands  as  well  as  being  the 
fathers  of  their  white  wives'  children  were  also  the  fathers  of  their 
slave  mistresses'  Mulatto  offsprings.  So  is  it  surprising  that 
clean-living,  clean- thinking  and  justice-loving  white  people  al- 
ways exchange  knowing  winks  with  their  friends  and  hurriedly 
put  handkerchiefs  up  to  their  mouths  in  order  to  hide  disgusted 
features  and  weary  yawns  whenever  they  find  thesmelves  in 
places  where  they  have  to  listen  to  certain  classes  of  Southern 
white  men  who  for  centuries  (including  today)  have  been  boasting 
from  platform  and  press  about  their  unsurpassed  and  unexcelled 
fidelity  and  chivalry  to  their  Southern  white  womanhood?  In- 
stead of  losing  their  ambitions  and  hopes  when  hearing  and  read- 
ing such  blaspheming  words  against  their  race  and  progress. 
Colored  boys  and  girls  should  take  on  new  hope  and  redouble 
their  efforts  in  striving  to  become  even  more  devout  Christians, 
higher  learned  students,  better  skilled  industrial  workers  and 
fuller  law-abiding  citizens.  In  reference  to  the  inferiority  of 
their  colors,  Colored  youths  should  remember  that  the  prettiest 
thing  in  the  world  (the  rainbow)  is  Colored,  and  yet,  no  one  is 
able  to  resist  the  fascinations  of  its  archful  beauty  or  forget  the 

32 


consolations  of  its  floodless  promise,  just  because  Nature  with 
splashing  rain  drops  and  flashing  sun  rays  oft  ribbons  the  sky 
with  rainbow  hues. 

No  one  but  God  knows  the  number  of  black  slave  women  who 
moaned  their  heart  strings  loose  and  died  of  broken  spirits 
either  in  their  one-roomed  log  cabins  or  out  in  fence-cornered 
fields,  because  of  the  ever  torturing  knowledge  that  the  virtues 
and  womanhoods  of  themselves  and  the  chaste  maidenhoods  of 
their  immatured  and  innocent  daughters  had  been  repeatedly 
and  forcibly  taken  or  sold  by  their  white  owners  and  overseers. 
Yet,  not  one  of  those  white  rapists  was  lynched,  tortured  and 
burned  at  the  stake  by  Negroes,  not  even  at  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War  when  there  were  thousands  of  ex-slave  holders  living  in 
some  Southern  districts  where  the  Colored  people  outnumbered 
the  white  people  five  to  one.  And  surely,  after  gallantly  fighting 
through  the  thickest  and  hottest  battles  of  the  war,  it  was  not 
fear  nor  cowardice  that  held  those  Colored  men  from  avenging 
the  unprintable  immoral  wrongs  forcibly  done  for  over  two 
hundred  years  to  their  unprotected  and  helpless  Colored  women. 
But,  it  was  the  living  up  to  and  the  carrying  out  of  a  certain  high 
civic  principle  of  their  African  tribal  laws  that  they  had  inherited 
and  which  prevented  the  ex-slaves  from  striking  such  a  revengeful 
blow  upon  the  Southern  whites.  For  among  savage  tribes  in 
Africa  the  universal  punishment  for  raping  was  certain  death; 
different  tribes  having  different  methods  of  dealing  out  that 
penalty.  But  that  punishment  was  never  dealt  out  by  a  mob. 
Those  tribes  so  respected  and  obeyed  the  laws  under  which  they 
lived  and  were  governed  that  as  savage  as  they  appeared  to  be, 
they  always  had  enough  self-control  over  their  tempers  and  pas- 
sions to  leave  the  captures,  trials,  convictions  and  executions  of 
such  offenders  to  be  carried  out  by  their  chiefs  and  their  assistants 
who  had  been  put  in  their  offices  for  such  purposes.  And  since 
America  had  made  laws  and  appointed  officers  who  should  have 
caught,  tried,  convicted  and  punished  those  Southern  white  men 
who  raped  enough  black  women  to  cause  the  birth  of  over  a  half 
million  Mulattoes,  the  ex-slave  men  felt  that  even  if  those  laws 
had  not  been  enforced  by  people  who  had  been  selected  to  do  so, 

33 


it  was  not  their  rights  to  take  the  laws  into  their  own  hands  by 
forming  themselves  into  lynching  mobs.  They  felt  that  just 
as  raping  of  either  black  or  white  women  is  a  most  damnable 
crime;  so  is  lynching  either  by  black  or  white  mobs  a  most 
hellish  sin.  In  making  comparisons  between  the  ancient  laws 
of  Nippur  and  the  modern  laws  of  the  United  States,  relative  to 
slaves,  the  world-famed  journalist,  Arthur  Brisbane,  in  the  June 
22,  1920  issue  of  the  New  York  American,  under  the  title, 
"Today",  wrote  in  part  as  follows: 

"Five  thousand  years  ago  some  laws  were  better  than  those 
of  our  day. 

"For  instance,  in  those  ancient  laws,  if  a  slave  woman  had  a 
child,  the  father  being  her  owner,  the  mother  and  the  child  were 
set  free.  In  magnificent  America,  in  Lincoln's  day,  thousands 
of  slave  children,  with  slave  owners  for  fathers,  were  sold  in  the 
public  markets."  » 

Now,  not  for  one  moment  do  intelligent  and  law-abiding 
Colored  citizens  uphold  or  make  excuses  for  the  brutish  crimes 
committed  by  the  degenerate  members  (and  there  are  many) 
of  their  own  race.  For  they  fully  realize  that  it  means  a  faster 
and  higher  progress  of  all  their  people  to  have  Colored  criminals 
punished  to  the  fullest  extent  of  the  law,  after  they  have  been 
given  the  same  fair  trials,  convictions  and  sentences  that  are 
handed  out  to  the  thousands  of  white  criminals  who  commit  the 
same  kind  of  crimes.  And  just  as  Colored  degenerates  are 
disgusting  and  shameful  to  up-right  living  white  people;  so  are 
white  degenerates  disgusting  and  shameful  to  up-right  living 
Colored  people.  Thus  the  broad-minded  and  law-abiding 
Colored  and  white  citizens  now  mutually  know  that  it  is  for  the 
greater  advancement  of  both  races  and  a  closer  brotherhood 
combining  of  all  Americans  for  them  to  see  to  it,  as  far  as  possible, 
that  all  criminals  be  rightly  protected  when  arrested,  given 
fair  trials,  safely  guarded  after  sentenced  and  fully  punished  in 
a  confinement  where  they  cannot  further  morally  lower  them- 
selves nor  longer  dilute  the  purity  of  human  society. 

34 


And  in  thus  fan  carrying  out  their  Christian  duties  for  the 
elevation  of  humanity,  good  Colored  and  white  people  are  con- 
tented in  knowing  that  for  those  criminals  of  both  races  who  are 
shrewd  enough  to  escape  the  detection  and  punishment  of  earthly 
laws,  there  is  a  Heavenly  law  that  never  fails  to  punish  them  at 
the  proper  time.  And  even  while  on  their  death  beds  those  evil 
doers  are  twisting  and  turning  in  mental  and  bodily  sufferings, 
they  will  not  on  account  of  their  torturing  pains  be  able  to 
truthfully  and  peacefully  chant  such  consoling  lines  that  are 
found  in  Tennyson's  poem  "Crossing  The  Bar",  nor  will  their 
names  be  written  in  that  "Book  of  Gold"  where  it  is  said  Abou 
Ben  Adhem  had  his  name  inscribed  above  all  of  those  who  loved 
the  Lord,  because  he  (Abou  Ben  Adhem)  loved  all  his  fellowmen. 


35 


FOLK-LORE  SONGS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  NEGRO 

Different  Emotions 

Prayer 

From  lips  of  slaves  with  age  bent  low, 

Wet  prayers  burst  forth  in  deepest  flow 
To  God  above  that  some  new  light 

Would  slaves  unborn  save  from  such  plight. 

Work 

Down  they  went  the  great  long  rows 

Swinging  scythes  and  chopping  hoes 
In  time  with  cheerful  labor  songs 

To  ease  the  work  and  sting  of  thongs. 

Song 

"Camp  Meetin"  times  were  when  their  songs 

Rang  loose  full  pathos  of  slave  wrongs, 
And  pent-up  hearts  with  anguish  fills 

Were  drained  as  springs  On  sloping  hills. 

Play 

When  work  was  done  and  nights  were  theirs, 
They  oft  did  have  most  jolly  fairs 
Quilting  rags  or  shucking  corn 

With  laughter,  dance  and  fiddles  worn. 

—  Harrison. 

<4rTTHE  only  American  music".  This  is  the  terse,  sincere  and 
*  high  comment  made  quite  a  number  of  years  ago  by 
Edward  Everett  Hale,  author  of  "A  Man  Without  a  Country", 
in  relation  to  the  rightful  recognition  and  value  of  the  American 
Negro  melodies  sung  on  the  Southern  plantations  during  slavery. 
Since  then,  well-read,  well-bred  and  music  loving  people  of 
both  races  have  come  to  fully  recognize,  acknowledge  and 
appreciate  the  truthfulness  of  the  above  compliment. 

For  many  years  after  their  freedom  great  number  of  ex-slaves 
harbored  bitter  dislikes  toward  these  songs  because  they  so 
clearly  and  painfully  reminded  them  of  their  past  ill-treatment 
and  sufferings  during  slave  days.  Most  of  their  children  caught 
this  feeling  direct  from  their  parents  or  indirectly  through  their 
own  vivid  imaginations  formed  from  what  they  had  heard  about 
slavery.  But  quick  and  deep  understanding  people  of  both 
races  soon  found  in  these  crude  tuneful  words  something  far 
more  interesting  and  touching  than  mere  memories  of  slavery 
sins  and  sufferings — they  saw  and  felt  in  such  weird  and  original 

36 


chants  the  most  beautiful  and  truest  life  pictures  of  the  true 
soul  that  it  is  possible  for  human  being  to  paint  with  colorful 
and  verbal  expressions  of  tear  moistened  sorrows  and  smile  dried 
joys.  Thus  music  lovers  and  masters  began  at  once  to  value  this 
music  as  among  the  most  precious  finds  to  be  added  to  their 
treasuries  of  folk-lore  songs. 

World  recognized  Negro  music  transposers  and  composers 
are  today  taking  these  rough,  crude  and  half-savage  chants  and, 
without  destroying  their  originalities  of  construction  or  pureness 
of  quality,  lifting  them  from  the  lowest  depths  of  ignorant  fun- 
making  burlesquers  to  the  highest  level  of  intelligent  and  serious- 
minded  music  admirers.  And  throughout  the  musical  world 
today  celebrated  chorus  leaders,  conductors,  etc.,  of  both  races 
in  giving  even  operatic  recitals  indicate  by  their  programs 
rendered  that  they  consider  no  first-class  recital  complete  unless 
one  or  more  of  its  numbers  are  expressions  of  Negro  folk-lore 
music  as  Burleigh,  Dett,  Diton,  Work  and  others  have  so  classi- 
sically  elevated  them.  These  broad-minded  and  just  manifesta- 
tions are  gradually  causing  the  general  public  to  become  more 
interested  in,  give  more  serious  thought  to,  and  show  more  ap- 
preciation of  the  true  dignity  and  value  of  these  melodies.  They 
are  also  rapidly  educating  the  American  Colored  people  as  a 
mass  not  to  hate  and  cast  aside  but  to  love  and  preserve  this 
music  as  a  race  pride  heritage  so  costly  purchased  and  handed 
down  by  their  fore-parents  and  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  and 
rare  features  of  American  history. 

Among  the  foremost  composers,  singers  and  lecturers  in  the 
Negro  race  who  are  giving  tremendous  aid  and  are  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  development  of  the  above  favorable  sentiments 
are  Cleveland  G.  Allen,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  Harry  Burleigh,  New 
York,  N.  Y.,  R.  Nathaniel  Dett,  Hampton,  Va.,  Carl  Ditson 
Phila.,  Pa.,  E.  Azalia  Hackley,  Detroit,  Mich.,  Kathleen  P. 
Howard,  Birmingham,  Ala.,  J.  Wesley  Jones,  Chicago,  111., 
Jennie  C.  Lee,  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  Nellie  M.  Mundy,  New  York, 
N.  Y.,  Jas.  A.  Mundy,  Chicago,  111.,  F.  J.  and  J.  W.  Work. 


37 


THROUGH  RECONSTRUCTION  DAYS 

Frederick  Douglass 

Oft  in  the  past  has  his  life  been  told, 

And  others  again  should  it  oft  unfold 
To  learn  of  the  greatness  he  did  reap, 

As  orator,  editor,  statesman  deep. 

The  following  lines  of  marginal  flight 

Show  a  Negro's  rise  from  depth  to  height : 

Fred  Douglas  unknown  in  slavery  shame 
Elevated  his  name  to  the  Hall  of  Fame. 

—  Harrison. 

IN  taking  a  swift  but  careful  glance  back  to  that  historical 
and  red-letter  year  of  1863,  it  will  be  noted  that  there  was 
born  at  that  time  into  these  United  States  a  form  of  whole 
liberty  that  had  been  fathered  and  nourished  by  the  world-be- 
loved Abraham  Lincoln.  Before  the  above  date  this  country  had 
existed  under  only  a  one-sided  liberty  that  had  been  won  from 
the  English  for  the  white  Americans  by  the  illustrious  George 
Washington.  But  it  was  left  for  Abraham  Lincoln  to  win  for  the 
United  States  a  two-sided  liberty  by  cutting  the  chains  of  slavery 
from  the  wrists  and  ankles  of  the  black  Americans  and  also  re- 
freeing  the  white  Americans  by  unchaining  from  their  souls  the 
slave-holding  temptations  they  had  become  too  weak-minded  to 
resist  and  too  selfish  to  give  up  of  their  own  accord. 

As  soon  as  the  Colored  people  had  passed  out  from  the  suffer- 
ings of  slavery,  they  were  at  once  compelled  as  free,  but  ignorant, 
homeless  and  penniless,  people  to  begin  their  upward  struggles 
and  progress  through  a  reign  of  terror.  This  reign  of  terror  was 
caused  by  the  brutal  treatment  and  murdering  of  thousands 
of  innocent  Colored  people  and  the  destruction  of  their  properties 
by  an  uneducated,  uncivilized  and  unchristianized  element  of 
Southern  white  people  who  were  known  as  "Night  Riders", 
"Ku  Klux  Klan",  etc.,  of  whom  the  best  minded  white  people  even 
in  the  South  were  ashamed. 

But  the  sturdy  and  hopeful  Colored  people  came  through 
that  awful  ordeal  as  they  had  come  through  slavery,  with  in- 
creasing determination  and  greater  efforts  to  push  forward  and 
upward  to  the  best  and  highest  things  in  life.     However,  it  was 

3$ 


only  their  unfaltering  trust  in  God  that  gave  them  enough  hope- 
ful vision  in  the  future ;  it  was  only  their  gratitude  to  and  appreci- 
ation of  their  Northern  and  Southern  white  aiding  friends  that 
retained  them  enough  patience  and  faith  in  mankind ;  it  was  only 
their  keeness  to  see  the  funny  side  of  lifes  happenings  that  enabled 
them  to  laugh  and  keep  cheerful;  it  was  only  their  ability  and 
willingness  to  do  any  and  all  kinds  of  hard  work  that  enabled 
them  to  sleep  through  the  whole  nights  with  peaceful  minds ;  and 
it  was  only  their  great  big  healthy  (everlasting-non-fasting) 
appetites  that  gave  them  enough  vitality,  stamina,  physical 
strength  and  energy-plus  to  pass  through  those  years  of  body 
sufferings  and  spirit  crushings  and  safely  reach  their  present 
stages  of  upward  progress  and  onward  success. 

Thus  the  Negro  race  has  proven  that  just  as  a  red-blooded, 
self-confident,  self-reliant  and  resourceful  individual  cannot  rest 
with  a  peaceful  and  happy  mind  as  long  as  staying  in  the  easy- 
going, smoothly- worn  and  narrow  "rut"  of  a  least-resistance, 
non-progressive  position,  but  fearlessly  steps  out  with  a  deter- 
mined mind,  hopeful  heart  and  unbounded  enthusiasm  to  face 
and  overcome  the  ups-and-down  of  this  rough-and-ready  world 
that  finally  yields  up  to  that  individual  his  or  her  well-earned  and 
genuine  success;  so  will  a  race  of  people  of  similar  qualities  and 
aspirations  be  restless  until  it  wades  and  crawls  out  of  a  miry 
and  stagnant  pool  of  ignorance  and  poverty  and  enters  a  channel 
of  freshly  flowing  active  thoughts  where  it  can  freely  swim 
abreast  in  fair  competition  with  other  races  in  order  to  reach 
those  distant  ports  of  Christian  service,  citizenship  usefulness, 
financial  independence,  self  culture  and  human  helpfulness. 

While  the  Negro  race  in  the  United  States  succeeded  in  swim- 
ming into  that  channel  in  1861,  it  has  never  been  allowed,  like 
other  races  therein,  to  use  either  a  rapid-lunging  and  noisy 
over-head  double-arm  stroke  or  a  swift-gliding  and  noisless 
under- water  crawl-stroke;  but,  has  been  compelled  to  paddle 
along  using  a  one-arm  bull-frog  stroke,  having  one  leg  and  arm 
tied  together  with  strings  of  race  discriminations,  the  entire 
racing  course  clogged  with  floating  debris  of  public  decayed 
sentiments  and  a  plaited  cord  of  race  jealousy-envy-spite  tied 

39 


to  the  big  toe  of  the  free  leg  that  has  been  roughly  and  constantly 
yanked  back  throughout  the  swim.  With  all  that  prejudiced  and 
unsportsmanlike  handicap,  the  American  Colored  people  have 
increased  their  ownership  of  homes  from  twelve  thousand  in 
1866  to  six  hundred  thousand  in  1919;  they  owned  in  1910  over 
two  hundred  thousand  farms  that  with  other  real  estate  holdings 
comprised  twenty-one  million  acres  of  land;  in  1866  they  ran  a 
little  over  two  thousand  business  enterprises  and  in  1919  they  had 
increased  that  number  to  fifty  thousand  business  concerns  doing 
a  volume  of  business  amounting  to  about  one  billion  two  hundred 
million  dollars;  in  1919  there  were  annually  being  spent  for  their 
education  fifteen  million  dollars;  starting  out  in  1866  with  seven 
hundred  churches  they  kept  on  building  and  buying  Houses  of 
God  until  in  1919  they  owned  forty- three  thousand  such  build- 
ings valued  at  more  than  eighty-four  million  dollars;  and  while 
the  American  Colored  people  in  1866  were  worth  twenty  million 
dollars,  they  continued  to  earn  and  save  money  until  in  1919  they 
had  accumulated  a  wealth  of  one  billion  one  hundred  million 
dollars,  (above  figures  extracted  from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book, 
1918-1919  edition,  pgs.  1-2-345.  ) 

There  are  located  in  over  25  States  throughout  the  Union 
nearly  a  hundred  towns  and  villages  that  are  inhabited  and  gov- 
erned wholly  by  Colored  people.  The  largest  of  these  settle- 
ments is  described  below. 

BOLEY,  OKLAHOMA 

Boley,  Oklahoma,  was  founded  on  September  22,  1904  by 

two  Colored  men,  T.  M.  Haynes  and  James  Barnett,  and  since 

then  has  enjoyed  the  greatest  growth  of  any  exclusive  Negro 

community  in  the  United  States.     There    is    a    population   of 

2,500  in  the  city  and  1,200  in  the  adjoining  district.     There  are 

no  white  people  living  in  the  city  and  all  of  the  farms  within  a 

distance  of  8  to  10  miles  are  owned,  with  but  few  exceptions,  by 

Colored  farmers  who  possess  as  much  as  900  acres  individually. 

Farming  is  the  chief  industry  of    the  community  and  about  90 

per  cent  of  the  population  own  modern  homes,  many  of  them 

costing  $5,000  and  more. 

40 


All  of  the  city  offices,  telephone  exchange,  telegraph  office, 
depot  agency,  Post  Office  (only  Third  Class  one  in  the  world 
totally  run  by  Negroes)  are  conducted  by  Colored  people.  All 
the  business  establishments  and  industries,  that  are  of  nearly 
every  kind  including  several  cotton  gins  are  owned  and  carried 
on  by  Negro  business  men  and  women,  one  merchant  being  worth 
$100,000.00.  The  city  has  its  own  paved  streets,  electric  light 
plant,  ice  plant,  water  system,  and  modern  city  High  School 
costing  $20,000,  two  private  newspapers  and  a  private  Bank. 

Some  of  the  important  buildings  and  institutions  in  the  city 
are  the  State  School  of  the  C.  M.  E.  Church  that  has  a  modern 
three-story  $20,000  building;  the  Masonic  three-story  Temple; 
The  Widow  and  Orphan  Home  of  the  U.  B.  F.  Grand  Lodge; 
the  $150,000  State  Tubercular  Sanitarium  for  Negroes;  and  seven 
churches  with  creditable  buildings.  Prospects  are  so  promising 
that  the  community  is  expecting  to  have  oil  wells  within  the 
next  two  or  three  years. 

This  is  not  a  bad  record  for  such  a  handicapped  life  swimmer 
as  the  Negro  Race  is  compelled  to  be  in  the  United  States  and 
certainly  proves  that,  when  it  comes  to  keeping  a  lead- 
weighted  body  above  the  water  surface  and  at  the  same  time 
make  progress  up  a  rough  stream  against  a  strong  down- 
flowing  prejudiced  current,  the  Negro,  if  he  really  is  a  fifth 
cousin  to  the  foolish,  noisy,  frolicsome  and  "Call  Of  The  Wild" 
goose  family,  he  is  also  a  first  cousin  to  the  sensible,  indust- 
rious, frugal,  quiet,  dignified  and  home-loving  swan  family. 


41 


IN  CONGRESS 

IT  is  a  most  remarkable  fact  that  only  seven  years  after  the 
emancipation  of  his  race,  Hiram  R.  Revels,  a  Colored  man, 
entered  the  United  States  Congress  as  a  senator  from  Mississippi. 
But  it  becomes  a  two-fold  remarkable  and  interesting  fact  when 
one  learns  that  the  Congressional  seat  taken  by  Revels  was  the 
chair  made  vacant  by  Jefferson  Davis  who  left  Congress  and  the 
Union  side  to  join  the  Confederacy  where  he  later  became  its 
president  and  leader  to  keep  Negroes  in  slavery.  That  explains 
the  question  so  many  people  have  asked  why  Revels  only  served 
one  year  (1870-1871)  in  the  Senate.  He  was  elected  to  serve 
the  last  year  that  Jeff  Davis  had  left  unfinished  in  his  term  when 
he  went  over  to  the  Rebel  forces.  B.  K.  Bruce,  also  from  Miss- 
issippi, served  a  full  term  of  six  years  in  the  Senate.  So  far  those 
two  have  been  the  only  Colored  men  to  be  seated  and  serve  in  the 
U.  S.  Senate.  In  1872,  P.  B.  S.  Pinchback,  a  Colored  man,  was 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate,  but  the  right  of  the  Legislature  to 
legally  elect  a  senator  was  challenged.  The  contention  was 
urged  that  the  Legislature  itself  was  not  legally  elected.  The 
contest  lasted  four  years  and  ended  with  seven  Republican  Sena 
tors  voting  with  the  Democrats  to  deny  him  the  seat.  He  was 
later  given  four  years  salary  as  a  senator.  During  the  period  of 
Reconstruction  right  after  the  Civil  War  this  same  Colored  man 
was  elected  and  served  as  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Louisiana  and 
once  while  the  Governor,  W.  P.  Kellogg  was  absent  from  the 
State  for  a  brief  period,  Lt.  Gov.  P.  B.  S.  Pinchback  acted  as 
Governor  of  Louisiana. 

J.  R.  Lynch  was  elected  from  Mississippi  to  the  U.  S.  House 
of  Representatives.  Other  Colored  men  who  have  been  members 
in  the  House  were  as  follows:  Louisiana  sent  J.  H.  Menard  and 
C.  E.  Nash;  Georgia  sent  J.  T.  Long;  Alabama  sent  B.  S.  Turner, 
J.  T.  Rapier,  and  J.  Harlson;  Virginia  sent  J.  M.  Langston; 
Florida  sent  J.  T.  Walls ;  South  Carolina  took  the  lead  in  numbers 
by  sending  R.  B.  Elliott,  R.  C.  DeLarge,  R.  H.  Cain,  A.  J.  Ran- 
sier,  Robert  Small,  T.  E.  Miller,  G.  W.  Murray,  and  J.  H. 
Rainey  who  by  being  elected   five  times  exceeded  any  other 

42 


Negro  in  length  of  service  (ten  years)  in  the  House.  But  it  was 
left  for  North  Carolina  to  "Tar  Heel"  in  the  rear  of  that  Congres- 
sional noble  march  by  sending  the  latest  Colored  member  to 
Congress  in  the  person  of  the  late  George  H.  White,  who  as  a 
Representative  had  been  proceeded  from  that  same  state  in  the 
same  branch  of  the  U.  S.  Legislature  by  J.  Hyman,  J.  E.  O'Harra 
and  H.  P.  Cheatham,  (extracts  from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book, 
1918-1919  edition,  pg.  207.) 

In  The  U.  S«  Diplomatic  Service 

While  a  U.  S.  Senator  or  Representative  acts  in  the  Legislature 
at  Washington,  D.  C.  as  spokesman  for  a  few  thousand  people 
living  in  a  certain  section  of  the  state  that  elects  him ;  a  Minister 
or  Consul  to  foreign  countries  acts  as  a  spokesman  for  all  the 
millions  of  American  citizens  living  in  all  the  United  States  of 
America.  Thus,  while  the  Colored  Congressman  held  a  very 
honorable  and  influential  federal  position ;  the  Colored  man  who 
had  served  either  as  a  minister  or  consul  to  foreign  lands  was  the 
one  who  really  shouldered  the  highest  and  most  responsible 
Government  position  ever  accorded  to  an  American  Colored 
person. 

Some  of  those  of  the  Race  who  have  served  in  this  last  named 
branch  of  the  Government  are:  A.  H.  Grimke,  Minister  to  San 
Domingo,  E.  D.  Bassett,  Frederick  Douglas,  J.  S.Durham,  S.  A. 
Furness,  and  L.  W.  Livingston,  Ministers  and  Consuls  to  Haiti; 
T,  M.  Chester,  Dr.  J.  R.  Grassland,  J.  L.  Johnson  and  E.  W. 
Lyons,  Consul  and  Ministers  to  Liberia;  J  as.  Weldon  Johnson, 
Consul  to  Puerto  Cabello,  Venezuela,  to  Corinto,  Nicaragua  and 
to  the  Azores;  J.  C.  Carter,  and  M.  Wistar  Gibbs,  Consuls  to 
Madagascar;  Wm.  H.  Hunt  and  W.  A.  Jackson,  Consuls  to 
France;  R.  T.  Greener,  Consul  to  Valdivostok;  W.  J.  Yerb, 
Consul  to  Dakar,  West  Africa,  (some  of  above  extracts  from 
Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pg.  208). 

Others  of  the  Race  who  have  in  the  past  or  are  at  presnt 
holding  important  Federal  positions  are  Chas.  W.  Anderson,  Col- 
lector of  Internal  Revenue,  New  York  City;  E.  T.  Attwell,  Direc- 

43 


tor  of  Negro  Industries  during  the  World  War;  Dr.  Bozerman, 
Postmaster  of  Charleston,  S.  C;  R.  W.  Bundy,  Secretary  to 
Legation  in  Liberia;  Phil  H.  Brown,  Commissioner  of  Concilia- 
tion in  the  U.  S.  Labor  Dept.,;  J.  E.  Bush,  Receiver  of  Public 
Money,  Kansas;  B.  K.  Bruce,  Register  of  Treasury,  Washington, 
D.  C;  J.  A.  Cobb,  Ass't  U.  S.  District  Attorney,  Washington, 

D.  C;  C.  S.  Cottrell,  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue,  Honolulu; 
W.  S.  Cohen,  Land  Office  Commissioner,  La.;  Wm.  Crum,  Col- 
lector of  Customs,  Charleston,  S.  C;  J.  C.  Dancy,  Recorder  of 
Deeds,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  J.  H.  Deveaux,  Collector  of  Customs, 
Savannah,  Ga. ;  Frederick  Douglas,  Recorder  of  Deeds  and  U.  S. 
Marshall  of  the  District  of  Columbia;  Miss  Helen  Erwin, Director 
of  Colored  Industrial  Housing,  during  World  War;  H.  O.  Flip- 
per, Special  Ass't  to  the  Alaska  R.  R.  Commissioner;  Geo.  E. 
Haynes,  U.  S.  Director  of  Negro  Economies,  during  the  World 
War;  Perry  W.  Howard,  Special  Ass't  U.  S.  Attorney  General; 

E.  H.  Hewlett,  Judge,  Municipal  Court,  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
Henry  Lincoln  Johnson,  Recorder  of  Deeds  and  Republican 
National  Committeeman,  Washington,  D.  C.;J.  E.  Lee,  Collector 
Internal  Revenue,  Florida;  Wm.  H.  Lewis,  Ass't  U.  S.  Attorney 
General,  Boston,  Mass. ;  Jas  Lewis,  Collector  of  Port,  La. ;  Judson 
W.  Lyons,  Register  of  U.  S.  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Wm.  Matthews,  Ass't  U.  S.  District  Attorney,  Boston,  Mass. 
Whitfield  McKinley,  Collector  of  Port,  Georgetown,  D.  C. 
J.  C.  Napier,  Register  of  U.  S.  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  C. 
J.  B.  Peterson,  Chief  Deputy  Collector,  Internal  Revenue,  Porto 
Rico;  ex-Lieut.  Gov.  P.  B.  S.  Pinchback,  Special  Agent  Internal 
Revenue,  New  York;  Dr.  C.  V.  Roman,  Field  Secretary  in 
Venereal  Medical  Division  of  U.  S.  Army,  during  World  War; 
H.  E.  Rucker,  Collector  Internal  Revenue,  Ga.;  Emmett  J. 
Scott,  Special  Commissioner  to  Liberia,  and  Special  Ass't  Secre- 
tary to  Secretary  of  War,  during  World  War;  Robert  Small, 
Collector  of  Port,  Beaufort,  S.  C;  R.  L.  Smith,  Deputy  U.  S. 
Marshall,  Texas;  Robert  H.  Terrell,  Judge,  Municipal  Court, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  Ralph  W.  Tyler, Auditor  of  Navy,  and  Foreign 
War  Correspondent,  during  World  War;  W.  T.  Vernon,  Register 
of  U.  S.  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  C;  and  S.  Laing  Williams, 
Ass't  U.  S.  District  Attorney,  Chicago,  111. 

44 


In  State  Legislatures 

Upon  being  elected  in  1866  to  the  Massachusetts  House  of 
Representative,  C.  L.  Mitchell  and  E.  G.  Walker,  became  the 
first  Colored  men  to  serve  in  any  state  legislature  in  America. 
Since  that  time  up  to  the  present  day  nearly  a  thousand  men  of  the 
Race  have  served  as  Representatives  in  different  state  legisla- 
tures. Some  of  those  having  been  elected  within  the  past  few 
years  as  members  of  state  congressional  bodies  are  as  follows : 

W.  G.  Alexander,  New  Jersey;  J.  C.  Asbury,  H.  W.  Bass  and 
A.  F.  Stevens,  Pennsylvania;  J.  A.  Brown,  H.  E.  Davis  and  H.  C. 
Smith,  Ohio;  J.  C.  Coleman,  H.  J.  Copehart,  J.  M.  Ellis,  E.  H. 
Harper,  T.  G.  Nutter,  C.  Payne  and  H.  H.Railey,  West  Virginia; 
W.  R.  Douglass,  A.  H.  Roberts  and  S.  B.  Turner,  and  Robt.  R. 
Jackson,  Illinois;  J.C.Hawkins,  New  York;  E.  A.  Johnson,  N. 
Y.;  W.  M.  Moore,  Missouri;  F.  M.  Roberts,  California  and 
J.  M.  Ryan,  District  of  Columbia. 


In  City  Government 

The  following  names  are  those  of  a  few  of  the  many  Colored 
politicians  scattered  throughout  the  country  who  are  earnestly 
and  intelligently  helping  their  city  governments  to  direct  old 
and  make  new  laws  for  the  welfare  of  all  races  in  their  represented 
districts : 

Councilman  J.  A.  Adams,  Annapolis,  Md.;  Alderman  L.  B. 
Anderson,  Chicago,  111.;  Councilman  J.  Brown,  Urbana,  Ohio; 
Councilman  V.  Chambliss,  Mounds,  111.;  Councilman  R.  A. 
Cooper,  Philadelphia.;  ex-Alderman  Oscar  De  Priest,  Chicago, 
111.;  Councilmen  T.  W.  Fleming,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  S.  A.  Furniss, 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  W.  M.  Fitzgerald,  Baltimore,  Md.;  Alder- 
man, G.  W.  Harris,  and  Assemblyman  J.  C.  Hawkins,  New  York 
City,  N.  Y.;  Alderman  J.  H.  Hopkins,  Wilmington,  Del.;  Alder- 
man H.  R.  Jackson,  Chicago,  111.;  Councilman  Robt.  R.  Jack- 
son, Chicago,  111.;  Assemblyman  E.  A.  Johnson,  New  York  City, 
N.  Y.;   Councilman  W.  T.  McQuinn,  Baltimore,  Md.;  C.  Scott, 

45 


Worcester,  Mass.  and  H.  St.  Clair,  Cambridge,  Md. ;  Alderman 
T.  E.  Stevens,  Cleveland,  Tenn.;  Councilmen  H.  Ward, 
Nicholasville,  Ky.  and  F.  F.  Wright,  Boston,  Mass.;  Committ- 
eeman E.  H.  Wright,  Chicago,  111.  (some  of  the  above  names 
are  extracts  from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition, 
page  54.)  Milton  White  and  Amos  Scott  are  very  prominent 
in  Phila.,  Pa.  politics  as  well  as  unusualy  successful  business- 
men. 


46 


IN  THE  SPANISH-AMERICAN  WAR 

WHENEVER  Colored  people  hear  mentioned  the  Spanish- 
American  War,  their  first  thoughts  naturally  dig  up 
proud  memories  of  the  9th  and  10th  Colored  Cavalries,  the  24th 
and  25th  Colored  Regiments,  The  8th  Illinois,  Ohio  Battalion 
and  others  bravely  facing  raining  shot  and  shell  pouring  down 
from  the  hill  tops  of  El  Caney  and  San  Juan. *  And  ever  will 
it  go  down  in  history  that  they  were  members  of  the  celebrated 
10th  Colored  Cavalry  who  while  fighting  on  San  Juan  Hill  sprang 
to  the  timely  rescue  of  the  late  Colonel  Theodore  Roosevelt  and 
his  famous  Rough  Riders  and  saved  them  from  certain  and  horri- 
ble deaths  at  the  hands  of  the  merciless  Spaniards. 

But  why  here  go  further  into  details  regarding  the  conduct 
of  Colored  men  in  that  war  when  the  official  reports  of  such 
capable  warriors  and  experienced  military  judges  as  Major- 
Generals  W.  R.  Shafter,  J.  F.  Kent,  H.  W.  Lawton,  Joseph 
Wheeler,  Colonel  (now  General)  Leonard  Wood  and  other  high 
commanding  officers  give  rightful  credit  and  praise  to  the  Color- 
ed soldiers  who  displayed  such  remarkable  patriotism  and  hero- 
ism in  that  short  and  fierce  ''There'll  be  a  Hot  Time  in  the  Old 
Town  To-night"  war?  (This  quotation  is  the  title  of*  a  very 
popular  tune  sung  during  this  war  by  the  American  soldiers 
and  civilians. 

When  Hobson  made  his  dare-devil  and  world-famed  sea  trip 
through  a  gauntlet  of  Spanish  frowning  guns,  there  were  more 
than  twenty-five  Colored  sailors  with  him  who  then  shared  all 
of  his  dangers  and  later  a  little  of  his  fame.  Another  most  im- 
portant naval  action  centered  around  a  Colored  sailor,  John  C. 
Jordan,  Chief  Gunner's  Mate,  who  on  May  1,  1898  during  the 
battle  of  Manilla  fired  the  first  shot  from  the  crusier,  "Olympia" 
flag  ship  of  the  late  Admiral  Dewey.  That  was  the  shot  that 
opened  the  first  decisive  battle  Of  the  Spanish-American  War 
as  well  as  starting  the  destruction  of  the  modern  Spanish  Ar- 
manda.  It  is  surely  in  place  to  mention  here  that  Jordan  entered 
the  Navy  as  a  third-class  apprentice  and  was  honorably  retired 

47 


as  a  Chief  Petty  Officer  after  spending  thirty  of  his  best  years 
in  the  Navy  working  and  waiting  for  "Uncle  Sammy"  to  give 
him  his  just  recognition  and  Aunt  "Liberty"  to  give  him  a  fuller 
caress  of  citizenship   privileges. 

In  the  Massacre  at  Carrizal 

Another  backyard  quarrel  and  fight  occured  1916  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico.  The  famous  10th  Colored  Cavalry 
24th  and  25th  Colored  Infantries  were  sent  with  Chicago  Na- 
tional Guards  to  help  watch  the  American  border.  On  the 
morning  of  June  21,  1916,  two  divisions  of  the  10th  Cavalry, 
Companies  C  and  K  wished  to  pass  through  Carrizal  to  reach 
Villa  Alunado.  They  were  invited  to  come  nearer  for  a  friendly 
parley  with  the  Mexicans.  As  the  American  soldiers  drew 
closer  to  the  place  many  of  the  Mexicans  slyly,  slowly  and  seem- 
ingly unconcerned  quietly  fell  back,  spread  out  and  in  Indian 
style  rapidly  formed  a  circle  around  the  little  band  of  unsus- 
pecting Americans  before  they  had  really  noticed  what  had  been 
done.  At  an  unseen  given  signal  the  Colored  troops  were  sud- 
denly attacked.  They  were  outnumbered  eight  to  one  and  in 
the  engagement  lost  fifteen  killed,  had  nine  wounded  and  twen- 
ty-three captured,  who  received  much  inhuman  treatment  from 
the  hands  of  their  captors.  Among  the  many  brave  acts  of 
heroism  during  the  day's  fighting  was  the  one  of  Peter  Bagstaff , 
a  trooper  of  the  10th  Cavalry,  who  in  the  very  face  of  the 
Mexicans  hailing  shots  staid  by  the  side  of  his  mortally 
wounded  Lieut.  H.  F.  Adair,  giving  that  officer  physical  aid 
until  death  ended  his  sufferings. 


48 


IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 
(1914-1918) 

James  Reese  Europe 

All  sing  the  praise  of  Europe's  Band 

That  took  such  cheer  to  "No  Man's  Land" 

His  were  the  tunes  that  led  in  line 

The  Colored  bands  of  famed  jazz  time. 

When  life  got  "blue"  to  soldier  lads, 

And  thots  of  home  made  hearts  so  sad, 
Clownish  slurs  on  "Jim's"  freak  slides  (trombones) 

Made  big  loud  smiles  in  camps  abide. 

To  kings  and  queens  of  "Over  There", 

He  always  played  his  jazziest  air; 
And  generals  often  sent  for  him 

To  come  and  please  their  music  whim. 

From  depths  to  heights  he  upward  grew: 

Then  sudden  death  shut  out  of  view 
That  Negro  Sousa's  hidden  chords 

A  world  has  lost  from  Bandrom  boards. 

— Harrison. 

REGARDLESS  of  their  two  hundred  and  ninety-eight  years 
of  unstained  and  unquestioned  loyalty  and  patriotism  in 
America,  Colored  people  at  the  time  the  United  States  was  about 
to  enter  the  World  War,  were  made  to  feel  that  they  were  not 
needed  nor  wanted  in  the  conflict.  And  on  many  occasions  they 
were  even  told  that  the  World  War  was  not  their  affair  but  was 
a  "white  man's  war."  Here  is  again  shown  where  an  inherited 
African  instinct — that  of  usually  being  able  to  sense  some  big 
future  happening — enabled  the  American  Colored  people  to 
see  far  enough  into  the  distance  to  fully  realize  that  white  people 
who  made  such  remarks  were  sadly  mistaken.  Colored  people 
then  knew  as  all  other  people  later  found  out  that  they  were  as 
much  concerned  and  needed  in  that  world  conflict  as  any  and 
all  other  races  of  people  who  took  part  in  it. 

But  not  until  America  was  fearfully  startled  and  sensibly 
awakened  by  the  rapid  and  persistent  progress  of  the  Germans 
into  France  did  this  country  reluctantly  consent  to  give  the 
Colored  soldiers  a  half-fair  chance  and  part  in  the  war.  And 
even  then  their  acceptances  had  more  the  resemblances  of  the 

49 


probationary  trials  of  total  strangers  rather  than  the  glad  wel- 
comings  of  life-long  and  never-failing  friends.  In  other  words,  figu- 
ratively speaking,  it  was  in  the  highly  tempered  crucibles  of  the 
World  War's  whitehot  furnaces  of  universal  conflict  that 
Negro  Americanism  was  put  through  a  retesting  process,  in  order 
to  determine  the  actual  purity  of  its  material  and  abstract  com- 
position. As  to  the  outcome  of  that  unnecessary  and  unjust 
retesting  process,  let  the  reader  (like  a  minutely  trained  chemist) 
sum  up  in  accurate  notations  the  final  results,  but  only  after 
carefully  weighing  and  reweighing  the  following  analysis  in  the 
ever-balanced  scales  of  impartiality. 

Henry  Johnson,  Albany,  N.  Y.  and  Needham  Roberts,  of 
Trenton,  N.  J.  were  the  first  two  Americans  soldiers,  Colored 
or  white,  who  were  honored  by  the  French  Government  with  the 
much  coveted  Croix  de  Guerre.  These  men  were  privates  in  the 
369th  Infantry,  formerly  the  distinguished  Fifteenth  New  York 
National  Guard  Regiment,  that  had  been  brigaded  with  French 
troops.  It  was  during  the  lonliest  and  latest  hours  of  a  night  in 
May,  1918  while  Johnson  and  Roberts  were  on  guard  duty  at  an 
outpost  on  the  Front  near  the  German  lines  that  they  were  sud- 
denly surrounded  and  attacked  by  a  raiding  party  of  a  score  of 
German  soldiers.  Although  the  two  colored  boys  used  their 
firearms  with  quickness  and  deadly  aim  to  keep  the  enemy  off, 
the  superior  number  of  Germans,  wounding  Johnson  three  times 
and  Roberts  twice,  closed  in  on  them  in  a  hand-to-hand  death 
struggle.  They  soon  had  Roberts  on  the  ground  helpless,  one 
German  at  his  head  and  another  at  his  feet.  Johnson  noticing 
the  sad  plight  of  his  loyal  friend,  leaped  forward  like  a  wild  cat 
at  bay  and  with  one  mighty  downward  blow  of  his  bolo 
knife  split  wide  open  the  head  of  the  enemy  who  was  strang- 
ling Roberts.  Then  with  a  crouching  pantherlike  spring  John- 
son made  a  terrific  sweep  with  his  trusty  knife  that  completely 
opened  the  stomach  of  the  German  at  Roberts'  feet.  Although 
on  the  ground  covered  with  blood  and  gore,  Roberts  upon  thus 
being  released  immediately  began  to  hurl  hand  grenades 
among  the  enemy  with  telling  effect.  As  the  foe,  with  whose 
stomach  Johnson's  bolo  knife  had  made  such  a  deep  and  lasting 

50 


acquaintance,  was  the  leader  of  the  raiding  party,  the  then 
thoroughly  frightened  Germans  suddenly  lost  their  nerve, 
dropped  their  weapons,  picked  up  their  helpless  ones  and  made 
a  hasty  retreat.  Some  of  the  Germans  had  been  killed  and  many 
of  the  party  received  such  wounds  and  indelible  marks  that 
throughout  their  future  lives  they  will  always  be  reminded  that 
American  Colored  is  a  guaranteed  fast  dye  (slow  die)  that  does 
not  run. 

Among  the  three  hundred  thousand  and  more  Colored  sol- 
diers who  served  in  the  United  States  Army  during  the  World 
War,  twenty  thousand  were  already  prepared  and  in  fighting 
trim  when  America  declared  war  against  Germany.  Those 
twenty  thousand  men  were  divided  into  the  First  Separate  Bat- 
talion of  the  District  of  Columbia;  Company  G,  Tennessee  Na- 
tional Guards ;  First  Separate  Companies  of  Maryland  and  Con- 
necticut; Company  L,  National  Guards  of  Massachusetts; 
Ninth  Battalion  of  Ohio;  15th  New  York  National  Guard; 
Eighth  Illinois  Regiment;  9th  and  10th  Cavalries;  24th  and  25th 
Infantries.  After  spending  the  necessary  time  in  undergoing 
the  proper  government  training,  639  Colored  men  took  and  satis- 
factorily passed  the  required  military  examination,  and  on 
October  15,  1917  were  commissioned  at  Fort  Dodge  as  officers 
in  the  United  States  Army.  They  were  divided  into  106  Cap- 
tains, 329  First  Lieutenants  and  204  Second  Lieutenants. 

During  and  at  the  close  of  the  great  war,  leading  white 
newspapers  vied  with  each  other  in  filling  their  columns  about 
the  unsurpassed  bravery  and  patriotism  of  Colonel  "Bill  "  Hay- 
ward,  the  clear-headed  and  nervy  white  commander  and  his 
seasoned  Colored  15th  Regiment  of  New  York.  It  was  the  first 
Colored  combat  regiment  to  go  overseas  and  was  brigaded  with 
the  French  fighting  forces  as  the  369th  Regiment.  To  his  ad- 
miring Colored  soldiers,  "Fighting  Bill"  Hayward  was  known  as 
"The  Hell  Man"  and  to  the  surprised  Germans  the  Colored 
fighters  of  the  old  15th  Regiment  were  frightfully  known  as  the 
"Bloodthirsty  Black  Tigers." 

A  few  years  before  that  time  William  Hayward  had  been 
elected   the   youngest  judge   in   Nebraska   and  was  known  in 

51 


that  state  as  her  "Handsomest  Man".  But  with  all  of  that 
previous  civic  and  social  honor  and  fame,  " Fighting  Bill"  never 
forgot  to  be  a  real  "white  man"  and  gentleman  as  well  as  a 
strict  and  just  commander  at  all  times  to  his  Colored  troops. 
When  resting  in  camp  he  regarded  and  treated  them  as  human 
beings  and  full  American  citizens,  and  when  in  the  thickest  of 
battles  he  did  not  ask  them  to  go  where  he  dared  not  to 
venture,  (if  there  ever  was  such  a  place).  In  battlefield  action 
he  always  led  his  men — he  never  followed  them.  This  explains 
why  he  and  his  "Black  Tigers"  won  undying  fame  and  glory  by 
holding  a  certain  sector  of  trenches  at  Bois  d'Hause  Champagne 
for  ninety-one  days  and  then  charging  in  great  victory  over  the 
top  of  Belleau  Woods  and  the  bodies  of  falling  Germans.  It  was 
during  a  very  dangerous  charge  that  a  French  commander 
seeing  Hay  ward  and  his  Colored  men  about  to  plunge  into  what 
seemed  to  be  a  sure  death  trap,  ordered  the  American  fighters 
back.  Big  Bill  Hayward  was  already  in  motion  and  shouted 
over  his  shoulder,  "My  men  don't  come  back!  They  will  go 
through  hell,  but  they  won't  come  back."  And  with  that 
parting  farewell,  the  "Hell  Man"  and  his  impatiently  waiting 
"Black  Tigers"  plunged  forward  and  were  soon  busy  serving 
to  the  open-mouthed  enemy  such  a  smoking  hot  dish  of  scrambled 
shots,  shells,  and  bayonets  that  in  swallowing  them  down  those 
war-hungry  Germans  at  once  and  for  all  times  became  com- 
pletely filled  and  lost  their  appetites  for  everything.  On  their 
return  after  so  quickly  and  efficiently  serving  such  a  well  pre- 
pared menu,  Hayward  and  his  fighters  were  decorated  with  the 
Croix  de  Guerre. 

At  Metz,  Argonne  Forest  and  St.  Dis  in  the  Sectors  of  Mar- 
bacne,  Meuse  and  Vosges,  the  newly  trained  92nd  Colored  Divi- 
sion, mostly  manned  by  Colored  officers,  went  into  the  thickest 
of  the  battles  with  such  telling  effects  that  fourteen  officers  and 
forty-three  non-officers  were  awarded  the  Distinguished  Service 
Cross.  When  those  battles  were  over  and  the  survivors  learned 
that  they  had  lost  from  among  their  chums  209  killed  in  action, 
32  dead  from  wounds,  589  slightly  or  severely  wounded,  700 
overcome  by  the  German's  scientific  gases  and  18  unaccounted 

52 


for,  the  92nd  Division  became  even  more  convinced  that  it  had 
well  earned  the  many  honors  and  distinctions  accorded  to  it. 

Those  regiments  that  were  brigaded  with  the  French  Army 
were;  the  369th,  370th,  371st,  and  372nd  Infantries.  In  the 
engagements  of  Marson-en-Champagne,  Minancourt  and  Bois 
d'Hause  Champagne,  the  369th  Infantry  (N.  Y.  15th)  took  an 
active  part  and  it  was  at  Marson-en-ehampagne  that  the  whole 
regiment  was  cited  for  deeds  of  valor  and  awarded  the  Croix  de 
Guerre.  It  was  at  Soissons  Front  that  the  most  formidable 
oppositions  were  successfully  faced  by  the  370th  Infantry  (Illi- 
nois 8th)  that  was  commanded  by  Negro  officers  from  Lieut.  Col. 
O.  B.  Duncan,  down.  The  final  capture  of  Hill  304  after  a 
severe  encounter  by  that  regiment  proved  to  the  Germans  that 
those  Colored  lads  had  not  paddled  across  the  "Big  Pond"  to 
learn  the  "Goose  Step."  The  loss  of  1,065  out  of  2,384  men 
signifies  the  serious  activities  of  the  371st  Infantry  in  the  Cham- 
pagne Sector  between  September  18th  and  October  6th,  1918. 
Besides  the  entire  regiment  receiving  citation  for  extreme  brav- 
ery, its  regimental  colors  were  decorated.  It  was  this  regiment 
that  broke  a  standing  record  at  that  time  by  shooting  down 
three  German  airplanes  on  the  wing.  The  372  Infantry  took 
part  in  the  fighting  around  Vacquois  Sector  and  Argonne  West, 
places  not  very  far  from  the  celebrated  Verdun.  For  distin- 
guished service  all  along  the  fighting  lines  the  whole  regiment  was 
decorated  with  the  Croix  de  Guerre. 

While  the  369th  (New  York  15th)  enjoyed  the  distinctions 
of  being  the  first  Colored  fighting  organization  to  go  overseas 
into  action  and  the  first  Allied  division  (Colored  of  white)  to 
reach  the  banks  of  the  Rhine;  it  was  the  370th  (8th  Illinois) 
Infantry  that  won  the  glory  of  probably  fighting  the  last  engage- 
ment of  the  World  War.  It  appears  that  on  the  morning  of 
November  11,  1918  the  French  commander  sent  word  to  the 
officer  in  charge  of  the  370th  Regiment  to  cease  firing  at  11  a.  m. 
as  the  Armistice  would  be  signed  at  that  hour.  But  the  Colored 
troops  were  pressing  forward  so  rapidly  after  the  enemy  that  it 
was  long  past  11  a.m.  before  the  messenger  could  overtake  them. 
When  he  did  finally  ride  up  to  the  regiment,  it  was  just  putting 

53 


on  the  finishing  "frills  and  frazzles"  in  capturing  a  German 
army  train  and  its  crews  of  fifty  supply  wagons. 

Through  the  untiring  efforts  of  Dr.  Joel  E.  Spingarn,  one  of 
the  truest  and  most  loyal  friends  the  American  Colored  people 
have  today,  Dr.  W.  E.  B.  Dubois,  Editor  of  the  Crisis,  Col. 
Charles  Young,  U.  S.  Army  and  many  other  prominent  Colored 
leaders  and  friends  of  the  race,  the  Secretary  of  War  authorized 
on  May  19,  1917  the  establishment  of  an  Officers'  Reserve 
Training  Camp  for  Colored  soldiers  at  Fort  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
This  is  the  place  where  the  639  Colored  men  mentioned  elsewhere 
in  this  article  were  trained  before  being  commissioned  into  the 
United  States  Army.  After  being  divided  into  as  equal  groups 
as  possible  these  officers  were  ordered  to  report  on  November 
1,  1917  for  regular  duty  in  the  following  named  camps:  Camp 
Dix,  New  Jersey;  Camp  Dodge,  Iowa;  Camp  Funston,  Kansas; 
Camp  Grant,  Illinois;  Camp  Meade,  Maryland;  Camp  Sherman, 
Ohio;  and  Camp  Upton,  New  York. 

Special  National  Guards 

It  was  just  at  that  most  critical  time  during  the  first  months 
of  this  same  year,  (1917)  before  the  United  States  declared  war 
against  Germany,  and  when  no  white  man  in  America  positively 
knew  nor  absolutely  trusted  any  other  white  man  as  to  his  real 
one  hundred  percent  Americanism,  that  the  Administration 
called  out  the  first  Separate  Colored  Battalion  of  the  District  of 
Columbia.  This  group  of  well  trained  and  true  loyal  American 
soldiers  was  made  a  Special  National  Guard  to  defend,  from  the 
enemies  of  the  Government,  the  Capitol,  White  House  and  other 
important  Federal  buildings  located  in  Washington,  D.  C.  the 
Capital  of  the  United  States  of  America.  The  mere  fact  that  the 
Administration  did  not  select  a  white  group  of  soldiers  for  such 
a  purpose  at  such  a  critical  time  when  spies  of  the  enemy  were 
everywhere  in  every  form  proves  without  a  doubt  that  the 
American  white  people  not  only  had  to  admit  among 
themselves  but  were  forced  to  acknowledge  to  the  whole 
world  that  this  was  one  time  in  the  history  of  the  country  when 

54 


they  had  not  confidence  enough  in  members  of  their  own  race  to 
intrust  to  them  the  Nation's  most  valuable  and  delicate  assets 
and  responsibilities,  namely;  its  filed-away  official  records,  its 
treasuries  of  monies,  its  cherished  honors  and  its  liberty-loving 
Government.  And  the  necessary  intrusting  of  such  national 
assets  and  responsibilities  to  the  care  of  Colored  soldiers  remind- 
ed the  outside  world  (what  American  white  people  should  never 
forget)  that  the  Colored  people  in  the  United  States  form  the 
backbone  of  the  American  nation;  especially  when  the  Nation 
is  required  to  use  that  backbone  in  overthrowing  such  white 
traitors  of  this  country  as  the  despised  Benedict  Arnold  and 
such  white  murderers  of  Presidents  as  the  scorned  J.  W.  Booth. 

That  Special  Colored  Guard  of  Honor  was  under  a  Colored 
commander,  Major  James  E.  Walker,  who  at  all  times  intelli- 
gently and  fearlessly  directed  and  guided  his  men  in  so  success- 
fully carrying  out  that  responsible  and  trustworthy  task.  And  it 
was  on  account  of  his  constant  exposure  to  all  kinds  of  early 
spring  weather  (They  started  guard  duty  March  25,  1917.)  while 
daily  and  nightly  directing  and  watching  the  movements  of  his 
men,  that  Major  Walker  contracted  the  incurable  cold  which 
resulted  in  his  fatal  illness  and  untimely  death  just  in  the  flower 
of  his  youth  and  in  the  performance  of  one  of  the  most  confiden- 
tial and  mental-straining  duties  the  Nation  could  impose  upon 
a  citizen;  guarding  the  history,  good  name,  wealth  and  liberty 
of  one  hundred  ten  million  people. 

ON   THE   SEA 


'Of  The  People,  By  The  People,  For  The  People." 

On  U.  S.  Ships,  Colored  men  deserve 

More  than  to  cook  or  meals  to  serve; 
And  some  are  worthy  of  better  fates 

Than  be  only  stewards  and  gunners'  mates. 

Miss  "Annapolis-Stevens"  should  never  forget 
Foreign  nations  are  looking  in  shocking  regret 

At  her  vamping  white  boys,  for  caresses  to  get 

In  this  Schoool  where  one  Colored  has  studied  but  yet. 

—  Harrison. 

55 


In  regard  to  the  Colored  men  who  took  part  in  Naval  strifes 
on  the  high  seas,  it  has  been  estimated  that  at  least  ten  thousand 
of  them  served  in  the  Navy  during  the  World  War.  While  they 
were  not  allowed  to  advance  in  the  Navy  in  proportion  to  their 
advancement  in  the  Army,  nevertheless,  Colored  college  gradu- 
ates and  students,  fully  knowing  such  facts,  put  aside  for  the 
time  being  their  educational  ambitions  and  careers,  entered  the 
Navy  and  patriotically  as  well  as  unselfishly  served  in  the  menial 
positions  of  stewards,  cooks  and  mess  boys.  And  judging  from 
the  sleek  full  cheeks  and  plump  round  bodies  of  the  officers  and 
sailors  aboard  the  vessels,  those  Colored  boys,  who  were  broad- 
minded  and  big-hearted  enough  to  put  down  college  pride  and 
take  up  in  its  place  national  patriotism,  went  into  galley  and  mess 
rooms  and  used  the  same  kind  of  brain  power  in  wrestling  with 
pots  and  pans,  foods  and  dishes  as  they  had  so  brilliantly  used 
in  tussling  with  slippery  mathematical,  historical  and  linguistic 
problems  when  in  their  college  class-rooms. 

And  who  but  God  has  an  accurate  record  of  the  noble  deeds 
humbjy  performed  by  many  of  those  entrapped  and  unrescued 
Colored  firemen  and  stokers  who  to  the  very  last  possible  moment 
kept  up  the  motor  powers  of  their  vessels  in  trying  to  outspeed 
and  outdodge  the  death  dealing  submarine  torpedoes?  Those 
swift  snakelike  missives  were  always  aimed  and  usually  struck 
at  either  the  life-giving  lungs  (fire  rooms)  or  the  pulsating  hearts 
(engine  rooms)  of  their  objects.  And  it  was  in  those  vital 
organs  of  several  great  sea-ploughing  vessels  where  many 
feverishly  working,  loyaly  dying  and  unsung  Colored  heroes 
went  down  to  forever  sleep  in  the  dark  deep  chambers  of  "Father 
Neptune." 


THE  STEVEDORES 

While  their  duties,  not  being  on  the  battle  fields  nor 
firing  lines,  called  forth  no  spectacular  incidents,  citations 
for  bravery  or  award  of  medals,  nevertheless,  the  work  of  the 
stevedores  was  as  important  and  valuable  as  the  efforts  of  any 

56 


other  division  in  the  World  War.  And  their  giant  strengths 
and  swiftness  of  movements  in  loading  and  unloading  supply 
transports  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  played  a  very  very 
clever  part  in  helping  the  world  to  finally  get  a  Zbyszko  "toe- 
hold" a  Stecher  "scissors-hold"  and  a  Lewis  "strangle-hold" 
upon  Germany  and  gradually  forcing  her  shoulders  backward 
and  flat  upon  the  universal  mat  of  democracy. 

(For  some  of  the  facts  and  figures  used  in  writing-up  the  actual  military 
and  naval  actions  of  the  different  wars  that  have  been  recorded  on  the  fore- 
going pages,  the  writer  is  reverently  grateful  to  his  deceased  Father,  who  as  a 
runaway  slave  served  through  the  Civil  War,  and  other  veterans  of  the  Civil, 
Spanish-American  and  World  Wars.  But  for  the  remainder  and  majority  of 
such  war  data  herein  used,  the  author  is  fully  indebted  to  The  National 
Benefit  Life  Insurance  Company,  through  the  generous  courtesies  of  its  Presi- 
dent, Mr.  R.  H.  Rutherford,  Washington,  D.  C,  whose  personal  permission 
the  writer  secured  to  use  such  data  in  this  book.) 

HIGHEST  COLORED  OFFICERS  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES  ARMY 


A  Brunette  General 

Through  all  the  wars  these  States  have  gone, 
A  million  Colored  their  parts  have  borne, 

But  never  a  General  has  one  been  made: 

Yet,  Lafayette's  France  have  them  so  paid, 

For  character  there  out-points  darkest  shade. 

Colored  taxes  are  yearly  in  dollars  fed 

To  help  in  the  drilling  of  West  Point's  tread: 

On  kinder  treatments  Negroes  should  have  dined, 
Who  rarely  got  there  and  mostly  resigned. 

If  length  of  service  and  training  thorough, 

And  physical  fitness  without  a  blur 
Mark  Colored  soldiers  for  station  anew, 

"Uncle  Sam,"  they  would  fill  them  both  brave  and  true; 
These  nephews  who  never  have  treasoned  you. 

— Harrison. 

Those  who  have  been  appointed  the  highest  Colored  officers 
in  the  United  States  Regular  Army  are  as  follows: 

Colonel  Charles  Young  (retired)  Tenth  Cavalry. 

Lieutenant    Colonel   Allen    Allensworth    (retired)    deceased,    Chaplain, 

Twenty-fourth  Infantry. 

Lieutentant  Colonel  Benjamin  O.  Davis,  Ninth  Cavalry. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  John  E.  Green,  Militia  Attache,  Monrivia,  Liberia. 

Major  William  T.  Anderson  (retired)  Chaplain,  Tenth  Cavalry. 

Major  John  R.  Lynch  (retired)   Paymaster. 

57 


Major  Richard  R.  Wright,  Paymaster,  1898,  Spanish-American  War. 

Major  George  W.  Prioleau,  Chaplain,  Twenty-fifth  Infantry. 

Captain  W.  E.  Gladden,  Chaplain,  (retired)  Twenty-fourth  Infantry. 

Captain  T.  G.  Steward,  Chaplain  retired,  Twenty-fifth  Infantry. 

Captain  Oscar  J.  W.  Scott,  Chaplain,  Tenth  Cavalry. 

Major  Louis  A.  Carter,  Chaplain,  Ninth  Cavalry. 

First  Lieutenant  A.  W.  Thomas,  Chaplain  Twenty-fourth  Infantry." 

Those  who  held  the  highest  Colored  commissions  above  cap- 
tains in  the  United  States  Army  during  the  World  War  are  as 
follows : 

"Colonels: 

Franklin  A.  Denison,  370th  Infantry;  Charles  Young  retired. 

Lieutenant  Colonels: 

Ollie  B.  Davis,  9th  Cavalry;  Otis  B.  Duncan,  370th  Infantry;  John  E. 
Green,  Military  Attache,  Monrovia,  Liberia. 

Majors: 

"Thomas  B.  Campbell;  Milton  T.  Dean,  317th  Ammunition  Train;  John  C. 
Fulton,  372nd  Infantry;  William  B.  Gould,  Jr.,  National  Guard;  Charles 
L.Hunt,  370th  Infantry;  William  H.  Jackson,  369th  Infantry;  Thomas 
H.  Moffatt,  371st  Infantry;  Adam  E.  Patterson,  Judge  Advocate,  92nd 
Division;  Rufus  M.  Stokes,  370th  Infantry;  James  E.  Walker,  372nd 
Infantry;  Arthur  Williams,  370th  Infantry." 

((The  above  list  of  officers'  names  are  quoted  from  Work's  Negro  Year 
Book,  edition  1918-1919,  pages  223-228.) 


IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

At  Home 

Relative  to  the  willing  sacrifices,  unfaltering  patriotism 
and  loyalty  of  the  millions  of  Colored  people  who  remained 
at  home  in  the  United  States  during  the  World  War,  several  books 
could  be  written  but  limited  space  herein  will  not  permit  but  a 
few  paragraphs  covering  their  many  activities. 

After  the  white  American  men  had  enlisted  or  were  drafted 
into  the  Army  and  Navy,  there  were  left  vacant  thousands  and 
thousands  of  responsible  positions.  The  European  foreigners 
who  had  previously  immigrated  here  and  were  immediately  given 
(even  before  they  could  understand  the  laws  of  the  land  or  speak 
its  language)  full  American  opportunities  and  privileges,  except 
the  ballot,  were  now  found  unreliable.  Great  hordes  of  them 
showed  their  gratefulness  to  America  for  earlier  throwing  wide 
open  her  doors  to  them  by  refusing  to  come  up  to  her  test  of  one 

58 


hundred  percent  Americanism.  Even  after  all  of  the  available 
mothers,  wives,  daughters  and  sisters  of  the  departed  white 
American  soldiers  were  used  in  such  places,  there  still  remained 
many  thousands  of  positions  unfilled.  All  that  time  millions 
of  Colored  men  and  women  who  were  loyally  and  willingly  asking 
and  waiting  to  fill  such  places  were  at  first  purposely  ignored. 
Because  of  the  lack  of  sufficient  man  power,  the  cog-wheels  of 
industry  all  over  the  country  began  to  stop.  It  seemed  as  though 
the  American  white  sentiment  of  prejudiced  feeling  against  the 
Colored  people  had  become  so  bitter  that  the  country  was  willing 
to  commit  industrial  suicide  while  stopping  to  wallow  in  its  mires 
of  racial  hatred. 

But  a  certain  good  white  sentiment  (that  usually  turns  up 
sooner  or  later,  and  in  some  cases  more  later  (than  sooner)  after 
great  sufferings  hav  e  been  caused)  gently  but  firmly  reminded 
America  that  there  were  millions  of  Colored  people  who  were 
able  and  willing  to  fill  those  places.  They  were  the  people  who 
had  made  and  spent  their  money  here  to  enrich  and  build  up 
America  as  well  as  at  all  times  and  under  all  conditions  had 
proved  themselves  most  loyal  and  trustworthy  citizens.  That 
reminder  although  known  to  be  wholly  true  was  still  laughed  and 
sneered  at  by  many  until  they  were  suddenly  and  painfully 
brought  to  realize  that  they  must  either  employ  Colored  people 
in  those  positions  or  let  the  country  go  in  starvation  and  ruin 
for  want  of  sufficient  and  proper  productions.  Colored  men  and 
women  were  then  at  first  reluctantly  given  employment  in  all 
parts  of  the  country  in  almost  all  kinds  of  work.  Thus  for  the 
first  time  since  their  forefathers  and  mothers  had  arrived  in 
America  nearly  three  hundred  years  before,  Colored  people  were 
nationally  allowed  to  use  and  enjoy  many  of  the  opportunities 
and  privileges  that  had  been  stingingly  withheld  from  them 
merely  because  they  were  Negroes  and  freely  given  to  (many 
times  forced  upon) alien  enemies  just  because  they  were  Cau- 
casians. 

Leaving  home  in  the  morning  long  before  dawn  and  returning 
late  after  twilight,  Colored  men  faithfully  dug  coal  in  the  mines 
of  Alabama,  Iowa,  West  Virginia  and  elsewhere  in  order  that 

59 


various  kinds  of  industrial  plants  might  continue  to  run  in  full 
blast  and  that  transportation  carriers  might  quicken  their  speeds 
to  stations  and  sea  ports.  "A.  J.  Webster,  a  coal  miner  of  Bux- 
ton, Iowa,  is  reported  to  have  broken  the  record  by  earning 
$214.06  in  14  working  days,  during  the  last  half  of  July,  1918. 
The  wage  was  based  on  the  amount  of  coal  mined." 

In  the  shipyards  along  both  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts, 
where  the  long  swift-keeled  ocean  grey  hounds  and  the  heavy 
big-bodied  sea-pacing  mastiffs  were  rapidly  born  into  life,  thous- 
ands of  Colored  men  were  busily  helping  to  assemble  the 
durable  steel  ribs  into  place  and  rivet  the  armorplate  hides  of 
those  ferocious  watch  dogs  that  prowled  back  and  forth  sleepless- 
ly  guarding  the  front  doors  of  their  master  and  mistress — "Uncle 
Samuel"  and  "Aunt  Liberty".  And  among  those  Colored  ship 
builders,  it  was  Charles  Knight  and  his  crew  of  seven  men,  who 
on  July  16,  1918,  at  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Company's  Sparrow 
Point,  Md.,  plant,  drove  4,875  rivets  in  a  9  hour  day.  The 
highest  previous  record  of  4,442  rivets  for  the  same  time  had  been 
made  in  Scotland.  Knight  and  his  men,  therefore,  were  the 
the  first  Americans  (Colored  or  white)  to  break  and  bring  that 
record  to  the  United  States.  His  regular  services  for  the  day 
earned  him  $102 ;  he  received  a  bonus  of  $50.00  for  bringing  the 
record  to  America,  and  twenty-five  pounds  sterling  ($125.00) 
offered  through  the  London  Daily  Mail  by  Mr.  McLeod,  the 
head  of  a  London  Shipbuilding  Company,  to  the  one  who  broke 
the  record.  Thus  Knight  received  for  his  one  day's  labor 
$277.00,  besides  having  the  honor  of  being  the  first  American 
to  break  the  European  riveting  record. 

Many  people  have  heard  the  time-worn  expression  "make 
bricks  fly",  but  it  has  been  left  for  Alonzo  Harshaw,  a  Colored 
artisan,  to  break  a  record  by  making  bricks  fly  in  laying  them  at 
the  rate  of  sixty  thousand  paving  bricks  per  day.  It  is  said  that 
Harshaw,  who  works  for  the  Southern  Paving  &  Con.  Co.,  lays 
bricks  with  such  rapidity  and  exactness  that  he  has  been  photo- 
graphed while  at  work  by  several  moving  picture  firms. 

In  the  rolling  mills,  steel  and  iron  foundries,  Colored  men 
were  there  in  thousands  sweating  away  their  strength  and  burn- 

60 


ing  up  their  vitality  before  blistering  metals  in  order  that  the 
best  possible  steel  and  iron  might  be  made  strong  and  durable 
enough  to  withstand  the  bursting  shells  and  the  snake  gliding 
torpedoes  from  the  submarines  of  the  scientific  Germans. 

Pushing  pens  and  pencils  on  top  of  desks,  tapping  keys  of 
clicking  typewriters,  bending  over  buzzing  sewing  machines, 
plying  needles  over  tailors'  benches,  before  the  humming  looms, 
by  the  dangerous  railroad  crossings,  in  the  car-filled  train  yards, 
between  the  handles  of  loaded  wheelbarrows,  through  the  crops 
of  farmerette  fields,  among  the  death-dealing  explosives  in  muni- 
tion and  arsenal  plants  and  in  many  other  places,  thousands  of 
brave  and  willing  Colored  women  were  to  be  found  either  in 
yeo women's  suits  or  overalls  and  blouses  steadfastly  working 
with  cheery  dispositions  and  hopeful  smiles. 

In  December,  1918,  two  distinguished  Colored  Americans 
were  sent  to  Europe  on  special  missions  as  follows;  Dr.  Robert 
R.  Moton,  who  was  sent  by  the  President  of  the  United  States 
and  the  Secretary  of  War  to  investigate  the  conditions  of  and 
talk  to  the  Colored  soldiers,  and  Dr.  W.  E.  B.  DuBois  who 
went  to  Europe  as  the  representative  of  the  N.  A.  A.  C.  P. 
and  The  Crisis  to  collect  historical  data  pertaining  to  the  Ameri- 
can Colored  fighters  in  the  World  War  and  to  call  and  form  a 
Pan-African  Congress. 

At  Home   Buying  Liberty   Bonds 

"The  Biennial  meeting  of  the  National  Association  of  Colored 
Women's  Clubs  was  held  in  Denver,  Colorado  in  July,  1918. 
Among  the  important  subjects  considered  at  this  meeting  were : 
Temperance,  Suffrage,  Lynchings,  Religious  Work,  Negro 
Women's  Problems,  Food  Conservation  and  what  the  Negro 
Women  Were  Contributing  to  War  Work  Service.  It  was  pointed 
out  that  the  Association  had  representation  on  the  Women's 
Committe  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  that  in  the  Third 
Liberty  Loan,  7,000  Negro  Women  were  at  work  and  raised 
$5,000,000.  It  was  also  stated  that,  judging  from  the  number 
of  buttons  sold  through  the  colored  women's  clubs,  that  about 
$300,000  had  been  contributed  in  Red  Cross  Drives." 

61 


"David  H.  Rains,  a  wealthy  Negro  farmer,  living  near 
Shreveport,  Louisiana,  walked  into  the  Liberty  Loan  Head- 
quarters in  that  city  and  purchased  $100,000  worth  of  the  Fourth 
Liberty  Loan  Bonds  and  said  that:  "If  they  fell  short  of  the  quota 
he  would  make  up  the  deficiency."  (Work's  Negro  Year  Book, 
1918-1919  edition,  pages  48-49).  According  to  an  article  on 
page  273  in  the  April  1921  issue  of  The  Crisis,  "Mr.  Rains,  who 
is  reputed  to  be  worth  $1,500,000,  owns  2,000  acres  of  land  on 
which  there  are  40  producing  oil  wells;  he  pays  a  clerk  $100  a 
day  to  check  up  his  royalties." 

"A  report  from  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  was  that  the 
Negro  school  children  subscribed  for  $27,000  worth  of  Third 
Liberty  Loan  Bonds.  Through  a  Negro  bank  in  that  city, 
over  $400,000  worth  of  Bonds  were  bought,  and  it  was  stated 
that  the  total  amount  of  Third  Liberty  Loan  Bonds  purchased 
by  the  Negroes  of  Philadelphia  was  more  than  $1,000,000." 

"At  the  close  of  the  Third  Liberty  Loan  Drive,  the  United 
States  Treasury  Department  awarded  first  place  among  all  the 
banks  of  the  country  to  a  Negro  bank,  the  Mutual  Savings, 
Portsmouth,  Virginia.  This  bank  was  given  a  quota  of  $5,700 
to  raise.  A  total  of  over  $100,000,  almost  twenty  times  the 
stipulated  quota  was  raised.  This  bank  was  assigned  $12,500 
as  its  quota  of  the  Fourth  Liberty  Loan.  Its  total  subscription 
for  this  loan  was  reported  to  have  been  $115,000." 

"The  Negroes  of  Jacksonville,  Florida,  were  awarded  the 
first  honor  flag  given  to  Negroes  for  exceeding  their  quota  in  the 
Third  Liberty  Loan  Drive.  They  were  asked  to  raise  $50,000; 
they  raised  $250,000.  In  the  Fourth  Liberty  Loan  Drive,  they 
were  assigned  a  quota  of  $500,000  and  raised  oVer  $100,000  more 
than  this  amount.  The  following  are  additional  examples  of 
subscriptions  of  Negroes  to  the  Fourth  Liberty  Loan:  Mobile, 
Alabama,  $250,000;  Norfolk,  Virginia,  $250,000;  Kansas  City, 
Missouri,  $500,000;  Savannah,  Georgia,  $500,000;  Memphis, 
Tennessee,  $700,000;  Chicago,  Illinois,  $1,000,000;  Birmingham, 
Alabama,  $1,155,000;  Maryland,  $2,000,000." 

"When  Secretary  McAdoo  visited  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  in 
the  interest  of  the  First  Liberty  Loan,  he  was  presented  with  a 

62 


certified  check  for  $60,000  as  the  Mosaic  Templars'  bit  toward 
financing  the  war.  This  society's  subscriptions  were  added  to 
for  subsequent  loans  until  a  total  of  $135,000  was  invested  in 
Liberty  Bonds." 

Not  only  rich  Colored  people  gave  freely  of  their  wealth,  but 
poor  Colored  people  sacrificed  to  extents  that  are  not  imaginable 
in  giving  their  last  few  dollars  to  help  end  that  world  strife,  as 
soon  as  possible. 

"Mary  Smith,  a  colored  cook  in  Memphis,  Tennessee,  was 
asked  by  her  mistress  if  she  would  not  undertake  to  buy  a  $100 
Bond.  Mary  said:  "No.  I  don't  want  no  little  $100  Bond. 
I  want  a  $1000  and  I  am  going  to  pay  cash  for  it."  She  gave 
her  lifetime's  savings  to  help  the  United  States  carry  on  the  war.'* 

"The  Chicago  Illinois  Post,  in  an  editorial  headed:  "The 
Widow's  Mite,"  among  other  things  said:  "We  should  like  to 
tell  the  story  of  an  old  Negro  woman,  who,  with  seamed  face  and 
knotted  hands,  lives  on  the  South  Side  and  works  for  $7  a  week. 
'Out  of  these  meager  wages,'  says  the  Favorite  Magazine, 
'this  daughter  of  a  race  that  has  traveled  the  road  of  trials  and 
tribulations,  has  purchased  three  Liberty  Bonds  and  $25  worth 
of  War  Savings  Stamps.  She  contributes  $5  a  month  to  her 
church — before  the  war  it  was  $10 — belongs  to  the  N.  A.  A.  C. 
P.  and  a  Court  of  Calanthe,  subscribed  to  three  Negro  periodicals 
and  contributes  a  dollar  a  month  to  the  Home  for  the  Aged. 
She  does  not  knit,  but  she  sits  sometimes  in  the  sunset,  dreaming 
of  the  two  stalwart  sons  that  she  has  given  the  nation  to  fight 
its  battles  across  the  sea'."  " 

"Warner  Brown,  of  Brenham,  Texas,  an  ex-slave,  seventy- 
five  years  old,  had  accumulated  $50  by  chopping  wood  and  doing 
other  jobs.  He  invested  this  in  a  Liberty  Bond."  "Gilbert 
Denman,  an  eighty-seven  year  old  Negro  of  Greenville,  Alabama 
after  listening  to  an  appeal  of  speakers  from  a  war  relic  train, 
tendered  his  entire  worldly  wealth,  fifteen  cents,  to  the  cause  of 
the  United  States  Government." 

Since  a  large  percentage  of  the  loyalty  and  patriotism  of 
American   citizens   was   weighed   on   the    Roossevelt   standard 

63 


testing  machine  of  100  per  cent  Americanism  with  weights  of  paper, 
silver  and  gold  money ;  then  surely  the  two  hundred  twenty-five 
million  dollars  and  more  in  cash  that  was  dumped  into  the  Ameri- 
can scales  of  Liberty  Loan  Campaigns,  Thrift  Stamps,  Red  Cross 
Drives  and  other  War  Work  activities,  by  the  Colored  people 
in  the  United  States,  pushed  high  above  the  level  the  opposite 
scales  that  contained  Negro  one  hundred  per  cent  Americanism. 

Thus  did  the  Colored  people  at  home  give  their  over-flowing 
measure  and  extra  weight  of  money  toward  the  putting  down  of 
a  threatened  world  autocracy  and  the  establishment  of  a  hopeful 
universal  democracy.  And  justly  may  those  Colored  people, 
who  stayed  at  home  in  America  during  the  World  War  and  so 
unselfishly  gave  of  their  strength  and  money,  truthfully  and 
consolingly  repeat  that  beautiful,  fifty-fifty  and  ! 'square  deal" 
law  of  King  David's  found  in  First  Samuel,  thirtieth  chapter, 
twenty-fourth  verse:  "But  as  his  part  is  that  goeth  down  to  the 
battle,  so  shall  his  part  be  that  tarrieth  by  the  stuff ;  they  shall 
part  alike." 

(All  quotations,  facts  and  figures  contained  in  this  chapter  titled  "In 
The  World  War  At  Home",  unless  otherwise  stated  herein,  are  extracts  taken 
from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pages  14-45-46-47-48-49-50. 


64 


IN  THE  CHURCHES 

Fresh  Air  Religion 
The  preachers  of  to-day  now  seek 

Fresh  air  within  God's  House  to  keep; 
And  not  hot  rooms  with  germ-filled  airs 
In  sermons  and  their  church  affairs. 

— Harrison. 

EVEN  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  George  Leile,  a  Baptist 
slave  who  had  been  freed  by  his  owner,  preached  to  slaves  in 
Savannah,  Ga.  From  that  time  on  up  the  Negro  pulpit  has  been 
wielding  among  the  masses  of  Colored  people  in  America  an  in- 
fluence for  good  that  is  the  first  of  all  influences  that  has  the 
greatest  hold  upon  the  Race. 

Some  of  the  other  early  preachers  who  helped  to  lay  the  rock 
foundation  of  this  ruling  influence  were  Lemuel  Haynes  of  Connec- 
ticut, a  wonderful  orator  and  honored  veteran  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War;  Richard  Allen  and  Absolem  Jones  of  Pennsylvania, 
Allen  having  founded  the  famous  old  Bethel  Church  in  Philadel- 
phia and  was  ordained  in  1816  the  first  bishop  of  the  A.  M.  E. 
Church;  Amanda  Smith  of  Maryland,  who  won  thousands  of 
Colored  and  white  converts  over  to  God  as  a  result  of  her  power- 
ful sermons  and  temperance  lectures  in  England,  Scotland, 
Africa  and  India  as  well  as  in  America;  John  Chavis  of  North 
Carolina,  who  on  account  of  his  superior  education  won  fame 
and  recognition  as  a  school  teacher  of  rich  white  Southern 
boys  and  girls  and  also  as  a  powerful  pulpit  preacher  to  enslaved 
men  and  women  of  his  own  race ;  and  John  Gloucester  of  Tennessee 
and  Pennsylvania,  who  was  the  first  Colored  minister  of  a  Presby- 
terian church  in  the  United  States.  Thus  were  the  ways  those 
early  God-Fearing  men  and  women  of  days  before  and  right  after 
the  Civil  War  blazed  the  plain  guiding  marks  in  the  forests  of 
ministry,  in  order  that  the  clear-sighted  and  sure-footed  gospel 
leaders  who  have  since  followed  them  might  have  no  trouble  in 
choosing  the  right  paths  through  which  to  lead  their  trusting  and 
loyal  congregations. 

The  following  is  an  article  quoted  from  the  August  6,  1921,  issue  of  the 
Chicago  Defender: 

"C.  T.  Walker,  Noted  Pastor,  Dies  in  South." — "Augusta,  Ga., 

Aug.  5 — The  Rev.  Charles  T.  Walker,  often  referred  to  as  the 

greatest  preacher  of  his  time,  died  Friday  July  29,  at  his  home  here. 

65 


"Dr.  Walker  was  vice-president  of  the  National  Baptist 
convention  of  the  United  States  and  pastor  of  the  Tabernacle 
Baptist  church  here  for  the  past  forty  years,  excepting  five  years 
when  he  was  pastor  of  the  Mount  Olivet  Baptist  church,  New 
York  City. 

"He  founded  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  New  York  City  for  our  people, 
traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and  the  Holy  Land,  and  was  the 
author  of  a  number  of  books  of  travel  as  well  as  sermons. 

"As  an  evangelist,  he  was  widely  known,  and  no  other  minis- 
ter ever  drew  larger  crowds  when  he  spoke.  His  church  in  this 
city  was  often  visited  by  Northern  winter  tourists,  among  them 
former  President  Taft  and  John  D.  Rockefeller.  It  was  the  lat- 
ter who  paid  an  artist  to  paint  pictures  of  the  Christ  Child  on  the 
walls  of  Rev.  Walker's  church." 

"To  Pastor  A  Large  White  Church" 

"Toronto,  Can. — To  fill  the  pulpit  of  one  of  the  largest 
Presbyterian  churches  (white)  in  Toronto  for  five  weeks  with  one 
of  our  ministers  is  the  interesting  departure  from  the  general 
rule  of  supply  for  the  summer  months  that  Knox  church  is  mak- 
ing this  year.  For  last  week  and  all  of  August,  Rev.  Joseph  J. 
Hill  of  Roawohe  Baptist  Church,  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  will  occupy 
Knox  church  pulpit.  Dr.  Hill  has  been  a  professor  of  science 
in  a  southern  university,  and  is  a  graduate  of  the  Academy  of 
Music.  He  is  a  quiet,  appealing  and  persuasive  preacher  with 
a  message  all  his  own,  which  he  delivers  with  great  eloquence. 
During  the  summer  holidays,  last  year,  he  preached  in  the  Moose 
Jaw  Methodist  church,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  1,000  which 
was  crowded  at  all  services." 

The  above  is  extracted  from  the  Cleveland  Gazette  issued 
August  6,  1921. 

As  soon  as  Sunday  School  children  of  the  Race  have  grown 
old  and  large  enough  to  understand  and  bear  more  weighty 
religious  burdens,  they  are  at  once  invited  to  join  the  present 
four  million  Colored  church  members,  who  are  only  too  anxious 
to  take  in  new  members  under  the  Divine  leadership  and  pro- 

66 


tection  of  the  fourty-three  thousand  churches  owned  by  people 
of  the  Race  in  the  United  States.  When  it  is  proved  by  facts 
and  figures  that  about  one-third  of  the  Colored  people  in  this 
country  are  members  in  churches  and  that  they  have  put  over 
eighty-five  million  dollars  of  their  hard  earned  money  into  these 
present  church  properties  they  own;  it  is  plainly  seen  that  people 
of  the  Negro  race  still  have  perfect  faith  and  trust  in  and  are 
continuing  to  work  for  and  with  the  God,  Who  inspired  the  im- 
mortal Abraham  Lincoln  to  free  their  slave  working  and  hope- 
ful praying  foreparents. 

(Ref.:  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs. 
1-234-5-6-7). 

Colored  ministers  of  today,  on  account  of  their  all-around 
advancements  have  been  able  to  bring  about  a  better  under- 
standing and  knowledge  of  the  true  teachings  of  the  Bible.  For 
instance,  they  are  teaching  their  congregations  that  the  timely, 
proper  and  equal  uses  of  emotional  and  practical  religion  are 
necessary.  Thus  the  masses  of  people  attending  Colored  churches 
are  fast  learning  from  their  pulpits  that  there  is  just  as  much 
needs  for  Christianity  in  practical  business  and  social  dealings 
with  each  other  on  Monday,  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  Thursday, 
Friday  and  Saturday,  as  there  is  for  Christianity  in  their  church 
emotional  ceremonies  conducted  among  themselves  before  the 
altars  on  Sunday.  Also  ministers  of  today  have  long  since 
come  to  differ  from  most  of  those  "old  school"  ministers  (God 
blessed  them  for  doing  the  best  they  knew  how)  who  taught 
their  people  to  live,  think  and  say,  to  other  races,  "Give  us  Jesus 
and  you  can  take  the  dollar.  So  the  "new  school"  and  more  busi- 
nesslike ministers  of  these  times  are  patiently  teaching,  fast  con- 
vincing and  gradually  converting  their  congregations  in  the  belief 
and  truth  that  it  is  just  as  much  Christianity  in  the  honest  earning, 
the  frugal  saving,  the  fair  investment,  the  wise  spending  and  the 
merciful  sharing  of  a  dollar  with  the  poor  and  needy,  as  there  is 
need  for  Christianity  in  the  saving  of  their  souls  and  the  spread- 
ing of  the  gospel. 

Along  other  practical  lines  these  gospel  leaders  are  having 
remarkable  success,  especially  in  large  cities  where  many  Colored 

67 


people  live.  It  is  wonderful  to  see  how  these  practical  ministers 
have  taught  their  congregations  that  they  are  showing  as  much 
reverence  to  God  when  they  pass  out  of  their  churches  after 
services  and  go  quietly  and  orderly  to  their  homes  (instead  of 
great  numbers  of  them  stopping  right  in  front  of  their  church 
doors  with  loud  talk  and  laughter  and  blocking  the  whole  pave- 
ment, against  people  who  wish  to  go  by,  for  fifteen  and  twenty 
minutes)  as  they  do  when  sitting  quietly  and  dignified  in  their 
church  pews  listening  to  the  sermons.  Such  gospel  leaders  in 
every  instance  finally  win  their  members  over  to  their  sides  in 
such  matters  by  pleasantly  and  plainly  pointing  out  that  people 
of  other  races  seldom  attend  Colored  churches  of  today  and  see 
the  polished  and  refined  ways  people  of  the  Race  deport  them- 
selves. But  if  just  two  or  three  dozen  members  of  a  church 
come  out  after  services  and  thoughtlessly  block  the  side  walks, 
go  along  the  streets  or  ride  in  the  trolley  cars  roughly  laughing 
and  loudly  talking  their  church  and  private  affairs  to  each  other 
from  one  end  of  the  car  to  the  other;  they  are  seen  and  heard 
by  other  races  who  class  not  only  the  church  but  the  whole 
Negro  race  with  those  few  loud-mouthed,  absent-minded  and 
sometimes  vain  Colored  people  who  often  use  such  shameful 
public  manners  to  attract  attention  to  themselves  and  their 
clothes;  just  like  the  same  class  of  uncouth  white  people  do. 

Of  course,  when  white  men  and  women  appear  in  public 
places  acting  and  talking  in  noisy,  unrefined  and  Vulgar  ways, 
the  Colored  man  or  women  (no  matter  how  little  learning  he  or 
she  may  have)  who  sees  and  hears  such  actions,  never  judges 
and  stamps  the  intelligent,  refined  and  well-behaved  portion  of 
the  Caucasian  race  as  a  whole  group  of  people  also  to  be  ignored 
and  discriminated  against.  But  when  a  person  of  color  sees  and 
hears  such  vulgar  actions  on  the  part  of  a  white  person,  that 
Colored  person  merely  comments  to  himself;  "There  is  a  human 
being  who  is  a  sample  of  the  worse  element  among  the  white 
people  and  is  far  from  being  a  fair  and  pure  sample  of  the  best 
people  in  the  white  race."  Then  that  broad-minded  Colored 
person  will  at  once  throw  the  incident  off  his  mind.  He  will 
then  turn  his  back  on  the  uncouth  white  person  with  disgust  and 

68 


in  facing  about  will  the  very  next  moment  give  the  fullest  con- 
sideration, the  most  humane  treatment,  the  most  polite  manners 
and  the  deepest  respect  to^  the  white  lady  or  gentleman  whose 
Christian  speech  and  civilized  actions  warrant  and  deserve  such 
courtesies.  And  this  is  only  one  of  the  countless  (big)  little  instances 
in  which  the  American  Colored  people  are  daily  showing  their 
practical  use  of  the  Golden  Rule ;  (cornerstone  in  the  foundation 
and  keystone  in  the  archway  of  the  white  man's  Christianity). 

Thus  the  brotherhood  actions  and  manners  of  the  masses  of 
Negroes,  (from  the  hod-carrier  to  the  president  of  a  univer- 
sity and  from  the  scrub  woman  to  the  president  of  a  national 
organization)  in  being  broad-minded  and  big-hearted  enough  to 
fair-mindedly  apply  the  Golden  Rule  to  the  Caucasian  race,  so 
as  to  mentally  separate  and  treat  accordingly  the  good  white 
people  from  the  bad,  are  certainly  proving  that  the  Colored 
people  as  a  whole  are  daily  putting  into  practical  usages  the 
Lord's  Golden  Rule  in  much  more  Christlike  ways  than  the  white 
race  is  itself  Of  course,  there  are  exceptions  in  both  races, 
but  considering  both  from  the  standpoint  of  masses  the  above 
assertion  cannot  be  truthfully  denied. 

A  present  day  exception  on  the  white  side  may  be  cited  as 
follows:-  During  the  summer  of  1920  when  Southern  white 
savages  turned  Paris,  Texas  into  a  human  slaughter  house  by 
lynching,  torturing  and  burning  alive  of  human  beings,  Rev. 
R.  P.  Shuler,  (white)  a  prominent  Methodist  minister  living  in 
that  community  fearlessly  denounced  the  mob  at  the  time  of  its 
heathenish  actions  and  at  the  risk  of  his  own  life.  Later,  when 
speaking  of  a  former  statement  he  had  made  regarding  the  lynch- 
ing, according  to  an  article  in  the  July  24,  1920  issue  of  the  Chi- 
cago Defender,  he  said : 

''The  above  statement,  I  make  in  the  face  of  the  advice  that  has 
come  to  me  from  many  friends  that  such  a  policy  is  and  will  be 
at  present  unsafe  for  me.  I  am  informed  that  my  life  has  been 
numerously  threatened  if  I  make  such  a  statement.  I  am 
told  that  the  mob  used  my  name  repeatedly  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  very  much  concern  my  friends.     I  can  truthfully  say  that 

69 


the  attitude  of  this  mob  toward  me  does  not  in  the  least  concern 
me.  Better  men  than  myself  have  died  when  far  less  was  at 
stake.  I  am  only  concerned  in  doing  my  God-appointed  duty 
in  this  situation.  Therefore,  without  apology  or  plea  for  quarter, 
I  unhesitatingly  condemn  the  burning  of  these  men  in  our  city 
as  an  act  of  lawlessness,  which  if  carried  to  its  legitimate  ends, 
would  destroy  our  government  and  damn  our  civilization.  And 
in  making  this  statement  I  ask  for  neither  the  protection  of  my 
friends  nor  the  mercy  of  my  enemies." 

If  all  other  white  ministers  were  to  take  such  fearless  and  open 
stands  against  such  savage  doings,  that  are  heaping  as  much 
shame  and  stain  on  the  United  States  as  such  crimes  in  Europe 
ever  heaped  on  Turkey,  they  could  in  a  few  years  make  these 
United  States  a  truly  Christian  land.  And  in  taking  such  stands 
such  ministers  (if  they  showed  the  same  kind  of  faith  in  God  as 
Rev.  Shuler  did  who  is  still  living  and  preaching)  they  would  also 
be  delivered  from  a  threatening  mob.  But  where  within  the  recent 
past  or  the  present  have  there  stepped  out  from  the  white 
ministry  two  Rev.  Shulers?  Among  all  the  nationally  famed 
white  evangelists,  which  one  or  three  of  recent  times  have  in 
preaching  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  proved  himself  a 
second  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  an  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy  or  a  C.  T. 
Torry,  who  fearlessly  and  fruitfully  preached  against  all  national 
as  well  as  local  sins,  crimes  and  lawlessness  that  came  under 
their  notice?  • 

Among  all  the  white  ministers  in  the  United  States,  only 
they  themselves  can  tell  how  many  of  them  peacefully  feel  within 
their  secret  hearts  and  contentedly  feel  within  their  reasoning 
minds  that  they  are  giving  full  reverences  to  God,  full  honor  to 
their  calling  and  full  service  toward  all  weak  and  suffering  hu- 
menity  through  their  Sunday  preachings  against  all  sins  and 
crimes?  And  among  them  only  they  can  tell  how  many  of  them, 
through  advising  words  in  reasoning  talks,  are  trying  each  Sun- 
day (if  only  for  five  minutes)  to  blow  out  and  drown  the  sinful 
sparks  of  jealousy,  envy,  malice  and  hate  that  instantly  flame  up 
in  the  breasts  of  so  many  of  their  church  members  as  soon  as 
they  see  a  Colored  person,  even  if  that  person  is  well-behaved, 

70 


well-educated,  well-dressed  and  well-to-do.  Such  feelings  merely 
on  account  of  color  are  not  natural  and  God  has  not  meant  for 
such  to  be;  for  if  He  had,  He  would  have  made  the  brown  earth 
white,  the  green  grass  white,  the  blue  sky  white,  the  yellow  sun 
white.  These  are  the  greatest  things  in  the  world  and  all  of 
them  are  colored.  Even  the  water,  that  covers  three-fourths  of 
the  earth  while  it  is  supposed  to  be  colorless)  is  more  colored 
than  it  is  white.  Those  white  people  who  wish  that  there  were 
no  colored  on  earth  should  remember  that  God  in  His  infinite 
wisdom  fully  realized  in  making  the  universe  that  if  He  made  all 
things  white  the  glare  would  be  so  great  and  intense  that  every 
seeing  thing  would  be  driven  totally  blind.  So  God  put  soft  and 
blending  colors  on  earth  in  order  that  humanity  might  retain 
its  sight  to  see  His  works  and  learn  to  love  them  but  not  to 
look  upon  any  of  His  works  with  scorn  and  hatefulness. 

While  intelligent  preachers  of  the  Race  upon  quietly  and  care- 
fully looking  about  them  see  that  practically  the  entire  earth 
is  one  mass  of  colors — the  majority  of  internal  and  external  earth 
elements,  the  foods,  the  clothes,  inside  and  outside  building 
materials  and  furnishings  are  colored;  yet  these  Negro  ministers 
teach  their  congregations  that  the  white  color  God  has  placed 
here  has  as  much  right  on  earth  as  the  big  majority  of  colors. 
And  there  are  such  advising  and  logical  talks  going  on  every 
Sunday  from  the  Colored  pulpits  in  order  to  keep  down  race 
prejudice  and  friction.  And  Colored  ministers  are  silently  and 
hopefully  praying  to  God  that  He  will  finally  soften,  melt  and 
move  the  hearts  of  the  white  ministers  so  that  they  will  at  last 
come  forward  and  do  their  parts  by  logic  reasonings  with  their 
white  congregations  a  few  minutes  every  Sunday  regarding  the 
rights  of  all  colors  of  peoples  to  live  unmolested  and  progress  un- 
hindered here  on  earth.  It  has  been  left  for  the  white  press 
to  come  forward  and  take  the  lead  (which  it  is  nobly  and  increas- 
ingly doing)  in  this  movement  of  reasoning  with  the  masses 
of  white  people  in  America  regarding  racial  discriminations  and 
injustices.  But  the  entire  world,  including  the  American  white 
press  itself,  is  looking  on  in  puzzled  and  wondering  silence  as  it 
continues  to  hopefully  wait  for  the  American  white  ministry  to 

71 


dutifully  and  courageously  come  forward  in  a  mass  and  take 
its  rightful  lead  in  this  Christian  movement  to  help  bring  about 
a  closer  brotherhood  co-operation,  a  truer  Christlike  under- 
standing and  a  smoother  racial  adjustment  between  the  white 
and  Colored  people  living  in  the  United  States.  The  influence 
of  the  white  church  is  the  greatest  human  power  in  the  world — 
it  unintentionally  encourages  mobs  and  rioting  in  America  by 
continuing  to  keep  silent  on  the  question,  but  it  can  intentionally 
discourage  and  prevent  in  a  very  short  time  the  occurence  of  a 
second  Arkansas,  Atlanta,  Chester,  Chicago,  Duluth,  East 
St.  Louis,  Houston,  Philadelphia,  Tulsa,  Washington  and  other 
race  riots,  if  it  will  come  out  as  a  whole  all  over  the  country  and 
speak  to  its  congregations  Sunday  after  Sunday  against  such 
barbarism  and  heathenism  being  constantly  carried  on  here  in 
the  United  States. 

According  to  notices  that  have  recently  appeared  in  the  white 
press,  The  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America, 
spurred  on  by  the  barbarisms  carried  on  at  the  riot  of  Tulsa, 
Okla.  of  a  few  months  ago,  has  boldly  come  forward  and  de- 
nounced such  sins  and  crimes.  In  order  to  bring  about  better 
relations  between  the  two  Races  and  help  to  prevent  such  fu- 
ture occurences,  this  Council  has  already  appointed  a  Commis- 
sion that  has  held  a  meeting  in  Washington,  D.  C.  It  is  planned 
to  hold  conferences,  composed  of  white  and  Colored  clergymen, 
all  over  the  country,  and  an  effort  will  be  made  to  have  the  white 
churches  to  educate  their  audiences  regarding  the  sins  of  race 
prejudice  and  the  crimes  resulting  therefrom.  So  just  as  God  in 
His  own  time  answered  the  prayers  of  American  slaves  that  they 
and  their  children  would  some  day  become  free ;  He  is  gradually 
and  surely  answering  the  prayers  of  persecuted  Negroes  of  today 
that  the  white  ministry  will  come  forward  and  take  its  proper 
place  as  a  leader  in  helping  to  swing  into  the  right  channels  the 
public  sentiments  of  white  people  regarding  their  Christlike 
treatments  of  Colored  neighbors.  Colored  people  must  continue 
to  work  and  pray  and  be  hopeful  that  out  of  this  movement  will 
eventually  come  a  second  Henry  Ward  Beecher  of  modern  times. 

72 


On  the  following  pages  are  named  some  of  the  highest  men 
in  the  Colored  ministry,  who  have  been  for  years  using  every 
Christlike  means  within  their  powers  to  help  bring  about  more 
mutual  understandings  and  feelings  between  the  two  races: 

Bishops  J.  W.  Alstork,  W.  W.  Beckett,  G.  L.  Blackwell,  P.  A. 
Bouldin,  I.  P.  Brooks,  W.  S.  Brooks,  C.  S.  Brown,  R.  B.  Bruce, 
J.  S.  Caldwell,  A.  J.  Carey,  R.  A.  Carter,  W.  D.  Chappelle, 

E.  W.  Chaver,  N.  C.  Cleaves,  G.  C.  Clement,  G.  W.  Clinton, 
J.  M.  Connor,  L.  J.  Coppin,  M.  W.  Clair,  E.  Co ttrell,  Archdea- 
cons H.  B.  Delaney  and  E.  T.  Denby,  Bishops  Derrick,  J.  A. 
Ellison,  J.  S.  Flipper,  W.  A.  Fountain,  A.  Grant,  J.  S.  Green, 
T.  L.  Griffiths,  C.  R.  Harris,  W.  H.  Heard,  J.  J.  Higgs,  L.  H. 
Holsey,  John  Hurst,  J.  A.  Johnson,  W.  D.  Johnson,  Wyatt 
Johnson,  J.  H.  Jones,  R.  E.  Jones,  L.  W.  Kyles,  Isasac  Lane,  B. 

F.  Lee,  W.  L.  Lee,  J.  W.  Lee,  C.  A.  Moore,  R.  P.  Morgan,  H.  B. 
Parks,  C.  H.  Phillpis,  J.  F.  Ramsey.  I.  N.  Ross,  B.  T.  Ruley, 
Archideacon  J.  S.  Russell,  Bishops  C.  S.  Smith,  B.  T.  Tanner, 
P.  Taylor,  E.  Tyre,  W.  T.  Vernon,  A.  J.  Warner,  R.  S.  Williams, 
W.  N.  Winston  and  P.  H.  Wright. 

From  among  the  thousands  of  Colored  ministers  all  over  the 
country,  the  names  below  are  those  sent  to  the  author  from  the 
following  large  cities,  where  immense  congregations  are  minist- 
ered unto  by  their  spiritual  leaders,  who  are  also  Sunday  after 
Sunday  calmly  pacifying  and  patiently  advising  their  congrega- 
tions in  order  to  keep  them  on  peaceful  and  frictionless  rela- 
tions (without  sacrificing  their  citizenship  rights)  with  the  white 
people  with  whom  they  daily  come  in  contact : 

Alexandria,  Va. :  Revs.  H.  A.  Haynes,  L.  A.  King,  S.  B.  Ross. 

Atlanta,  Ga.:  Revs.  R.  S.  Brown,  P.  J.  Bryant,  H.  W.  Evans,  E.  Hall,  J.  A. 

Lindsay,  H.  C.  Lyman,  R.  H.  Singleton,  S.  D.  Thorn. 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J.:  Revs.  J.  W.  Brown,  J.  N.  Deaver,  J.  P.  Gregory,  W.  E. 

Griffen,  A.  L.  Martin,  L.  C.  Scott,  W.  Tyler. 
Augusta,  Ga. :  Revs.  Dorsett,  C.  Floyd,  C.  T.  Walker,  R.  S.  Williams. 
Baltimore,  Md. :  Revs.  G.  F.  Bragg,  J.  T.  Colbert,  M.  H.  Davis,  W.  H.  Deane, 

J.  R.  L.  Diggs,  J.  H.  Dovey,  J.  Gray,  J.  W.  Hill,  Harvey  Johnson, 

Earnest  Lyons,.  C.  E.  Stewart,  J.  H.  Dorsey,  C.  R.  Uncles. 
Birmingham,  Ala.:  Revs.  C.  W.  Brooks,  L.  G.  Duncan,  J.  W.  Goodgame,  R. 

N.  Hall,  F.  W.  Riley,  T.  W.  Sherirll. 
Boley,  Okla. :  Revs.  J.  S.  Dawson,  T.  C.  Martin,  N.  J.  Johnson. 

73 


Boston,  Mass.:  Revs.  A.  R.  Cooper,  L.  Ferguson,  D.  S.  Klugh,  W.  D.  McLain 

A.  L.  Scott,  M.  M.  Shaw,  B.  W.  Swain,  C.  A.  Ward. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  Revs.  E.  R.  Bennett,  H.  Durham,  E.  J.  Echolson,  H.  A. 

Garcia,  J.  Nash. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.:  Revs.  J.  B.  Adams,  N.  P.  Boyd,  W.  C.  Brown,  W.  S.  Car- 
penter, G.  F.  Miller,  H.  H.  Procter,  W.  P.  Wallace,  A.  K.  Warren. 
Camden,  N.  J.:  Revs.  J.  S.  Braithwaite,  H.  W.  Cummings,  G.  Morris,  W.  S. 

Saunders,  J.  R.  White. 
Charleston,  S.  C:  Revs.  E.  L.  Baskerville,  J.  E.  Beard,  C.  A.  Harrison,  D.  J. 

Jenkins,  W.  J.  Jones,  R.  Kemp,  T.  D.  Nelson,  J.  R.  Pearson,  C.  H. 

Uggams. 
Charleston,  W.  Va.:  Revs.  M.  W.  Johnson,  E.  H.  Whitefield,  C.  H.  Woody. 
Charlotte,  N.  C:    Revs.  F.  L.  Brodie,  G.  D.  Donowa,  J.  E.  King,  A.  Mason, 

M.  D.  Melodona.,  W.  M.  Miller,  R.  P.  Wyche. 
Chattanooga,  Tenn.:  Revs.  C.  G.  Bell,  W.  H.  Heath,  J.  H.  Henderson,  J.  L.  B. 

Johnson,  C.  M.  Robins,  C.  C.  Stewart,  C.  C.  Tucker. 
Chester,  Pa.,  :  Revs.  J.  R.  Bennett,  E.  E.  Durant,  H.  J.  Ryder,  T.  M.  Thomas, 

H.  Tyree. 
Chicago,  111.:  Revs.  W.  M.  Bennett,  S.  L.  Birt,  C.  H.  Clarke,  W.  D.  Cook,  J. 

M.  Henderson,  H.  M.  Jackson,  J.  H.  Simon,  H.  E.  Steawrt,  J.  G. 

Walker,  L.  K.  Williams. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.:  Revs.  J.  P.  Blackburn,  W.  L.  Brean,  E.  H.  Oxley,  Wilbur 

Page. 
Cleveland,  Ohio:  Revs.  H.  C.  Bailey,  C.  G.  Fishback,  J.  S.  Jackson,  L.  C. 

Jefferson,  P.  O'Connell,  R.  H.  Suthern. 
Columbia,  S.  C:  Revs.  J.  F.  Green,  M.  F.  Haygood,  M.  G.  Johnson,  J.  R. 

Jones,  H.  M.  Moore,  J.  Perry,  D.  F.  Thompson,  C.  M.  Young. 
Columbus,  Ohio:  Revs.  J.  W.  Carter,  E.  A.  Clarke,  H.  W.  Cooper,  G.  L. 

Davis,  R.  D.  Phillips,  J.  B.  Pius,  H.  W.  Smith. 
Danville,  Va.:  Revs.  W.  E.  Carr,  J.  R.  Cooper,  G.  W.  Goods,  A.  Murray, 

J.  A.  Valentine. 
Dayton,  Ohio:  Revs.  J.  D.  Anderson,  D.  E.  Bass,  J.  N.  S.  Belbader,  O.  W. 

Childers,  W.  H.  Riley,  T.  J.  Smith. 
Denver,  Colo:  Revs.  W.  H.  Thomas,  S.  A.  Strippling,  I.  S.  Wilson. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa :  Revs.  S.  Bates,  S.  L.  Birb,  D.  W.  Claybrook,  E.  S.  Hardge, 

E.  A.  Liles,  G.  W.  Robinson. 
Detroit,  Mich:  Revs.  T.  J.  Askew,  F.  Begnall,  R.  L.  Bradby,  A.  Gomez, 

C.  A.  Hill,  W.  R.  Rutledge. 
Durham,  N.  C:  Revs.  W.  C.  Cleland,  J.  E.  Kiklaird,  J.  H.  Pacheal,  J.  Smalls, 

R.  Spiller,  J.  L.  White. 
Evansville,  Ind:  Revs.  F.  P.  Baker,  J.  S.  Haddison,  H.  B.  Mayes,  M.  Mcln- 

tyre,  J.  Rouse. 
Fort  Smith,  Ark.:   Revs.  W.  E.  Guy,  E.  D.  Hill,  J.  T.  Jones,  Wm.  Jones, 

C.  H.  Whitted. 

Fort  Worth,  Texas:  Revs.  A.  L.  Dotson,  S.  A.  Nelson,  S.  R.  Prince,  M.  H. 
Spencer,  W.  G.  Upshur. 

Gary,  Ind.:  Revs.  M.  Bolden,  A.  Kittrell,  W.  H.  Saunders,  W.  T.  Whitsett 

Greenville,  S.  C:  Revs.  A.R.  Burk,  C.  H.  Copeland,  C.  F.  Gandy,  J.  H.Mc- 
Adams,  C.  F.  Rice,,  S.  J.  Simkin. 

Hampton,  Va.:  Revs.  J.  D.  Baker,  J.  W.  Brown,  E.  H.  Hamilton,  J.  W. 
Patterson.  ■ 

Harrisburg,  Pa.:  Revs.  C.  H.  Fareira,  G.  W.  Cregg,  A.  J.  Greene,  W.  Parch- 
ment, C.  F.  Jenkins. 

Hartford,  Conn.:  Revs.  R.  R.  Ball,  O.  H.  Brown,  W.  Byrd,  C.  L.  Fisher,  C.  N. 
Gibbons,  W.  B.  Reed,  J.  A.  Wright. 

Helena,  Ark. :  Revs.  L.  S.  Arnold,  W.  E.  Briett,  H.  W.  Holloway,  E.  C.  Morris, 

D.  S.  Shadd. 

74 


Hopkinsville,  Ky. :  Revs.  M.  Brooks,  T.  H.  Copeland,  M.  Krby,  W.  M.  Newell, 

E.  Williams. 
Houston,  Texas. :  Revs.  C.  K.  Brown,  J.  R.  Burdett,  E.  H.  Bolden,  F.  L.  Lights. 
Indianapolis,  Ind.:  Revs.  J.  S.  Bailey,  C.  S.  Dusenberry,  B.  H.  Ferrell,  A.  H. 

Maloney,  G.  W.  Ward,  B.  J.  Westbrook,  C.  S.  Williams. 
Jackson,  Miss.:  Revs.  S.  C.  Greer,  R.  Isabelle,  B.  T.  McEween,  M.  L.  Vonadore 
Jacksonville,  Fla.:  Revs.  W.  W.  Carter,  J.  E.  Ford,  E.  J.  Gregg,  J.  K.  Salter- 

white,  S.  H.  Savage,  W.  R.  Stephens. 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.:    Revs.  W.  A.  Byrd,  A.  Carter,  A.  C.  Sanders,  W.  S.  Smith. 
Kansas  City,  Kan.:  Revs.  W.  A.  Boran,  J.  F.  Griffin,  D.  A.  Holmes,  W.  A. 

Johnson. 
Kansas  City,  Mo.:  Revs.  S.  A.  Bacote,  G.  H.  Daniels,  D.  A.  Homes,  J.  B. 

Isaacs,  J.  W.  Lowe,  W.  T.  Osborne,  M.  E.  Spatches. 
Leavenworth,  Kan. :  Revs.  Curtis,  Hayes,  Scott,  and  Wright. 
Little  Rock,  Ark.:  Revs.  J.  A.  Booker,  F.  H.  Cook,  J.  M.  Mitchell,  R.  B. 

Porter,  J.  M.  Reed,  J.  P.  Robinson. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.:  Revs.  W.  B.  Butler,  W.  T.  Cleghorn,  J.  D.  Gordon,  N.  P. 

Cregg,  A.  P.  Shaw,  A.  M.  Ward,  J.  H.  Wilson. 
Louisville,  Ky.:  Revs.  J.  H.  Frank,  E.  G.  Harris,  C.  H.  Parrish,  W.  H.  Shep- 

pard,  W.  P.  Stanely,  C.  C.  Steward,  N.  H.  Williams. 
Lynchburg,  Va.:  Revs.  G.  E.  Curry,  L.  O.  Lewis,  B.  Whitlock. 
Memphis,  Tenn.:  Revs.  J.  Bell,  R.  L.  Campbelle,  T.  O.  Fuller,  S.  E.  Griggs, 

J.  Q.  Johnson,  W.  J.  McMichael,  H.  L.  Patterson,  R.  B.  Roberts,  F. 

G.  Snelson,  A.  M.  Townsend,  M.  I.  Warfield. 
Milwaukee,  Wis.:  Revs.  J.  O.  Morley,  R.  Russell. 
Minneapolis,  Minn.:  Revs.  J.  A.  Breedlove,  V.  S.  Cooper,  J.  J.  Evans,  F. 

Leatled,  T.  J.  JMerritt,  G.  W.  Mirchell,  T.  A.  Smith,  C.  H.  Thomas. 
Mobile,  Ala.:  Revs.  W.  E.  D.  Claybrook,  C.  F.  Johnson,  G.  W.  Johnson, 

H.  D.  Parker,  W.  D.  Speights. 
Montgomery,  Ala.:  Rev.  I.  Champney,  W.  M.  Madison,  A.  J.  Stokes,  P.  W. 

Walls. 
Mound  Bayou,  Miss. :  Revs.  A.  A.  Cosen,  F.  Morgan,  J.  R.  Powe. 
Muskogee,  Okla.:  Revs.  T.  M.  Greene,  S.  S.  Jones,  J.  Johnson,  A.  R.  Norris, 

J.  Roker,  A.  Wells. 
Nashville,  Tenn.:  Revs.  G.  W.  Allen,  H.  A.  Boyd,  R.  H.  Boyd,  W.  Haynes, 

E.  P.  Jones,  W.  Beckham,  R.  P.  Russell,  P.  Taylor. 

Newark,  N.  J.:    Revs.  Bonfield,  Brown,  Derrick,  Ellerson,  Flipping,  Hubbard, 

Ricks,  and  Welcher. 
New  Orleans,  La.:  Revs.  W.  G.  Alston,  J.  L.  Burrell,  H.  H.  Dunn,  A.  Hubbs, 

T.  F.  Robinson,  A.  Simmons,  C.  C.  Smith,  E.  A.  Wittenberg,  E.  A. 

White. 
Newport  News,  Va.:  Revs.  J.  W.  Brown,  A.  A.  Galvin,  G.  D.  Jimmerson, 

C.  E.  Jones,  J.  T.  McDuffie,  W.  H.  Sayles,    W.  Scarborough,    E.  E. 

Smith,  J.  H.  Smith,  S.  A.  Snuggs,  C.  A.  Ward. 
New  York  City,  N.  Y.:  Revs.  H.  C.  Bishop,  W.  H.  Brooks,  J.  W.  Brown, 

F.  A.  Culler,  E.  W.  Daniels,  W.  P.  Hayes,  F.  Howard,   F.  M.  Hyder, 
J.  W.  Johnson,  W.  R.  Lawton,  A.  C.  Powell. 

Norfolk,  Va.:  Revs.  W.  H.  Bowling,  J.  D.  Lee,  S.  S.  Morris,  L.  E.  B.  Rosser, 

B.  W.  White,  F.  W.  Williams,  C.  P.  Madison. 
Oakland,  Cal.:  Revs.  J.  M.  Brown,  C.  C.  Carter,  G.  C.  Coleman,  L.  S.  Goolsby, 

J.  B.  Holmes,  D.  R.  Wallace,  A.  O.  Newman. 
Omaha,  Neb.:  Revs.  W.  F.  Botts,  J.  A.  Broadnax,  T.  A.  Taggart,   R.   Taylor, 

M.  H.  Wilkinson,  J.  A.  Williams. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Revs.  M.  Anderson,  F.  H.  Butler,  W.  A.  Creditt,  W.  F. 

Graham,  W.  A.  Hannum,  W.  A.  Harrod,  L.  G.  Jordan,  S.  J.  Jones, 

J.  R.  Logan,  J.  M.  Moses,  W.  G.  Parks,  H.  L.  Phillips,  C.  A.  Tindley, 

M.  Winston,  R.  G.  Williams,  E.  C.  Young. 

75 


Phoebus,  Va.:  Rev.  A.  A.  Graham. 

Phoenix,  Arz.:  Revs.  C.  H.  Gilmore,  T.  J.  Sanford. 

Pine  Bluff,  Ark.:  Rev.  A.  W.  Clark,  A.  H.  Hill,  I.  C.  Hodges,  S.  A.  Mosely, 

H.  W.  Savage. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. :  Revs.  J.  C.  Austin,  S.  H.  Bishop,  H.  W.  Childs,  G.  W.  Gaines, 

C.  Y.  Trigg,  C.  H.  Trusty. 
Portland,  Oregon:  Rev.  J.  W.  Anderson,  J.  R.  Fox,  J.  E.  Reynolds,  W.  W. 

Howard,  A.  C.  Yearwood. 
Princeton,  N.  J.:  Revs.  A.  E.  Bennett,  A  George,  W.  H.  Hicks. 
Providence,  R.  I.:  Revs.  P.  M.  Brown,  R.  A.  Carroll,  W.  S.  Holland,  W.  J. 

Moss,  I.  S.  Sisco,  J.  S.  Blake. 
Raleigh,  N.  C:  Revs.  C.  C.  Asken,  A.  D.  Avery,  A.  C.  Cochran,  L.  A.  Fairley, 

A.  W.  Pegnes,  J.  W.  Walker. 

Richmond,  Va.:  Revs.  M.  E.  Davis,  A.  Gill,  A.  A.  Rector,  W.  F.  Johnson, 

Z.  D.  Lewis,  T.  J.  Ring,  W.  H.  Stokes,  J.  L.  Taylor. 
Roanoke,  Va.:  Revs.  L.  L.  Downing,  J.  H,  Hatcher,  A.  L.  James,  W.  E.  Lee, 

H.  Mapson,  Jr.,  B.  G.  Whitlock. 
Sacremento,  Cal. :  Revs.  J.  A.  Allen,  T.  A.  Collins,  T.  A.  Harvey,  A.  Prior. 
San  Antonio,  Texas:  Revs.  G.  F.  Curry,  S.  J.  Johnson,  I.  H.  Kelley,  L.  H. 

Richardson. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.:  Revs.  W.  J.  J.  Byers,  J.  A.  Dennis,  J.  Washington. 
Salt  Lake  City,  Utah:  Rev.  X.  C.  Runyon. 
Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y. :  Rev.  T.  R.  Brown. 
Savannah,  Ga.:  Revs.  W.   G.  Alexander,  J.  H.  Brown,  T.  J.  Goodall,  S.  T. 

Redd,  J.  A.  Richie,  D.  Wright. 
Seattle,  Wash.:  Revs.  J.  B.  Barbour,  W.  D.  Carter,  D.  A.  Graham. 
Shreveport,  La.:  Revs.  L.  Allen,  Jr.,  J.  M.  Carter,  G.  W.  Mills,  G.  T. 

Stinson. 
St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Revs.  B.  F.  Abbott,  D.  R.  Clark,  S.  A.  Mosely,  S.  W.  Parr, 

B.  G.  Shaw,  G.  E.  Stevens,  C.  A.  Williams. 

St.  Paul,  Minn.:  Rev.  J.  A.  Anderson,  G.  W.  Camp,  T.  J.  Carr,  B.  H.  Hodge, 

A.  H.  Leaked,  S.  L.  Theobold,  J.  S.  Strong. 
Tampa,  Florida:  Revs.  W.  J.  Ballan,  W.  O.  Barley,  M.  T.  Culmer,  G.  Griffin, 

T.  Gurley,  S.  A.  Williams. 
Terre  Haute,  Ind.:  Revs.  O.  H.  Banks,  C.  M.  C.  Hammonds,  W.  S.  Hodge, 

C.  L.  Ppthegrove. 

Washington,  D.  C:  Revs.  W.  H.  Brooks,  T.  J.  Brown,  W.  H.  Carey,  M.  W. 

Clair,  F.  J.  Grimke,  J.  R.  Hawkins,   W.  H.  Jernagin,    C.  L.  Mitchell, 

W.  D.  Norman,  C.  M.  Turner. 
Wichita,  Kan. :  Revs.  S.  B.  Butler,  E.  F.  Fishback,  E.  P.  Geiger,  J.  R.  Ransom. 
Wilberforce,  Ohio:  Rev.  T.  G.  Steward. 

Wilmington,  Del.:  Revs.  H.  Y.  Arnett,  H.  C.  Jones,  J.  U.  King,  B.  F.  Moore. 
Wilmington,  N.  C:  Revs.  J.  R.  Bormes,  W.  H.  Moore,  J.  A.  Jackson,  A. 

Williet,  A.  Wilson. 

Aside  from  the  foregoing  list  of  Colored  ministers,  there 
are  many  thousands  of  others  whose  names  the  writer  did  not 
get  in  his  research  but  who  are  known  to  be  faithfully  serving 
on  similar  or  smaller  but  none  the  less  important  scales  in  the 
above  or  smaller  cities,  towns,  villages  and  country  districts  all 
over  the  United  States. 


76 


THE  GLOBE— BETHLEHEM,   PA.,  SATURDAY,  APRIL   3,   1920 


ed.     There  has  been  a  partial  strike  on  this 
road  for  several  months. 


Eastertide  and  Springtime 


From  spring  does  Easter  get  its  blend 
In  new-born  life  of  plants  and  men, 

And  thus  the  two  will  ever  trend, 

While  God  with  love  the  world  does  tend 

New  life  and  hope  in  spring  are  seen, 
As  fields  unfold  their  rugs  of  green 

Where  robins  bold  in  songs  serene 

Strut  forth  in  cheer  that  is  supreme. 

Fresh  is  the  air  with  fragrant  smell ; 

Calm  are  the  creeks  of  winter  swell; 
And  pious  men  will  always  tell 

Of  peace  they  hear  in  Easter's  knell. 

Young  crops  on  farms  have  just  begun 
To  feel  the  warmth  of  golden  sun 

That  sends  its  beams  to  dance  and  run 
With  little  babes  in  play  and  fun. 

Up  from  the  mire  of  earth's  black  room 
White  lilies  rise  in  purest  bloom 

To  drive  away  all  tainted  gloom 

And  leave  on  earth  their  sweet  perfume 

Thus  did  our  Christ  from  manger  start 
And  served  the  role  of  Jesus'  part — 

Thence  on  the  cross  to  give  His  heart 
In  pay  for  sins  that  must  depart. 

So  to  our  minds  is  always  borne 

That  every  man  can  shed  his  thorn 
As  did  our  Christ  so  bruised  and  torn 
From  earth  arose  on  Easter  morn. 

— William  Henry  Harrison,  Jr., 
820  Wyandotte  St 


"TisofN 
"That  Me 
But  'Ti 
That 


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77 


IN  THE  SUNDAY  SCHOOLS 

IN  no  surroundings  of  childhood,  except  the  home  life,  is  there 
a  more  suitable  or  fruitful  place  in  which  to  spiritually 
nourish  and  grow  up  Colored  youths  than  in  the  forty-six  thous- 
and or  more  Colored  Sunday  Schools  where  over  two  million 
boys  and  girls  are  regularly  having  impressed  upon  their  tender 
and  open  minds  the  religious  teachings  of  the  Bible. 

As  a  step  toward  further  broadening  the  Sunday  School  work 
among  American  Colored  children  and  at  the  same  time  enabling 
them  to  get  better  teachings  about  the  Christian  religion,  The 
International  Sunday  School  Association  began  in  1911  to  or- 
ganize classes  for  specially  training  Sunday  School  teachers 
among  the  young  men  and  women  attending  Colored  colleges 
and  large  schools.  Many  white  friends  to  the  Race  became 
interested  in  this  good  movement,  especially  Mr.  W.  N.  Harts- 
horn of  Boston,  Mass.,  who  gave  of  his  own  personal  I  money 
$15,000  to  pay  the  expenses  of  a  fair  trial  of  the  work.  This 
Christian  effort  has  aroused  so  much  interest  and  has  grown  so 
rapidly  that  at  present  upward  of  two  hundred  Colored  universi- 
ties, colleges  and  large  schools  have  accepted  and  given  this 
Sunday  School  Teachers'  Course  a  regular  place  in  their  class 
room  studies. 

Some  of  the  foremost  religious  leaders  who  are  helping  to 
direct  and  (carry  on  this  much  needed  work  among  American 
Colored  children  are  Bishop  Geo.  W.  Clinton  and  Dr.  R.  H. 
Boyd,  both  life  members  of  the  International  Sunday  School 
Association;  Prof.  Wm.  B.  Matthews,  member  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  above  association,  Dr.  H.  G.  Lyman,  Supt.  of 
work  among  Colored  people,  and  Mr.  M.  L.  Finckel,  President 
of  the  American  Sunday  School  Union.  (Ref.:  Work's  Negro 
Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs.  1-257-8). 


78 


THE    YOUNG    WOMEN'S    CHRISTIAN    ASSOCIATION 

The  Girl  Reserve 

If  she's  a  three-angled,  true  "Y"  Girl  Reserve; 

The  world  she  is  willing  to  Christlike  serve: 
Her  sunshine  smiles  will  come  thru  rains; 

Her  kind  heart  will  guide  her  fertile  brains: 
She  will  love  to  work  as  well  as  play; 

She  will  have  "good  times"  but  not  too  gay: 
She  will  swim  the  streams  and  camp  the  woods; 

She  will  love  all  sports  that  are  pure  and  good: 
And  thus  she  learns  "the  simple  life"  reader 

To  make  her  some  day  a  great  woman  leader. 

—  Harrison. 


UNDER  the  sisterly  and  wise  superivsion  of  Miss  Eva  D. 
Bowles,  as  the  first  salaried  Y.  W.  C.  A.  Colored  branch 
secretary  in  New  York  City  and  since  then  Executive  of  Colored 
Work,  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  for  Colored 
girls  and  women  has  made  wonderful  progress,  since  1907  when 
Mrs.  Wm.  A.  Hunton  was  appointed  by  the  National  Board  to 
investigate  and  arouse  interest  in  the  work.  As  Special  Student 
Worker,  Miss  Catherine  Leaked  greatly  aided  in  building  up  and 
strengthening  this  work  in  Colored  schools  until  she  took  up 
work  in  another  field  of  uplift. 

Today  there  are  over  fifty  city  Y.  W.  C.  A.  Colored  Branches 
in  as  many  cities  in  23  states  and  the  District  of  Columbia; 
while  there  are  at  least  100  such  branches  in  Colored  schools 
located  in  18  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  Just  as  the 
school  branches  are  the  means  of  helping  to  build  up  and  fortify 
the  practical  Christian  minds  of  the  girls  who  join  them;  the 
city  branches  prove  sheltering  havens  and  protections  for  self- 
respecting  and  self-supporting  Colored  single  girls  and  women 
when  they  leave  such  schools  and  respectable  homes  to  embark 
upon  the  rough  oceans  of  life  and  desire  to  nightly  anchor  in 
places  of  moral  protection,  social  uplift,  mental  development, 
sanitary  conditions,  congenial  companionships,  pleasures  of  in- 
nocence and  Christian  influences.  For  the  safe  arrival  and  calm 
anchorage  of  such  Colored  girls  and  women,  the  writer  assures 
them  that  the  following  list  of  addresses  is  a  true  compass  needle 

79 


that  will,  when  they  set-sail  for  a  new  city  port,  safely  guide 
them  into  any  of  the  following  beacon-lighted  Y.  W.  C.  A. 
Christian  Harbors: 

Atlanta,  Georgia,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  196  Piedmont  Avenue. 
Augusta,  Georgia,  Y.  W.  C.A.,  1104  Gwinnett  Street. 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  1200  Druid  Hill  Avenue. 
Bridgeport,  Conn.  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  70  Beach  Street. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  ,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  45  Ashland  Place. 
Camden,  N.  J.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  829  Kaighn  Avenue. 
Charleston,  S.  C,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  106  Coming  Street. 
Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  411  East  9th  Street. 
Chicago,  111.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  3541  Indiana  Avenue. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  704  Eighth  Street. 
Columbia,  S.  C,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  1323  Assembly  Street. 
Columbus,  Ohio.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  495  East  Long  Street. 
Dayton,  Ohio,  Y.  W.  C.  AM  800  West  Fifth  Street. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  728  Walnut  Street. 
Detroit,  Mich.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  2111  St.  Aubin  Avenue. 
East  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  826  East  Broadway. 
Fort  Worth,  Texas,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  415  East  6th  Avenue. 
Germantown,  Pa.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  6128  Germantown  Avenue. 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  804  Cowden  Street. 
Houston,  Texas,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  806  Clay  Avenue. 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  31  Ege  Avenue. 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  1501  East  19th  Street. 
Little  Rock,  Ark.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  924  Gaines  Srteet. 
Los  Angles,  Cal.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  1108  West  12th  Street. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  1021  W.  Madison  Street. 
Lynchburg,  Va.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  613  Monroe  Street. 
McKeesport,  Pa.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  317  Tenth  Street. 
Montclair,  N.  J.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  159  Glenridge  Avenue. 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  436  Fifth  Avenue,  North. 
Newark,  N.  J.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  71  Wilsey  Street. 
Newcastle,  Pa.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  140  Elm  Street. 
Newport  News,  Va.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  2300  Madison  Avenue. 
New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  179  West  137th  Street. 
Oakland,  Cal.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  828  Linden  Street. 
Omaha,  Neb.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  2306  No.  22nd  Street. 
Orange,  N.  J.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  78  Oakwood  Avenue. 
Petersburg,  Va.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  457  Harding  Street. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  756  South  16th  Street. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  2215  Wylie  Avenue. 
Portland,  Oregon,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  Broadway  and  Taylor  Streets. 
Richmond,  Va.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  515  South  7th  Street. 
San  Antonio,  Texas,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  328  North  Pino  Street. 
St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  1021  Francis  Street. 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  703  North  Garrison  Street. 
St.  Paul,  Minn.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  598  West  Central  Avenue. 
Springfield,  Ohio,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  134  West  Clark  Street. 
Warren,  Ohio,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  132  North  Park  Avenue. 
Washington,  D.  C,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  901  Rhode  Island  Avenue. 
Williampsort,  Pa.,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  429  Walnut  Street. 
Winston-Salem,  N.  C,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  717  East  Depot  Street. 
Youngstown,  Ohio,  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  248  Belmont  Avenue. 

80 


Among  the  foremost  Y.  W.  C.  A.  Colored  leaders  who  are  so 
nobly  and  ably  assisting  Miss  Eva  D.  Bowles  in  the  smooth 
and  efficient  supervision  of  the  above  named  branches  are  Misses 
May  B.  Belcher,  Crystal  Bird,  Mabel  Brady,  Mary  E.  Jackson, 
Josephine  Pinyon,  Lucy  B.  Richmond,  Adele  F.  Ruffin,  Clayda 
Williams,  Mrs.  Charlton  Wallace,  and  Mrs.  Cordelia  A.  Winn. 
Before  her  death  on  December  31,  1919,  Mrs.  Marie  A.  Wilder 
was  one  of  the  most  faithful  and  hardest  workers  in  the  above 
group. 

But  the  main  stream  of  success  connected  with  this  work 
has  come  about  through  the  "working  together"  "branch  rela- 
tionship" co-operation  on  the  parts  of  Mrs.  Samuel  J.  Broadwell, 
Treasurer;  Miss  Mable  Cratty,  Gen'l  Sec'y;  Mrs.  Jas.  S.  Cush- 
man,  1st  Vice-Pres.;  Mrs.  John  French,  Chairman  Execu. 
Com.;Mrs.  Lewis  H.  Lapham,  Sec'y;  Mrs.  Wm.  W.  Rossiter, 
2nd  Vice-Pres.;  and  Mrs.  Robt.  E.  Speer,  President,  who  com- 
pose the  National  Board  (white)  of  The  Young  Womens  Chris- 
tian Association  of  the  United  States  of  America.  And  in  the 
different  cities  where  they  are  established  the  white  and  Colored 
branch  workers  are  carrying  on  the  above  co-operations.  During 
the  World  War,  the  War  Work  Council  showed  its  co-operation 
by  appointing  a  Colored  Work  Committee  with  Miss  Eva  D. 
Bowles  as  Executive  and  Mrs.  Charlton  Wallace  as  Chairman 
and,  The  War  Work  Council,  "recognizing  the  loyalty  and  need 
of  the  colored  girls  and  women  in  this  country,  appropriated 
$400,000  for  the  work." 

"In  speaking  of  the  work  of  this  committee  Miss  Bowles 
said,  "The  Y.  W.  C.  A.  is  the  only  organization  that  is  handling 
the  work  with  all  girls  alike,  and  the  result  of  its  efforts  is  bound 
to  be  the  building  up  of  the  confidence  of  the  colored  race,  not 
only  in  the  nation  itself  but  in  Christianity.  With  the  colored, 
as  with  all  other  women  and  girls  throughout  the  world,  the  aim 
of  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.  is  a  constructive  foundation  of  Christian 
ideals.  Girls  are  girls,  whatever  their  race  or  complexion.  As 
naturally  as  a  flower  demands  sunshine  and  rain,  a  girl  craves 
good  times,  pretty  clothes  and  happiness." 

81 


In  closing  this  vital  chapter,  the  writer  can  think  of  no  better 
way  than  to  quote  the  following  words  of  Miss  Bowles  when  she 
summed  up  the  past  and  pointed  out  the  future  regarding  the 
leaderships  of  Colored  women  among  their  own  people  in  the 
United  States. 

"The  war  has  given  opportunity  to  the  colored  woman  to 
prove  her  ability  for  leadership.  She  had  her  chance  and  she 
made  good.  With  all  the  strength  of  having  suffered,  she  will  be 
able,  through  the  patience  born  of  suffering,  to  lead  the  women 
and  girls  whom  only  she  can  lead.  The  time  is  past  for  white 
leadership  for  colored  people.  As  white  and  colored  women,  we 
must  understand  each  other,  we  must  think  and  work  and  plan 
together  for  upon  all  of  us  rests  the  responsibility  of  the  girlhood 
of  lour  nation." 


82 


THE  YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION 

The  "Y"  Men 

The  buildings  where,  "Y"  men  do  live 

Have  comforts  like,  dear  mothers  give. 
Fine  lodgings  they  are  for  single  men, 

Who  with  the  best  do  want  to  blend. 
Without  rank  smoke  and  vulgar  swear 

Billiards  and  pool  are  also  there 
The  gym.,  the  baths  and  sleeping  rooms 

Give  to  their  healths  the  greatest  booms. 
Night  schools  and  also  Christian  talks 

Do  most  to  guide  young  "Y"  men  walks. 

Harrison. 

THE  110  Negro  college  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations 
and  the  fifty  or  more  city  branches  is  as  many  cities  in 
twenty-three  different  states  in  the  Union  are  really  God-sends 
to  thousands  of  young  Colored  men  who  prefer  to  spend  their 
spare  minutes  in  the  best  places  of  physical  cleanliness,  social 
purity  and  mental  advancement.  These  "Y"  branches  in  the 
cities  are  also  great  blessings  for  thousands  of  intelligent, 
refined  and  progressive  Colored  men  who  are  constantly  visiting 
strange  places  on  important  businesses  and  want  to  be  sure  they 
are  stopping  in  modern,  sanitary,  decent,  respectable  and  con- 
genial lodgings. 

Mr.  Julius  Rosenwald  of  Chicago,  111.  made  anofferin  1911  to 
give  the  sum  of  $25,000  to  every  city  in  the  United  States  that 
would  raise  $75,000  by  public  subscription  for  the  construction 
of  a  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building  for  the  use  of  Colored  people.  This 
offer  was  gladly  and  eagerly  accepted  and  as  a  result  buildings 
have  already  been  erected  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Baltimore,  Md.,  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Chicago,  111.,  Columbus,  O.,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo.,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  Philadelphia,  Pa., Pittsburgh, 
Pa., St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  Washington,  D.  C.  During  the  past  ten 
years  Mr.  Rosewnald  has  given  $350,000  toward  the  erection 
of  these  buildings,  other  white  people  have  given  nearly  a  million 
dollars,  while  Colored  people  have  contributed  over  a  quarter 
of  a  million  dollars.  Thus  over  two  million  dollars  have  already 
been  expended  in  the  construction  of  Y.  M.  C.  A.  buildings  in 
cities  for  Colored  men. 

83 


Great  credit  for  the  early  development  and  rapid  growth  of 
this  work  is  due  the  late  W.  A.  Hunton,  who  was  made  a  member 
on  the  staff  of  the  International  Secretary  Board  of  the  Y.  M 
C.  A.  Today  this  work  is  continuing  to  rapidly  grow  and  spread 
with  the  friendly  co-operation  and  hearty  support  of  Messrs.  B. 
H.  Fancher,  Treas.,  A.  E.  Marling,  Chairman  and  J.  R.  Mott, 
Gen'l  Secy  of  The  International  Committee  of  the  Y.M.C.A., 
and  under  the  wise  supervision  of  Dr.  J.  E.  Mooreland,  who  is  being 
ably  assisted  by  H.  K.  Craft,  W.  C.  Craver,  R.  P.  Hamlin,  C.  H. 
Tobias,  J.  B.  Watson,  Max  Yergen  and  other  efficient  members 
on  that  large  staff.  During  the  World  War  350  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
Colored  Secretaries,  under  the  guidance  of  Dr.  J.  E.  Moorland, 
R.  B.  DeFrantz,  W.  J.  Faulkner,  J.  F.  Gregory  and  G.  L.  Johnson 
loyally  served  Colored  soldiers  stationed  in  55  camps,  training 
schools  and  forts  in  America.  Among  those  who  were  the 
leaders  in  Y.  M.C.A.  and  social  work  among  the  Colored  soldiers 
over-seas  were  J.  E.  Blanton,  Mrs.  Helen  Curtis,  Miss  Helen 
Hagan,  Dr.  John  Hope,  Mrs.  Addie  Hunton,  Miss  Katherine 
Johnson,  Dr.  B.  M.  Murrell,  Dr.  H.  H.  Proctor,  C.  H.  Williams 
and  Max  Yergen. 

In  the  following  named  cities  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Branches  are  being 
directed  and  carried  on  by  their  secretaries  for  the  encourage- 
ment and  uplift  of  Colored  youths: 

Akron,  Ohio,  G.  W.  Thompson,  Secretary,  259  So.  Main  Street. 
Ashville,  N.  C,  N.  Martin,  Secretary,  Market  &  Eagle  Streets. 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  W.  J.  Trent,  Secretary,  146  Butler  Street. 
Atlantic,  City,  N.  J.,  C.  M.  Cain,  Secretary,  1711  Artie  Avenue. 
Augusta,  Ga.,  Silas  Floyd,  Secretary,  9th  and  Miller  Streets. 
Baltimore,  Md.,  S.  S.  Booker,  Secretary,  1619  Druid  Hill  Avenue. 
Beloit,  Wis.,  J.  D.  Stevenson,  Secretary,  Colored  Men's  Branch. 
Benham,  Ky.,  Alex,  Gregory,  Secretary,  Colored  Men's  Branch. 
Birmingham,  Ala.,  A.  M.  Walker,  Secretary,  Acipco  Branch. 
Bluefield,  W.  Va.,  P.  A.  Goins,  Secretary,  432  Scott  Street. 
Boston,  Mass.,  B.  F.  Seldon,  Secretary,  316  Huntington  Street. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  R.  M.  Meroney,  Seccretary,  405  Carlton  Avenue. 
Buxton,  Iowa,  W.  L.  Hutcherson,  General  Secretary. 
Camden,  N.  J.,  E.  C.  Richardson,  Secretary,  Hunton  Branch. 
Charleston,  S.  C,  G.  D.  Brock,  Secretary,  61  Cannnon  Street. 
Charlotte,  N.  C,  J.  B.  F.  Prather,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  State  Committeeman 
Chicago,  111.,  George  R.  Arthur,  Secretary,  3763  So.  Wabash  Avenue. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  B.  W.  Overton,  436  W.  Ninth  Street. 
Columbus,  Ohio,  N.  B.  Allen,  Secretary  202  E.  Spring  Street. 
Columbus,  Ga.,  Robert  D.  Kelsey,  Secretary  521  Ninth  Street. 
Crossett,  Arkansas,  Chas.  E.  Johnson,  Secretary  Colored  Men's  Dep't. 

84 


Dallas,  Tex.  J.  D.  Rice,  Secretary,  3710  State  Street. 
Dayton,  Ohio,  John  A.  Green,  Secretary,  Fifth  Street  Branch. 
Denver,  Col.,  T.  J.  Bell,  Secretary,  2800  Glenarm  Street. 
Detroit,  Mich.,  H.  S.  Dunbar,  Secretary,  1930  St.  Antonia  Street. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa,  E.  C.  Robinson,  Secretary,  782  West  9th  Street. 
East  Moline,  111.,  B.  G.  Smith,  Secretary,  Colored  Men's  Branch. 
East  St.  Louis,  111.,  J.  E.  Nance,  Secretary,  Colored  Men's  Branch. 
Englewood,  N..  J.,  W.  H.  Kindle,  Secretary,  135  W.  132nd  St.,  N.Y.  City 
Evanston,  111.,  J.  D.  Ross,  Secretary,  1014  Emerson  Street. 
Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  S.  H.  Fowler,  Sr.,  Secretary,  915^  Calhoun  Street. 
Gary,  Ind.,  H.  K.  Craft,  Secretary  1716  Washington  Street. 
Germantown,  Pa.,  Leon  C.  James,  Secretary,  132  West  Rittenhouse  St. 
Greenwood,  Miss.,  Thos.  M.  Elliott,  Secretary,  Hunton  Branch,  Box  283. 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Fritz  Caneler,  Secretary,  644  Broad  Street. 
Houston,  Texas,  H.  P.  Carter,  Secretary,  711  Prairie  Avenue. 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  F.  E.  DeFrantz,  Secretary,  450  N.  Senate  Avenue. 
Indiana  Harbor,  Ind.,  A.  G.  Fallings,  Secretary,  2115  137th  Street. 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  F.  A.  Harris,  Secretary,  1824  Pasco  Boulevarde. 
Los  Angles,  Cal.,  T.  A.  Greene,  Secretary,  1400  E.  Ninth  Street. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  J.  W.  Ramsey  in  charge,  920  West  Chestnut  St. 
Marshall,  Tex.,  J.  W.  Davis,  Secretary,  Colored  Men's  Branch. 
Miami,  Fla.,  G.  P.  McKinney,  Jr.,  Secretary,  1st  Street  &  Avenue  H. 
Mineola,  Long  Island,  R.  T.  Weatherby,  Secretary,  Nassau-Suffolk  County 
Mobile,  Ala.,  W.  J.  Williams,  Secretary,  510  Congress  Street. 
Montclair,  N.  J.,  C.  H.  Bullock,  Secretary,  Blloomfield  Avenue  Branch. 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  W.  N.  Sanders,  Secretary,  Cor  Cedar  St.,  &  4th  Ave.  No. 
Newport  News,  Va.,  A.  F.  Williams,  Secretary,  2201  Marshall  Avenue. 
New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  Thos.  E.  Taylor,  Secretary,  181  West  135th  Street. 
Norfolk,  Va.,  C.  C.  Dogan,  Secretary,  440  E.  Queen  Street. 
Oakland,  Cal.,  Allen  O.  Newman,  Secretary,  Colored  Men's  Branch. 
Orange,  N.  J.,  J.  W.  Bowers,  Secretary,  34  Cebtral  Place. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  H.  W.  Porter,  Secretary,  1724  Christian  Street. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  S.  R.  Morsell,  Secretary,  1847  Central  Avenue. 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  H.  H.  Cain,  Secretary,  102  Witherspoon  Street. 
Richmond,  Va.,  Secretary,  214  East  Leigh  Street. 
Ridgewood,  N.  J.,  A.  E.  Flournoy,  Secretary,  220  Broad  Stretet. 
Rouse,  Col.,  W.  T.  Thornton,  Secretary,  Colo.  Fuel  &  Iron  Company. 
Savannah,  Ga.,  T.  Walter  Moore,  Secretary,  817  West  Broad  Street. 
Sewickley,  Pa.,  J.  T.  Morris,  Secretary,  411  Walnut  Street. 
Springfield,  Ohio,  W.  S.  Smith,  Secretary,  209  So.  Center  Street. 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  D.  D.  Jones,  Secretary,  2839  Pine  Street. 
Tulsa,  Okla.,  G.  A.  Gregg,  Secretary,  Hunton  Branch. 
Washington  D.  C,  Wm.  Stevenson,  Secretary,  1816  12th  Street,  N.  W. 


85 


NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION  OF  COLORED  WOMEN 

National  Colored  Club  Women 

"Lifting  As  We  Climb"— Their  motto  in  life 

Is  their  battle  cry  in  uplift  strife 
In  leading  their  women  to  higher  things 

So  better  to  rear  their  Race  off-springs. 

—  Harrison. 

WHILE  they  went  about  their  self-imposed  and  greatly 
beneficial  tasks  in  somewhat  crude  ways  that  were  exe- 
cuted under  circumstances  far  more  trying  and  peculiar  than 
these  modern  times;  nevertheless,  Harriet  Tubman  and  Sojourner 
Truth  may  be  rightly  called  the  first  real  welfare  and  uplift 
national  workers  among  American  Colored  women.  And  the 
histories  of  the  untiring  efforts,  speakings  and  lectures  of  those 
two  pioneers  who  fearlessly  worked  for  the  freedom  of  their  Race 
sisters  and  brothers  should  be  learned  by  all  Colored  youths, 
especially  girls. 

While  leading  Colored  women  throughout  the  country  as  far 
back  as  1894  had  already  decided  and  carefully  planned  to  gather 
and  form  some  kind  of  a  national  body  among  themselves,  they 
were  indeed  suddenly  inspired  to  whole-heartedly  and  fearlessly 
carry  out  those  plans  immediately,  when  a  prejudiced  white 
editor  of  a  village  paper  in  the  United  States  published  an  open 
letter  in  which  he  accused  alike  all  American  Colored  women  as 
being  without  moral  characters  and  uplifting  principles.  Not 
only  the  educated,  refined  and  moral  Colored  women  resented 
and  challenged  that  poisoned-pen  letter  that  had  lied  on  and 
slandered  a  whole  race  of  their  sisters,  but  the  largest  nationally 
known  white  newspapers  of  large  cities  in  both  America  and 
Europe  came  out  in  broad-minded  editorials  verbally  chastising 
and  denouncing  without  mercy  that  editor  of  their  race  who 
stained  his  profession  and  shamed  his  race  by  stooping  so  low 
in  unsuccessfully  using  that  narrow-minded  and  short-sighted 
means  of  gaining  subscriptions  for  his  failing  paper  and  fame  for 
his  unheard  of  name. 

As  a  result  of  the  above  plans  and  decisions  nearly  a  dozen 
States  sent  upward  of  a  hundred  leading  and  representative 
Colored  women  who  met  in  July  1895  in  Boston,  Mass.,  where  the 

86 


first  National  Convention  of  Colored  Women  was  formed,  with 
Mrs.  Josephine  St.  Pierre  Ruffin  as  president,  Mrs.  Booker  T. 
Washington  and  Mrs.  Helen  Cook  as  Vice-Presidents  and  Miss 
Elizabeth  C.  Carter  as  secretary.  During  the  meeting  that 
convention  was  given  the  name  of  "The  National  Association  of 
Colored  Women".  This  body  became  affiliated  with  The  Na- 
tional Council  of  Women  in  1900  and  was  incorporated  in  1904. 
At  different  times  it  has  had  as  its  presidents;  Mrs.  Mary  Church 
Terrell,  A.  M.,  Washington,  D.  C,  Mrs.  Booker  T.  Washington, 
Tuskegee  Institute,  Ala.,  Miss  Elizabeth  C.  Carter,  New  Bed- 
ford, Mass.,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Talbert,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  and  Miss 
Hallie  Q.  Brown,  Wilberforce,  Ohio,  who  is  its  present  presiding 
officer.  Those  who  are  Miss  Brown's  closest  assistants  in  help- 
ing to  carry  on  this  noble  work  are  named  as  follows :  Mrs.  Janie 
Porter  Barrett,  Peake,  Va.,  Mrs.  Ruth  L.  Bennett,  Chester,  Pa., 
Mrs.  Alice  Cary,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Mrs.  Charlotte  Dett,  Niagara 
Falls,  N.  Y.,  Mrs.  Addie  W.  Dickerson,  Phila.,  Pa.  Mrs.  C.  L. 
Hamilton,  Indianola,  111.,  Mrs.  C.  R.  McDowell,  Hannibal,  Mo., 
Mrs.  J.  C.  Napier,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Miss  Georgia  A.  Nugent, 
Louisville,  Ky.,  Mrs.  Minnie  Scott,  Toledo,  Ohio.,  Mrs.  E.  J.  N. 
Simms,  Spokane,  Wash.,  Mrs.  Mamie  E.  Steward,  Louisville, 
Ky.,  Mrs.  Marion  Wilkerson,  Orangeburg,  S.  C.  and  Mrs.  W.  T. 
B.  Williams,  Tuskegee  Institute,  Ala. 

In  regard  to  the  relations  of  this  association  with  the  Inter- 
national Council  of  Women,  several  Colored  women  have  at- 
tended different  European  meetings  as  representatives  from  the 
United  States.  Foremost  among  such  women  are  Miss  Hallie 
Q.  Brown,  Mrs.  Mary  Church  Terrell,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Talbert  and 
Dr.  Mary  F.  Waring.  The  following  is  an  ektract  from  the 
July  1921  issue  of  The  Crisis: 

"The  Committee  on  International  Relations — the  highest 
committee  of  women  in  personel  of  representatives  in  the 
League  of  Nations — has  chosen  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Talbert  as  a 
member.  Mrs.  Talbert  was  the  first  accredited  Negro  delegate 
to  sit  in  the  International  Council  of  women  and  one  of  five 
American  women  to  speak  for  the  National  Council  of  Women 
of  the  United  States  of  America  in  the  House  of  Parliment  at 

Norway." 

87 


The  quotation  below  is  taken  from  the  February  1921  issue 
of  The  Favorite  Magazine.  "Dr.  Mary  F.  Waring,  recently 
returned  from  a  trip  through  eleven  European  countries,  and  one 
of  twenty  American  women  to  represent  the  United  States  at 
the  International  Council  of  Women  in  Norway.  She  had  the 
distinction  of  being  the  only  woman  commissioner  of  the  Lincoln 
Jubilee  in  1915  and  the  organizer  of  the  Red  Cross  units  Canteen 
and  Home  Nursing  classses  during  the  World  War.  After  the 
war  the  Community  Service  appointed  her  as  a  national  organizer 
for  girls'  work." 

Some  of  the  national  leading  and  most  prominent  Colored 
women  before  the  public  today  who  as  workers  in  this  associa- 
tion or  along  other  elevating  lines  have  encouraged,  inspired  and 
helped  thousands  of  American  Colored  girls  to  move  out  of 
Nobody's  Alley  and  live  on  Somebody's  Avenue  are  Miss  Mary 
M.  Bethune,  Daytona,  Fla.,  Miss  Eva  D.  Bowles,  New  York 
City,  N.  Y.,  Miss  Hallie  Q.  Brown,  Wilberforce,  O.,  Miss  Nannie 
H.  Burroughs,  Washington,  D.  C,  Madame  E.  Azalia  Hackley, 
Detroit,  Mich.  Mrs.  Addie  W.  Hunton,  New  York  City,  N.  Y., 
Miss  Jane  E.  Hunter,  Cleveland,  O.,  Miss  Lucey  Laney,  Augusta, 
Ga.,  Mrs.  S.  W.  Layton,  Phila.,  Pa.,  Mrs.  R.  R.  Moton,  Tusk- 
egee,  Ala.,  Mrs.  Alice  Dunbar  Nelson,  Wilmington,  Del.,  Mrs. 
Mary  B.  Talbert,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Mrs.  "Florence  C.  Talbert, 
Detroit,  ^Mich.,  Mrs.  Mary  Church  Terrell,  Washington,  D. 
C,  Mrs.  Maggie  L.  Walker,  Richmond,  Va.,  Dr.  Mary  F.  War- 
ing, Chicago.,  111.,  Mrs.  Booker  T.  Washington,  Tuskegee  In- 
stitute, Ala.  and  Mrs.  Butler  R.  Wilson,  Boston,  Mass. 


88 


National  Uplift  Organization  founded  and  run  by  Negroes 
The  National  Negro  Business  League 

IN  1900  the  late  Dr.  Booker  T.  Washington,  founder  of 
Tuskegee  Institute,  organized  in  Boston,  Mass.  The  Na- 
tional Negro  Business  League,  which  is  now  under  the  forceful 
and  energetic  leadership  of  Dr.  Robert  R.  Moton.  Such  na- 
tionally known  men  as  Chas.  Banks,  J.  G.  Napier  and  Emmett 
J.  Scott  are  among  those  who  are  closely  allied  with  the  president 
of  this  League  in  so  widely  spreading  its  influences  of  encourage- 
ment, inspiration  and  business  knowledge. 

As  a  description  of  the  workings  of  this  organization,  the 
writer  gives  below  some  extracts  from  an  article  written  for  the 
August  13,  1921  issue  of  The  Chicago  Defender  by  E.  Davidson 
Washington,  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Booker  T.  Washington. 

"While  the  Business  League  has  a  distinctive  purpose  (that 
of  promoting  the  commercial  and  financial  development  of  our 
Race,)  it  does  not  attempt  to  prescribe  for  every  racial  endeavor; 
yet  it  is  a  significant  fact  that  through  the  instrumentality  of 
this  the  national  body  and  its  more  than  600  local  branches 
or  local  leagues  scattered  throughout  the  country  a  very  large 
part  of  the  progress  made  by  the  Race  in  the  direction  of  home 
and  farm  ownership,  banking,  insurance,  manufacturing  and 
mercantile  enterprises  has  been  achieved  since  the  organization 
of  the  Business  League. 

"Among  the  many  subjects  discussed  are  such  as:  "Making 
Farming  Pay.,"  "Building  a  Negro  Town,"  "The  Relation  of 
Education  to  Business,"  "Conducting  a  Grocery  Store,"  "Edit- 
ing a  Newspaper"  and  many  others  which  space  will  not  permit 
me  to  mention  here.  Questions  are  asked,  and  in  that  way 
those  who  did  not  come  up  to  their  expectations  the  previous 
year  try,  when  they  return  to  their  various  communities,  as 
far  as  possible,  to  put  into  practice  what  they  have  gained 
through  the  league. 

"The  symposiums  conducted  in  the  main  convention  by  the 
following  organizations  are  highly  interesting  and  instructive: 

89 


The  National  Negro  Bankers'  Association,  the  National  Negro 
Funeral  Directors'  Association,  the  National  Negro  Press,  the 
National  Negro  Bar  Association  and  the  National  Negro  In- 
surance Men. 

' 'Finally,  as  a  Race  we  must  not  be  discouraged.  There  will 
come  to  us,  as  to  all  races,  seasons  of  depression  and  gloom. 
Once  in  a  while  even  those  in  high  places  may  seem  to  seek  to 
insult,  humiliate  and  harass  us,  but  they  cannot  last.  "The 
morning  cometh."  Those  who  treat  us  unjustly  are  losing  more 
than  we  are.  Above  all,  we  must  not  lose  faith  in  ourselves 
nor  in  our  Race.  We  must  be  as  proud  of  being  Negroes  as  a 
Japanese  is  of  being  a  Japanese.  It  is  through  such  meetings 
as  the  National  Negro  Business  League  that  the  Negro  is  en- 
couraged and  made  to  look  upon  the  brighter  side  of  life  and  with 
more  optimism  for  the  future  than  ever  before." 


Association  For  The  Study  of  Negro  Life  and  History 

American  school  white  boys  and  girls  get  the  larger  part  of 
their  inspirations  to  become  great  men  and  women  mostly 
from  what  they  read  in  the  public  school  United  States  Histories 
about  big  things  members  of  their  race  have  done.  As  white 
authors  in  writing  such  histories  saw  fit  to  leave  out  of  them  all 
references  (with  the  exception  of  slavery)  to  the  parts  the  Ameri- 
can Colored  people  have  had  in  helping  to  make  American  his- 
tory, public  school  Colored  boys  and  girls  get  no  racial  encourage- 
ments nor  inspirations  from  such  histories. 

The  Association  for  the  Study  of  Negro  Life  and  History, 
organized  in  1915,  is  doing  a  grand  work  in  helping  to  supply 
the  American  Colored  youth  with  the  desired  encouraging  and 
inspiring  information  relating  to  Negro  historical  achievements 
in  the  United  States.  The  president  of  this  organ,  R.  E.  Park 
is  ably  assisted  in  this  work  by  such  scholars  as  Drs.  J.  E.  Moore- 
land  and  C.  G.  Woodson. 

90 


The  National  Equal  Rights  League 

The  National  Equal  Rights  League  was  started  in  1910  and 
one  of  its  chief  purposes  is  contending  for  and  securing  in  peace- 
ful but  firm  ways  the  same  equal  rights  in  the  United  States  for 
American  Colored  citizens  as  those  so  generously  given  to  mem- 
bers of  other  races,  especially  many  foreigners  in  this  country 
who  do  not  understand  the  laws,  cannot  speak  the  language 
and  have  no  intentions  of  becoming  naturalized.  The  presid- 
ent of  this  organization  is  N.  S.  Taylor,  who  is  loyally  assist- 
ed by  such  race  leaders  as  Wm.  Monroe  Trotter,  and  B.  N. 
Murrell. 

The  Lincoln  League  of  America 

The  Lincoln  League  of  America  is  an  organization  that  was 
started  in  1919,  and  one  of  its  main  objects  is  to  instil  race 
pride  on  a  broader  scale  among  Colored  people  and  at  the  same 
time  encourage  them  along  all  lines  of  citizenship  privileges  and 
advancement.  Roscoe  C.  Simmons  is  president  of  this  body 
and  is  nobly  aided  in  this  work  by  such  national  figures  as  Henry 
Lincoln  Johnson  and  Walter  Cohen. 

National  Association  of  Teachers  for  Colored  Schools 

The  National  Association  of  Teachers  for  Colored  Schools 
is  under  the  scholarly  and  experienced  leadership  of  Prof.  J.  M. 
Gandy.  It  is  due  mostly  to  this  organization  that  the  manage- 
ments and  sentiments  of  the  different  Southern  Colored  colleges 
and  schools  have  come  to  better  understand  each  other  and 
thereby  work  in  closer  conjunction  and  harmony  for  the  broadest 
and  most  practical  development  of  Negro  youths  in  both  indus- 
trial and  higher  education.  Other  officials  who  have  helped  to 
bring  about  such  good  feelings  are  S.  X.  Floyd  and  W.  H.  A. 
Howard. 

Negro  Organization  Society 

Although  it  has  not  yet  developed  into  a  national  organiza- 
tion, the  Negro  Organization  Society  of  Virginia  is  making  rapid 
strides  in  that  direction.     It  was  organized  several  years  ago, 

91 


at  the  wise  suggestion  of  the  late  Dr.  H.  B.  Frissell,  by  Major 
R.  R.  Moton,  who  with  the  valuable  assistance  of  Captain 
Allen  Washington,  Profs.  J.  M.  Gandy,  T.  C.  Erwin,  Rev.  A.  A. 
Graham,  Lawyer  T.  C.  Walker,  Hon.  Robert.  E.  Clay  and  others 
soon  made  it  a  leading  source  of  encouragement  and  helpful- 
ness throughout  the  entire  State.  While  its  purpose  is  to  unite 
into  one  large  solid  body  for  more  mutual  understandings  all  the 
church,  fraternal  and  social  organizations  and  societies,  big  and 
little,  in  the  State;  it  has  no  desires  nor  intentions  whatever  of 
selfishly  absorbing  within  itself  or  taking  away  the  individuality 
of  any  organized  body  that  comes  under  its  advice  and  help. 

One  of  the  chief  objects  of  this  society  is  to  gather  all  such 
organizations  in  the  state  under  its  guiding  wisdom  and  shelter- 
ing arms  into  one  big  congenial  family,  whose  members  may  then 
be  constantly  taught  how  best  to  work  in  helpful  understandings 
and  harmony  among  themselves  and  in  brotherhood  co-opera- 
tions with  their  white  neighbors  in  order  to  secure  ' 'better 
health,  better  schools,  better  homes  and  better  farms"  for  the 
Colored  people.  These  efforts  have  proven  so  fruitful  that  this 
society  has  already  overflown  its  Virginian  cup  of  uplift  influence 
that  is  now  running  and  dripping  over  the  sides  into  surrounding 
states.  And  under  the  continued  successful  "Whooping-up" 
campaigns  of  its  present  leader,  Major  Allen  Washington,  this 
organ  is  destined  some  day  to  become  one  of  the  most  helpful 
national  movements  in  America  in  aiding  to  bring  about  stronger 
and  broader  good-will  feelings  between  the  two  races  and  at  the 
same  time  more  friendly  and  solidly  uniting  all  Colored  organiza- 
tions for  a  more  rapid  and  all-round  advancement  of  the  Negro 
Race. 

THE  PAN-AFRICAN  CONGRESS 

On  February  19,  1919,  Dr.  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  editor  of  The 
Crisis,  called  a  meeting  known  as  The  Pan-African  Congress 
that  held  three  days'  session  in  the  Grand  Hotel,  Paris,  France. 
It  was  attended  by  fifty-eight  delegates  representing  sixteen 
different  Negro  groups,  who  passed  resolutions  of  which  two  of 
the  most  important  pargraphs  are  quoted  below  as  follows: 

92 


' Whenever  persons  of  African  descent  are  civilized  and  able 
to  meet  the  tests  of  surrounding  culture,  they  shall  be  accorded 
the  same  rights  as  their  fellow  citizens :  they  shall  not  be  denied 
on  account  of  race  or  color  a  voice  in  their  own  Government, 
justice  before  the  courts  and  economic  and  social  equality  ac- 
cording to  ability  and  desert. 

"Whenever  it  is  proven  that  African  natives  are  not  receiving 
just  treatment  at  the  hands  of  any  State  or  that  any  State  delib- 
erately excludes  its  civilized  citizens  or  subjects  of  Negro  descent 
from  its  body  politic  and  cultural,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
League  of  Nations  to  bring  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  the 
civilized  world." 

Along  with  Dr.  DuBois,  some  of  the  other  internationally 
known  persons  who  attended  that  first  Congress  were  Boisneuf, 
Deputy  from  Guadaloupe;  Captain  Boutte;  Canadace,  French 
Deputy  from  Guadaloupe;  Mme  Chapoteau;  Mrs.  Helen  M. 
Curtis:  Diagne,  French  Deputy  from  Senegal;  Grossilliere,  De- 
puty from  Martinique;  Mrs.  Ida  Gibbs  Hunt;  Mrs.  Addie  W. 
Hunton;  Dr.  John  Hope;  President  King,  Peace  Delegate  from 
Liberia;  B.  F.  Seldon  and  Roscoe  C.  Simmons. 

The  Pan- African  Congress  plans  to  hold  its  second  meeting 
in  Europe  in  1921  and  hold  sessions  in  four  different  countries 
as  follows:  in  London,  England  on  August  28th  and  29th;  in 
Brussels,  Belgium  on  August  31st,  September  1st  and  2nd; 
in  Paris,  France  on  September  4th  and  5th,  and  a  "Special  Com- 
mittee to  visit  the  Assembly  of  the  League  of  Nations,  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  after  September  6th." 

In  brief  (according  to  the  July  1921  issue  of  The  Crisis)  the 
chief  working  plans  mapped  out  on  the  practical  progress  of  this 
Congress  are  as  follows:  to  satisfy  the  urgent  need  of  securing 
first-hand  information  "about  Africa's  physical,  climatic  and  com- 
mercial conditions,  as  well  as  the  attitude  of  the  natives  and  the 
European  governments";  to  thresh  such  newly  gained  knowledge 
and  put  it  into  the  form  of  a  statement,  presenting  the  main 
social  problems  which  face  the  Negros  of  the  world ;  to  enable  the 
leaders  of  the  different  Negro  groups  the  world  over  to  be- 

93 


come  acquainted;  to  get  in  touch  with  and  put  before  those 
persons,  groups,  nations  and  organizations  of  various  races  who 
either  do  sympathize  with  the  peoples  of  Africa  and  their  des- 
cendants or  who  would  sympathize  with  them  if  they  knew  the 
fundamental  characteristics,  needs  and  deserts  of  the  black  man 
all  over  the  globe;  to  have  the  Pan-African  Congress  finally 
evolved  into  one  permanent  body  that  welds  the  Negro  people 
and  their  friends  for  the  emancipation  of  the  race. 

"For  his  services  in  originating  and  conducting  in  Paris  the 
Pan-African  Congress",  Dr.  DuBois  was  presented  with  the 
Spingarn  Medal.  And  this  Pan -African  Congress,  "in  the  judg- 
ment of  President  Hope  of  Morehouse  College",  "made  the 
Negro  representatives  from  seventeen  countries  discover  that 
the  problems  of  colored  people  the  world  over  are  the  same." 
The  origin  and  purpose  of  the  above  mentioned  Spingarn  Medal 
is  explained  in  the  following  quotation : 

"A  few  years  ago  Dr.  J.  E.  Spingarn  of  New  York  decided 
that  he  would  offer  each  year  a  gold  medal  to  be  awarded  to  the 
man  or  woman  of  African  descent  who  had  rendered  valuable, 
though  perhaps  somewhat  inconspicuous,  service  to  his  race  and 
to  modern  civilization.  Dr.  Spingarn  had  very  clearly  in  his 
mind  the  "for  merit"  type  of  decoration.  This  idea  has  always 
been  kept  before  the  committee  on  award".  (Ref.  July  1920  issue 
of  the  Southern  Workman). 

A  conplete  list  of  those  who  have  been  awarded  the  Spingarn 
Medal  since  1915,  when  it  was  first  presented,  up  to  the  present 
date  is  as  follows: 

1915,  Dr.  Ernest  E.  Just,  Scholar-Scientist. 

1916,  Colonel  Chas.  Young,  United  States  Army. 

1917,  Harry  T.  Burleigh,  Singer-Composer. 

1918,  Wm.  Stanley  Braithwaite,  Poet-Critic. 

1919,  Archibald  H.  Grimke,  Author-Orator. 

1920,  Dr.  W.  E.  B.  DuBoise,  Sociologist-Author. 

1921,  Charles  E.  Gilpin,  Celebrated  Actor. 


94 


MARCUS  GARVEY 

Whatever  may  be  their  private  thoughts  and  judgements  as 
to  the  methods,  purposes  and  final  results  of  his  efforts ;  the  one 
conclusion  at  which  close  observing  Colored  and  white  people 
alike  have  unanimously  arrived  and  publically  admitted  is  that 
the  Negro,  Marcus  Garvey  (who  is  estimated  to  have  united 
more  than  a  million  of  his  Race  people  into  different  organiza- 
tions) has  unquestionably  become  "The  World's  Greatest  Group 
Organizer"  of  today. 

Relative  to  the  Race  interests,  efforts  and  leaderships  of 
Dr.  DuBois  and  Mr.  Garvey,  the  writer  quotes  below  the  very 
logical  and  impartial  editorial  that  appeared  in  Editor  J.  Finley 
Wilson's  ' 'Washington  Eagle"  that  was  published  September 
17,  1921,  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

"WORLD  LEAGUE  OF  THE  AFRICAN  RACES  NECESSARY" 

"We  are  very  much  in  favor  of  the  Pan-African  movement  which  Dr.  W. 
E.  B.  DuBois  has  in  charge  and  is  trying  to  make  a  success  of.  The  race 
needs  an  international  organization  which  will  gather  representatives  of  the 
African  peoples  of  the  world,  where  their  rights  and  wrongs  may  be  registered 
and  looked  after,  and  where,  annually,  they  may  gather  in  an  open  congress 
or  a  discussion  and  agreement  upon  questions  affecting  them.  The  question 
is  a  broad  one,  race-embracing,  and  should  be  considered  from  that  viewpoint. 

"On  the  other  hand,  we  are  very  much  in  favor  of  the  movement  fostered 
by  Mr.  Marcus  Garvey,  the  provisional  president  of  Africa,  to  create  a  senti- 
ment in  Africa  in  favor  of  a  oneness  of  sentiment  among  Africans  themselves 
and  the  building  up  of  African  States  for  Africans.  Mr.  Garvey  has  been 
pointing  out,  recently,  and  very  wisely,  we  think,  that  the  time  may  come 
when  Afro-Americans  who  are  dissatisfied  with  their  conditions  in  States 
of  the  United  States  may  desire  to  go  to  Africa,  and  to  a  State  in  Africa 
governed  by  Africans.     This  is  reasonable  foresight. 

"There  are  millions  of  Jews  working  hard  for  the  rehabilitation  of  Pales- 
tine who  have  no  desire  to  make  it  their  home,  as  they  are  satisfied  in  the 
States  where  they  are,  but  there  are  millions  who  are  not  satined,  as  in 
Turkey  and  Russia,  who  would  go  to  Palestine  and  build  its  waste  places 
while  repatriating  it.  It  is  in  the  same  way  that  we  regard  the  building  of  a 
strong  African  State  as  a  sufficient  asylum  of  those  of  the  race  who  are  perse- 
cuted anywhere  on  the  globe  that  they  may  be. 

"Mr.  Garvey  is  as  much  of  a  prophet  in  his  way  as  Dr.  DuBois,  and  we 
should  be  willing  to  hold  up  the  hands  of  both  of  them  in  any  plans  they  may 
advance  which  seems  possible  of  working  out  for  the  good  of  the  race.  Both 
of  them  have  ideas  and  methods  we  do  not  approve,  but  that  would  be  the 
case  with  any  movement  whatsoever,  that  may  be  started,  on  a  large  or  small 
scale,  by  any  man  or  group  of  men  of  the  race,  but  it  should  not  prevent  us 
from  encouraging  them  in  any  idea  or  plan  which  appears  reasonable  and 
possible  of  resulting  in  good  for  the  race. 

"A  World  League  of  African  People  is  necessary.  An  Independent 
African  State  in  Africa  is  necessary.  We  already  have  Liberia  and  Abyssinia, 
but  we  need  more  than  these,  and  stronger  than  both  of  them." 

95 


ON  THE  FARM 

Education  The  Negro  Needs  All 

Wild  men  first  learned  to  scratch  the  ground: — Agricultural  Education 
In  building  caves  first  trades  they  found:        — Industrial  Education 
Then  exchange  of  hides  made  business  boom, — Commercial  Education 
And  science  was  born  gazing  stars  and  moon    — University  Education 

Harrison. 

SINCE  the  raising  of  tobacco,  cotton,  corn,  sugar  cane  and 
other  farm  products  had  been  the  main  reason  for  starting 
slavery  in  America,  it  is  plainly  seen  that  farming  was  the  chief 
work  of  the  Colored  people  until  they  were  set  free.  And  it  is 
quite  natural  that  they  took  a  great  dislike  to  a  work  that  they 
had  been  compelled  to  do  against  their  wills  for  over  two 
hundred  years.  So  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  when  they  were 
free  to  choose  their  own  work,  the  majority  of  ex-slaves  were 
willing  to  do  any  kind  of  labor  under  the  sun  (or  over  the  sun  for 
that  matter)  but  work  on  the  farm.  Such  a  state  of  affairs 
continued  for  a  number  of  years  and  caused  much  of  the  rich 
fertile  lands  in  the  South  to  go  unf armed,  neglected  and  runned- 
down,  but  after  some  years  away  from  the  only  kind  of  work 
they  knew  the  most  about,  their  dislike  to  farming  began  to 
lessen  and  they  gradually  drifted  back  to  work  patches  of  land 
on  shares  with  their  former  owners  who  had  survived  the  war. 
And  their  return  to  the  bosom  of  nature  rapidly  increased  as  the 
ex-slaves  saw  how  it  would  enable  them  to  make  a  living  and 
save  money  to  buy  land  for  themselves. 

As  a  result  of  that  movement  back  to  the  farms  which  contin- 
ued to  increase,  there  were,  according  to  the  1910  census,  over 
two  hundred  thousand  farms  or  twenty-one  million  acres  of 
land  owned  in  the  United  States  by  Colored  people.  Negroes 
in  the  South  alone  own  more  than  two  hundred  thousand  of 
those  farms  that  are  valued  at  more  than  four  hundred  million 
dollars.  Just  in  the  state  of  Virginia  Colored  people  own  over 
one  million  acres  of  land  that  are  valued  at  over  ten  million 
dollars.  The  following  named  are  just  a  handful  of  the  Colored 
farmers  throughout  the  South  and  West  who  own  and  cultivate 
farms  ranging  in  size  from  500  to  3,000  acres  of  land ;  J.  N.  Brown, 

96 


Tenn.,;  J.  Collins,  S.  C;  Robt.  Chatman,  Texas;  Wash  Dillard, 
Texas;  Lewis  Dolphin,  Okla.;  J.  G.  Groves,  Kan.;  Wiley  Hinds' 
family,  Cal.;  J.  A.  Hickey,  G.  N.  Humphries,  Texas;  Howard 
Jackson,  Ala.;  Chas.  Jackson,  La.;  Deal  Jackson,  Ga.;  Y.  U. 
Jones,  Texas;  John  Lyttle,  N.  C.;  J.  H.  McDuffy,  Fla.;  Wm. 
Mazy,  John  F.  McGowon,  L.  A.  Nash,  Lance  Parker,  Dennis 
Pollard,  H.  Penneth,  Jack  Taylor,  Texas;  Jake  Simmons, 
Okla.;  R.  L.  Smith  Newton  Smith,  La.;  A.  W.  Taylor, 
Texas;  J.  Thompson,  Ga.;  W.  B.  Turner,  Va.,  and  Frank 
Wallace,  Texas. 

Through  the  encouragement  and  helpfulness  of  such  farming 
agencies  as  the  Smith-Lever  Funds  for  Agricultural  Extension 
Education,  the  Smith-Hughes  Funds  for  Vocational  Education, 
The  Federal  Farm  Loans  and  the  Farmers'  Co-operative  Demon- 
stration Work,  a  new  interest,  rekindled  enthusiasm  and  extra 
efforts  have  been  aroused  among  Colored  farmers  in  all  parts  of 
the  country.  They  have  at  last  been  made  to  plainly  see  and 
fully  understand  that  it  is  always  to  their  seemingly  dull  country 
barnyard  gates  that  the  boiled-shirt,  stiff-collared  and  learned 
business  and  college  men  of  the  cities  must  sooner  of  later  turn 
for  their  ham  and  eggs,  steak  and  chops,  bread  and  butter  and 
different  vegetables.  These  same  farmers  manfully  realize  that 
they  or  others  can  only  produce  such  necessities  of  life  by  daily 
mingling  among  the  neighing  horses,  the  mooing  cows,  the  grunt- 
ing pigs,  the  bleating  sheep,  the  cackling  hens  and  the  crowing 
roosters.  They  are  the  people  who  with  rolled-up  sleeves  cheer- 
fully feel  they  must  be  stained  with  the  earth's  sweet  dirt  (for 
what  is  so  fragrant,  so  refreshing  and  so  sweet  as  the  smell  of 
newly  plowed  furrows  on  an  early  spring  morn,  when  crows 
overhead  fly  with  taunting  caws  and  robins  scratch  the  sods  for 
a  wormy  cause?)  or  the  city  folks  for  want  of  life  giving  foods 
would  soon  die  of  starvation. 

In  order  to  help  prevent  the  above  dreaded  calamity  over- 
taking the  country  by  learning  how  to  better  intensify  crops  and 
redouble  their  products,  Colored  farmers  both  young  and  old 
are  taking  either  short  or  full  courses  in  scientific  agriculture  in 
the  following  named  schools  that  are  a  few  among  the  many 

giving  such  instructions: 

97 


Agricultural  &  Mechanical  College  for  Negroes,  Normal, 
Ala.;  Agricultural  &  Industrial  State  School,  Nashville,  Tenn.; 
Agricultural  &  Technical  College,  Greensboro,  N.  C. ;  Agricultural 
&  Normal  University.,  Langston,  Okla.;  Alcorn  Agricultural  & 
Mechanical  College,  Alcorn,  Miss.;  Branch  Normal  College, 
Pine  Bluff,  Ark. ;  Downingtown  Industrial  &  Agricultural  College, 
Downingtown,  Pa.;  Florida  Agricultural  &  Mechanical  College 
Tallahassee,  Fla.;  Georgia  Normal  &  Agricultural  College, 
Albany,  Ga.;  Hampton  Normal  &  Agricultural  Institute, 
Hampton,  Va. ;  Armstrong  Agricultural  &  Industrial  Institute, 
West  Butler,  Ala.;  Tuskegee  Normal  &  Industrial  Institute, 
Tuskegee,  Ala.  (extracts  from  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1918  edi- 
tion, pgs.  2-308-345) 

As  soon  as  Colored  men  have  finished  agricultural  courses  in 
the  above  named  or  other  schools,  they  are  fully  prepared  to 
locate  in  any  section  of  the  country  and  put  into  practice  the 
farming  theories  they  have  just  learned.  It  is  quite  natural  that 
the  majority  of  them  want  to  settle  and  farm  in  the  South — the 
birth  place  of  their  parents  and  usually  of  themselves,  and  the 
best  farming  district  in  the  United  States,  and  many  of  them  do 
settle  there.  But  quite  a  few  (and  the  number  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing) after  deciding  to  follow  farming  as  a  life  work  have 
settled  in  the  North, or  even  better  have  followed  Horace  Greeley's 
famous  advice  "Young  man,  go  West".  There  they  have  settled 
with  assurances  of  better  human  treatments  and  fuller  civic 
rights  due  all  human  beings  and  American  citizens,  than  they 
would  have  received  if  they  had  settled  in  many  parts  of  the 
South.  On  the  Pacific  Coast  they  have  found  farming  condi- 
tions more  in  accord  with  their  special  agricultural  training  than 
any  place  in  America  with  the  exception  of  the  South.  And 
whenever  any  of  those  Colored  farmers  arrived  in  California, 
for  instance,  without  money  to  buy  a  few  acres  of  land,  they 
at  once  hired  themselves  out  to  farmers  (without  any  fear  of 
Southern  peonage  systems) and  in  a  little  while  had  saved  enough 
money  to  strike  out  for  themselves.  During  the  time  they  served 
as  farm  laborers  they  were  able  to  get  practical  and  valuable  ex- 
perience in  three  ways ;  through  experimenting  they  got  acquaint- 

98 


ed  with  the  Western  crops  that  were  new  to  them;  they  got  ac- 
quainted with  the  customs  and  habits  of  the  people,  and  they 
had  time  to  carefully  and  slowly  investigate  many  sections  of 
the  country  before  selecting  the  plot  of  land  and  district  in 
which  they  planned  to  later  and  permanently  settle. 

The  following  two  quotations  are  parts  of  articles  written  by 
Governor  Wm.  D.  Stephens  and  Secretary  of  State  Frank  C. 
Jordon  of  California,  and  which  articles  appeared  in  the  April 
1,  1920  issue  of  the  California  Free  Lance  that  has  since  been 
absorbed  into  the  California  Voice.  The  reading  of  these  quo- 
tations may  be  of  interest  to  those  concerned. 

Governor  Stephens  said-  "Workers  are  what  we  need  and 
opportunity  was  never  so  widely  open  to  the  Negro  as  it  is  today. 
A  very  large  number  of  Colored  workers  are  well  fitted  for  farm 
labor  and  it  would  be  better  for  them,  and  a  measure  of  aid  to 
our  agricultural  interests,  if  they  could  be  diverted  from  the 
cities  into  the  country.  The  farm  laborer  situation  is  difficult 
in  this  state  and  steps  might  well  be  taken  to  shift  to  the  coun- 
try those  colored  men  who  are  residing  in  large  cities,  under 
conditions  unsuited  to  them.  Our  Negro  workers  could  them- 
selves help  to  solve  this  problem.  Any  effort  initiated  on  their 
part  undoubedly  would  meet  with  active  encouragement.  Some 
adaptation  to  new  conditions  would  be  necessary,  but  this  could 
easily  be  brought  about  through  co-operation  between  Negro 
workers  and  the  employing  farmers  of  our  state.  I  regard  this 
matter  of  shifting  workers  who  are  misplaced  in  cities  to  the  farms 
of  our  state  as  a  matter  of  importance,  and  I  invite  the  earnest 
attention  of  the  Negro  people  to  it  as  one  primarily  in  their  in- 
terest as  well  as  being  for  the  best  interest  of  our  state." 

Secretary  of  State,  Jordan  said  in  part:  "California  today  has 
need  of  farmers  and  farm  laborers.  There  is  a  general  alarm 
felt  by  persons  acquainted  with  farming  conditions  at  the 
shortage  of  laborers.  The  farmer  or  farm  laborer  has  a  com- 
fortable living  under  health-giving  conditions  and  the  money  he 
makes  he  can  save.  He  is  an  independent  producer  and  plays 
a  most  important  part  in  the  national  welfare.     The  California 

99 


lands  are  marvels  of  richness.  Truck  gardening,  fruit  orchards, 
wheat  and  rice  fields,  cotton  lands — in  fact,  nearly  all  farm  cul- 
ture— can  be  found  in  this  State.  The  important  question  at 
present  is,  Where  are  we  to  find  laborers  to  increase  and  intensify 
cultivation?  Immigration  from  European  countries  has  prac- 
tically ceased.  Mexican  labor  is  difficult  and  uncertain.  We 
can  only  hope  for  laborers  to  come  from  the  more  thickly  settled 
parts  of  the  country.  The  youth  of  today  needs  to  be  educated 
not  only  in  the  technique  of  farming,  but  also  in  the  advantages 
of  farm  life.  The  prosperity  of  the  nation  rests  largely  on  the 
agricultural  workers.  The  city  dwellers  cannot  reduce  the  high 
cost  of  living  without  the  farmer's  co-operation  in  increased 
production.  The  factory  worker  depends  upon  the  farmer  for 
food.  His  high  wages  mean  little  to  him  unless  food  is  plentiful. 
Let  a  young  man  consider  carefully  the  opportunities  offered  by 
country  as  well  as  civic  life — the  sturdy  independence,  the  health- 
ful surroundings,  the  wholesome  food,  of  the  former — before  he 
decides  what  his  life  work  will  be." 

Copied  below  is  another  article  "Land  Conditions"  that  ap- 
peared in  the  same  issue  of  the.  Free  Lance  and  which  article 
goes  more  in  detail  regarding  the  wonderful  opportunities  of 
farm  life  in  California — the  land  of  not-to-cold  nor  not-too-hot 
climate,  the  land  of  singing  birds,  blooming  flowers  and  golden 
fruits. 

"Probably  the  greatest  opportunity  for  the  race  lies  in  the 
agricultural  sections  of  the  state.  Land  at  reasonable  prices  is 
now  being  offered  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Land  Company  in 
sixteen  counties  in  various  parts  of  the  state.  While  a  great 
deal  of  this  land  is  available  for  grazing  purposes,  yet  there  are 
large  tracts  awaiting  the  coming  of  the  man  with  the  plow,  chief 
among  which  are  sections  laying  in  the  beautiful  Antelope  Valley, 
situated  in  Los  Angeles  county,  which  section's  chief  products  are 
alfalfa,  grain,  fruit  and  dairying  products.  The  soil  of  this 
valley  is  somewhat  varied.  The  upper  mesas  and  slopes  in  the 
main  valley  are  decomposed  granite  of  fine  texture,  with  con- 
siderable vegetable  humus.  In  the  lower  levels  there  are  great 
deposits  of  silt  and  in  every  case  the  soils  are  light  and  easy  to  work 

ICO 


The  water  conditions  are  all  that  can  be  desired,  there  being 
quite  a  deal  of  artesian  wells,  where  the  water  is  found  at  depths 
varying  from  50  to  600  feet.  Prices  of  land  in  this  valley  vary 
from  $2  to  $10  per  acre  for  grazing  land  and  from  $10  to  $71.50 
for  agricultural  lands,  with  possibilities  of  irrigation  by  pumping. 

"In  Fresno  county,  the  home  of  the  raisin  and  the  Thompson 
grapes,  there  will  be  found  plenty  of  opportunities  for  dairying 
fruit  and  general  farming.  This  county  has  now  quite  a  large 
number  of  Negro  ranchers  who  are  engaged  profitably  in  various 
agricultural  pursuits.  The  price  of  land  in  this  vicinity  ranges 
from  $20  to  $143  per  acre,  with  fine  possibilities  of  irrigation  by 
pumping. 

"Nearly  all  sections  in  the  State  of  California  are  filled  with 
opportunities  for  men  with  small  capital  to  engage  in  various 
kinds  of  farming.  While  some  are  impressed  by  the  large 
ranches,  there  is  ample  opportunities  to  engage  in  small  farming 
projects.  Land  at  reasonable  prices  and  for  all  purposes  can 
be  obtained  in  the  following  counties;  Siskiyou,  Shasta,  Tehama, 
Butte,  Nevada,  Yuba,  El  Dorado,  Monterey,  Stanislaus,  Fresno, 
Imperial,  Riverside,  San  Bernardino,  Los  Angeles,  Kern  and 
Tulare,.  Recent  reports  from  various  sections  of  the  State  shows 
that  there  are  now  over  2100  Negroes  engaged  in  agricultural, 
forestry  and  animal  husbandry  in  this  State." 

In  his  annual  report  of  February  1920,  Secretary  Houston 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  pointed  out  that  when  both 
the  acreage  and  yield  per  acre  are  taken  into  account,  the  Ameri- 
can farmer  leads  the  world  in  individual  production  of  crops. 
He  further  pointed  out  that  the  aggregate  value  of  all  crops 
raised  in  the  United  States  for  that  year  amounted  to  over 
fifteen  billion  dollars.  These  facts  are  truly  very  encouraging 
and  complimentary  to  the  American  farmer  and  are  quite  apt 
to  give  him  somewhat  of  a  "big-head"  until  he  reads  "Social 
Aspects  of  the  Decreasing  Food  Surplus  in  The  United  States." 
This  is  a  nation-wide  agricultural  survey  written  by  one  of  Ameri- 
ca's best  authorities  on  that  subject,  Prof.  Bernhard  Ostrolenk, 
Director  of  the  National  Farm  school  at  Farm  School,  Pa. 

101 


One  of  the  most  startling  facts  and  timely  warnings  he  brings 
out  in  his  survey  is  that  three  million  farms  in  the  United  States 
are  idle  on  account  of  the  American  people  not  developing  their 
unimproved  lands.  In  writing  about  the  already  improved  lands 
and  abandoned  farms,  he  says  in  part: 

"And  now  we  come  to  the  most  serious  aspect  of  the  agricul- 
tural situation  in  the  United  States.  For  the  period  of  1900  to 
1910  more  than  two  and  a  half  million  people  left  the  country 
to  go  to  the  cities.  Double  that  figure  could  safely  be  assumed 
to  be  the  true  situation  from  1910  to  1920.  A  tragedy  is 
facing  the  country.  Scarcity  of  food  means  dissatisfaction,  un- 
rest, riots,  mob  rule,  anarchy. 

"Instead  of  proud  boasting  when  new  acquisitions  are  made 
in  our  cities,  new  apprehensions  for  the  future  food  supply  should 
be  aroused.  Can  the  Nation  afford  to  be  indifferent  to  the  farmer 
much  longer?  We  need  an  exodus  from  our  congested  districts 
back  to  the  soil  and  the  National  Farm  School  is  ready  to  lead 
in  that  movement.  We  have  proved  that  it  can  be  done  by 
taking  raw  city  youths  and  training  them  to  be  successful  farmers. 
Eighty-seven  per  cent  of  our  graduates  own  and  operate  their 
own  farms." 

In  giving  out  this  advice  and  information  of  deep  thought 
and  timely  warning,  Prof.  Ostrolenk  has  meant  for  it  to  apply 
to  and  benefit  the  great  masses  of  Colored  people  who  are  jammed 
in  the  cities  living  in  unsanitary  courts  and  alleys,  as  he  has 
meant  for  it  to  influence  the  masses  of  his  own  people  who  have 
left  the  country  for  the  cities.  And  in  putting  a  last  spread 
on  this  bread-and-butter  subject,  the  writer  can  truthfully  say 
that  just  as  the  National  Farm  School,  under  the  direction  of 
Prof.  Ostrolenk,  is  taking  the  lead  among  other  white  agricul- 
tural schools  in  helping  to  solve  this  great  problem  by  turning 
out  such  efficient  white  farmers;  so  are  Hampton  Institute, 
under  the  guidance  of  Dr.  Jas.  E.  Gregg,  and  Tuskegee  Institute, 
under  the  leadership  of  Dr.  Robt.  R.  Moton,  gladly  and  whole- 
heartedly joining  hands  with  the  National  Farm  School  in  help- 

102 


ing  to  bring  about  this  "Back-to-the-Farm"  movement  by  taking 
the  lead  among  other  Negro  agricultural  schools  in  turning  out 
practically  and  scientifically  trained  Colored  farmers. 

Young  men  who  wish  to  take  a  scientific  course  in  agriculture 
but  hesitate  to  do  so  because  they  fear  their  race  and  color  will 
prevent  them  from  getting  sales  for  their  products,  should  re- 
member that: 

The  greatest  and  only  food  supplier  in  the  world  (the  earth) 
is  Colored,  and  that  no  race  of  people  ever  attempts  to  wean 
itself  from  sucking  its  daily  life-giving  nourishments  from 
Nature's  nippled  breasts  just  because  those  breasts  are  made  of 
the  brown  colored  dust  and  dirt  from  which  all  crops  must  come. 


103 


ON  THE  FARM 


Chestnut  Hunting 

It  was  after  four,  one  Friday  when 

We  all  rejoiced  at  school-week  end  , 

And  plans  were  "made  for  Saturday  roves 
Among  the  trees  of  chestnut  groves. 

And  half  that  night  we  thought  of  fun 

That  we  would  have  when  day  begun ; 

So  up  we  got  with  early  sun 

To  get  our  chores  real  quickly  done. 

The  cross-roads  by  the  old  mill-dam 

Was  where  we  formed  our  happy  band 

Of  laughing  girls  and  whistling  boys, 

Who  v[ed  their  chums  in  making  noise. 

Blushing  maids  in  tam-o'-shanters, 

And  teasing  lads  with  roguish  banters 

All  romped  away  one  happy  crew 

To  where  we  knew  the  best  nuts  grew. 

What  luck  to  be  a  boy  or  girl, 

When  leaves  begin  to  brown  and  curl! 
What  joy  it  is  to  feel  the  thrill 

That's  in  the  a^ir  from  hill  to  hill! 

Tramping  over  knolls  and  dales, 

We  saw  a  woods  fenced  in  with  rails; 

And  there  tree  limbs  were  bending  down 
Thick  with  burs  all  big  and  round. 

Then  we  raced  by  rocky  juts, 

Until  we  spied  the  brownish  nuts 

Peeping  down  from  sticky  burs 
Smooth  inside  as  softest  furs. 

Boys  shook  boughs  and  nuts  rained  down 
Rolling  over  frost-bit  ground: 

Those  whose  hands  the  burs  did  bruise 

Upon  them  stamped  with  heavy  shoes. 

Some  stood  on  the  ground  below. 

So  their  clubs  to  better  throw: 
Girls  with  sacks  from  flour  mill 

Picked  enough  each  bag  to  fill. 

When  on  a  fence  we  climbed  to  chat, 
The  top  rail  broke  and  down  we  sat 

On  sticky  burs  all  round  about 

That  made  us  dance  as  well  as  pout. 


104 


What  jolly  times  we  had  out  there 
Joking  some  two  as  a  loving  pair, 

'Till  baskets  all  were  well  heaped  up, 
When  home  we  went  to  get  our  sup'. 

We  hid  the  nuts  clear  out  of  sight, 

To  roast  or  boil  some  winter  night, 

When  coals  glowed  red  within  the  grate 
And  snow  outdoors  fell  deep  and  late. 

Oh!  that  I  were  a  youth  once  more 

To  gather  chestnuts  as  of  yore 
From  trees  that  once  had  blooming  health 

But  long  since  dead  from  insects'  stealth. 

Whenever  now  through  woods  I  go, 
My  anguished  heart  does  overflow 

To  see  the  blighted  chestnut  die 

While  puzzled  science  no  cure  does  spy. 
— Harrison. 


105 


IN  THE  TRADE  SCHOOLS 

Booker  T.  Washington^ 

He  loved  both  mankind  and  the  soil, 

And  taught  his  folks  to  learn  to  toil 
In  all  trades  of  the  manual  work 

That  kept  them  from  an  idle  shirk. 

Tuskegee  stands  a  monument 

To  Booker  T.  whose  life  was  spent 
On  begging  trips  for  cash  and  fuel 

To  build  and  run  that  world-famed  school. 
— Harrison. 

JUST  as  the  late  Dr.  Booker  T.  Washington,  founder  of  the 
wonderful  school,  Tuskegee,  was  the  greatest  agricultural 
and  industrial  leader  of  his  race  in  the  United  States;  so  Dr. 
Robert  R.  Moton,  former  educator  at  Hampton  Institute  and 
present  principal  of  Tusgkee  Institute,  is  today  the  foremost 
leader  of  the  American  Colored  people  in  industrial  and  agricul- 
tural education.  And  the  tireless  efforts  and  uplifting  influence 
of  those  two  great  industrial  leaders  have  either  originated  or 
greatly  encouraged  and  advanced  much  of  the  skilled  industrial 
and  intensive  agricultural  progress  made  by  the  Colored  people 
in  America  during  the  past  thirty  or  more  years. 

But  the  pioneer  and  greatest  industrial  educator  of  them  all 
was  General  Samuel  Chapman  Armstrong  who  founded  in  1868 
the  famous  Hampton  Institute,  which  is  said  to  be  the  leading 
school  of  its  kind  in  America,  and  among  the  best  in  the  world. 
For  years  not  even  many  intelligent  white  and  Colored  people 
looked  with  kindly  favor  upon  General  Armstrong's  then  new 
and  strange  methods  of  teaching  the  head,  the  hand  and  the 
heart  to  work  together  for  the  highest  development  of  an  indi- 
vidual or  a  race.  People  then  generally  thought  that  it  was 
foolish  to  go  to  school  just  to  learn  the  trades  or  how  to  work  on  a 
farm,  as  they  had  always  been  taught  that  schools  were  places 
where  one  went  to  learn  to  study  books  alone.  And  that  was  what 
nearly  every  one  wanted  to  do  as  it  was  thought  to  be  a  disgrace 
and  dishonor  to  work  with  the  hands.  But  many  years  had  not 
passed  before  it  was  seen  and  proved  that  General  Armstrong's 
methods  were  among  the  most  valuable  educational  teachings 

in  the  world. 

106 


And  today  civilized  countries  throughout  the  world  are  using 
in  their  private,  public  and  government  schools  vocational  and 
industrial  plans  and  methods  copied  after  those  originated  by  the 
far-sighted  General  Armstrong  and  so  successfully  carried  on 
after  his  death  by  Dr.  Hollis  Burke  Frissell.  The  unusual 
beneficial  careers  of  those  two  life  long  friends  of  Colored 
peoples  stand  with  the  foremost  among  the  careers  of  many 
brave  white  men  and  women  who  have  not  been  ashamed  to  follow 
the  footsteps  of  Christ  by  unselfishly  giving  their  lives  and  for- 
tunes for  the  encouragement  and  uplift  of  an  oppressed  people. 
Since  the  death  of  Dr.  Frissell  a  few  years  ago,  Hampton  has 
been  under  the  careful  and  progressive  leadership  of  Dr.  Jas.  E. 
Gregg  who  has  kept  up  the  high  grade  of  industrial  education 
he  found  there.  He  has  also  raised  the  academic  standards  to 
higher  planes,  in  order  to  better  fit  his  graduates  to  more  success- 
fully face  the  advanced  educational  requirements  thay  have 
to  meet  when  going  out  into  the  world  to  wring  success  from  the 
opportunities  that  will  constantly  come  into  their  callings. 

Below  are  named  a  few  of  the  other  Colored  industrial  schools 
that  are  yearly  turning  out  hundreds  of  skilled  and  practical  auto 
repairers,  blacksmiths,  bricklayers,  carpenters,  cabinetmakers, 
domestic  science  teachers,  dressmakers,  engineers,  house  matrons, 
machinists,  milliners,  painters,  printers,  plumbers,  school  teach- 
ers, shoemakers,  steamfitters,  tailors,  tinsmiths,  upholsters, 
wheelwrights  and  other  artisans. 

Albion  Academy,  Franklintown,  S.  C;  Americus  Institute, 
Americus,  Ga.;  Berean  Ind.  School,  Phila.,  Pa.;  Calhoun  Colored 
School,  Calhoun,  Ala.;  Camden  Colored  High  School,  Camden, 
Ark., ;  Coleman  College,  Gibsland,  La. ;  Betts  Academy,  Trenton, 
S.  C;  Cheyney  Training  School,  Cheyney,  Pa.;  Christiansburg 
Ind.  Institute,  Cambria  Va.;  Clayton  Ind.  School,  Manor, 
Texas;  Clinton  Nor.  &  Ind.  College,  Rockhill,  S.  C;  Colored 
Industrial  School,  Cincinnati,  O.;  Cookman,  Institute,  Jackson- 
ville, Fla. ;  Daytona  Training  School  for  Girls,  Daytona,  Fla.; 
Delaware  Nor.  &  Ind.  School,  Dover,  Del.;  Dunbar  Training 
School,  Brownsville,  Tenn.;  Florida  Bapt.  Academy,  St.,  Augus- 

107 


tine,  Fla.;  Fort  Valley  High  &  Ind.  Inst.,  Fort  Valley,  Ga.; 
Fort  Worth  Ind.  &  Mech.  Col.,  Fort  Worth,  Tex.;  Georgia  State 
&  Ind.  College,  Savannah,  Ga.;  Greenville  Ind.  Inst.,  Greenville, 
Miss.;  Haines  Nor  &  Ind.  Insti.,  Augusta,  Ga.;  Henderson  Nor- 
mal Inst.,  Henderson,  N.  V.;  Joseph  Brick  Ind.  School,  Bricks, 
N.  C;  Lincoln  Normal  School,  Marion,  Ala.;  Lincoln  Inst,  of 
Kentucky,  Lincoln  Ridge,  Ky. ;  Knox  Academy,  Selma,  Ala.; 
Manassas  Ind.  School,  Manassass,  Va. ;  Mary  Potter  Memorial 
School,  Oxford,  N.  C;  Mayesville  Ind.  Inst.,  Mayesville,  S.  C. ; 
Mound  Bayou  Ind.  Col.,  Mound  Bayou,  Miss.;  National  Train- 
ing School,  (women)  Washington,  D.  C;  New  Jersey  Nor. 
Training  School,  Bordentown,  N.  J.;  Oklahoma  Nor.  &  Ind. 
Inst.,  Boley,  Okla.;  Penn  Normal  &  Ind.  School,  Frogmore, 
S.  C. ;  Princess  Anne  Academy,  Princess  Anne,  Md. ;  Prairie  View 
State  Nor.  &  Ind.  School,  Prairie  View,  Texas;  Schofield  N. 
&  Ind.  Inst.,  Aiken,  S.  C;  Sater  State  Normal  &  Ind.  School. 
Winston-Salem,  N.  C;  Snow  Hill  Inst.,  Snow  Hill,  Ala.;  St, 
Augustine  School,  Raleigh,  N.  C;  St.  Paul  Nor.  &  Ind.  Inst. 
Lawrenceville,  Va. ;  Vicksburg  Ind.  School,  Vicksburg,  Miss.; 
Voorhees  Ind.  School,  Denmark,  S.  C;  State  College  for  Colored 
Youth,  Dover,  Del.;  Walker  Bapt.  Inst.,  Augusta,  Ga.;  Waters 
Normal  Inst.,  Winton,  N.  C.  (extracts  from  Work's  Negro 
Year  book,  1918-1919  edition,  pages  309-10-11-12-13-14-15-16 
17-18-19-20). 

IN  THE  TRADE  SCHOOLS 

While  a  great  many  of  these  schools  are  kept  going  through 
the  donations  of  money  by  Northern  white  individuals  and  or- 
ganizations as  well  as  by  the  aid  of  several  state  appropriations, 
the  majority  of  them  are  supported  and  run  by  Colored  people 
themselves.  "The  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is 
raising  each  year  about  $500,000  for  the  support  of  its  twenty 
colleges  and  normal  schools.  The  Negro  Baptists  are  giving 
support  to  about  110  colleges  and  academies."  All  together 
there  are  about  175  such  schools  supported  by  different  Colored 
church  denominations  that  raise  each  year  for  this  purpose  about 
two  million  dollars.     The  properties  of  these  schools  thus  sup- 

108 


ported  are  worth  about  two  million  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars.  (Ref:  Works  Negro  Year  Book'  1918-1919  edition 
page  286.) 

Among  the  foremost  Colored  leaders  in  industrial  education 
are  J.  B.  Dudley,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C,  W.  J.  Edwards, 
Snow  Hill,  Ala.,  J.  M.  Gandy,  Petersburg,  Va.,  W.  H.  Goler, 
Salisbury,  N.  C,  W.  J.  Hale,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  J.  R.  E. 
Lee,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  E.  A.  Long,  Cambria,  Va.,  R.  R.  Mo- 
ton,  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  J.  S.  Russell,  Lawrenceville,  Va.,  Emmett 
J.  Scott,  Washington,  D.  C,  R.  R.  Wright,  Sr.,  Savannah,  Ga. 


109 


IN  THE  RURAL  SCHOOLS 

WHEN  it  is  taken  into  consideration  that  in  1910,  just  47 
™  years  after  their  freedom  was  received,  there  were  less 
than  three  million  illiterate  Negroes  in  America  out  of  their 
population  of  ten  million,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Colored  people 
under  most  unfavorable  circumstances  that  have  always  existed 
have  made  very  good  strides  along  educational  lines.  Rural 
education  among  them  began  as  early  as  1861  when  the  first 
real  day  school  was  started  near  Fortress  Monroe,  Va.,  by  the 
American  Missionary  Association.  That  schools,  which  was 
taught  by  Miss  Mary  S.  Peake,  a  Colored  teacher,  was  the  for- 
runner  of  Negro  rural  school  education  in  the  Sduth  as  well  as 
the  pioneer  site  of  the  present  Hampton  Institute.  The  move- 
ment continued  to  grow  and  spread  so  rapidly  that  in  1870 
through  the  assistance  of  the  Freedman's  Bureau,  there  had  been 
established  in  different  parts  of  the  South  over  four  thousand 
common  schools. 

While  it  is  true  that  the  majority  of  the  Southern  white 
people  apposed  the  education  of  the  Negro,  there  were  many  of 
the  best  thinking  among  them  who  did  everything  possible  to 
elevate  their  Colored  population.  Together  with  the  hundreds 
of  Northern  white  people  (mostly  of  the  Quaker  and  Puritan 
stocks)  who  willingly  gave  their  times,  fortunes  and  in  many 
cases  their  lives  for  this  cause,  different  white  church  denomi- 
nations and  other  organizations  spent  large  sums  of  money  for 
the  establishment  of  schools  and  the  support  of  teachers  for  the 
work.  As  the  outgrowth  of  that  early  start  there  are  today  in 
just  the  Southern  States  alone  over  two  million  Colored  children 
attending  public  schools  that  are  being  taught  by  nearly  thirty- 
seven  thousand  Colored  teachers.  (Rof :  Work  Negro  Year  Book, 
1918-1919  edition,  page  269.) 

The  greatest  encouragement  and  help  that  the  Southern 
Colored  people  have  received  in  the  development  of  their  rural 
school  systems  have  come  from  the  Rosenwald  Rural  School 
Fund,  which  was  founded  by  Mr.  Julius  Rosenwald,  President 
of  the  Sears-Reobuck  Company  of  Chicago,  111.   The  following 

110 


quotation  is  an  extract  from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918- 
1919  edition,  page  291;  "June  12,  1914,  Mr.  Rosenwald  announc- 
ed that  through  the  Tuskegee  Institute  he  would  provide  money 
to  assist  in  erecting  rural  school-houses  for  Negroes  in  the  South 
under  the  following  terms:  that  the  people  in  the  community 
where  a  school  house  is  to  be  erected  shall  secure  from  the  public 
school  funds  or  raise  among  themselves  an  amount  equivalent 
to  or  larger  than  that  given  by  Mr.  Rosenwald.  It  is  under- 
stood that  in  no  case  will  the  sum  given  by  Mr.  Rosenwald  ex- 
ceed $400  for  a  one-teacher  school  and  $500  for  a  two-teacher 
school." 

In  the  April  23,  1921  issue  of  the  Chicago  Defender  there 
appeared  an  article  on  the  above  subject  and  the  following  quota- 
tion is  an  extract  from  that  article:  "Nearly  400  rural  schools 
will  have  been  completed  during  the  year  ending  July  1  with 
aid  from  the  Rosenwald  fund.  Of  the  money  required  to  erect 
these  schools  our  people  in  the  South  gave  $500,000  ,  the  white 
people  $500,000  various  states  $800,000  and  Mr.  Rosenwald. 
$500,000.  All  the  Rosenwald  schools  have  been  put  in  opera- 
tion. Altogether,  more  than  1,000  schools  have  been  built  in 
the  South  with  the  aid  from  the  Rosenwald  fund." 


Ill 


IN  BUSINESS  SCHOOLS 

The  Pen  and  the  Typewriter 

Years  back  pen  and  pencil  were  always  cross 

For  every  one  used  them  as  though  a  horse: 

They  were  pushed  and  pulled  without  respite, 
And  made  to  draw  heavy  lines  just  right. 

Not  a  figure  was  cut  without  their  aid 

Nor  a  letter  was  built  without  their  shade; 

And  well  did  they  have  good  cause  to  fret 
And  wish  for  some  other  the  work  to  get. 

One  day  a  man  from  Remington  came 

With  a  funny  thing  that  bore  his  name; 

Then  Smith-Underwood  did  saunter  in 
To  ease  the  work  of  the  weeping  pen. 

Now  pen  and  pencil  are  mad  as  a  bee 

And  say  they  would  even  a  mule  rather  be 

Than  lie  on  a  desk  as  dull  as  a  log 

Or  stay  on  the  floor  like  a  poodle  dog. 

—  Harrison. 

AS  Colored  people  have  branched  out  into  more  numerous 
and  new  business  enterprises,  they  have  found  that  in 
order  to  place  their  ventures  on  foundations  that  are  sure  and 
firm  they  must  learn  certain  book  knowledge  as  well  as  getting 
actual  working  experiences  in  modern  businesses.  They  have 
also  noticed  through  observations  or  experiences  that  no  matter 
how  well  a  business  may  be  founded  and  grounded  it  will  not 
continue  to  succeed  unless  its  detailed  operations  are  carried  on 
by  specially  trained  and  capable  workers.  Since  they,  with 
but  few  exceptions,  have  not  been  allowed  to  attend,  simply 
on  account  of  their  Race,  white  business  schools  and  colleges 
to  receive  such  preparations,  Colored  people  have  in  many  of  the 
large  cities  in  America  established  their  own  business  schools 
and  colleges.  From  among  the  many  such  schools  the  following 
named  are  the  few  that  have  come  under  the  writer's  notice 
during  his  limited  research  efforts : 

The  progressive  city  of  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  has  the  honor  of 
housing  probably  the  largest  and  most  modernly  equipped 
private  school  of  this  nature  not  only  in  America  but  in  the  world 
among  Colored  people.  The  founder  and  president  of  this  in- 
stitution is  Prof.  R.  W.  Walker.     Through  his  patient  and  un- 

112 


tiring  efforts,  unusual  business  and  teaching  abilities,  he  has  built 
up  an  enrollment  of  over  one  thousand  local  and  correspondent 
students  in  his  college  that  is  established  in  its  own  fifty  thousand 
dollar  building  which  is  open  day  and  night  the  year  round  for 
class  room  work.  Aside  from  its  school  rooms  Walker's  Nat- 
ional Business  College  has  a  dormitory  for  the  boarding  and 
lodging  of  its  out-of-town  students. 

The  Derrick  Business  School  has  within  the  past  five  years 
made  such  rapid  growth  and  progress  under  the  sound  establish- 
ment, expert  teaching  and  sane  management  of  Miss  M.  J. 
Derrick  that  it  is  now  centrally  located  in  its  own  building  in 
one  of  the  most  exclusive  business  sections  of  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Miss  Derrick  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  only  Colored  per- 
son who  owns  and  manages  a  business  college  that  teaches  the 
famous  "Boyd's  30-Day  System."  This  school  also  has  its  own 
dormitories  for  the  accomodation  of  its  students  living  out  of 
the  city  and  state. 

More  than  ten  years  ago  The  Stenographers'  Institute  was 
founded  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  by  Prof.  E.  T.  Duncan.  Since 
that  time  he  has  built  up  a  commercial  school  of  such  efficiency 
that  his  reputation  has  brought  to  him  not  only  local  students 
but  young  men  and  women  Hying  in  several  other  cities  and 
states.  The  enrollment  of  his  school  has  become  so  large  that  in 
the  near  future  he  will  be  compelled  to  seek  new  and  larger  quarters. 

The  New  York  Academy  presided  over  by  Prof.  R.  W.  Jus- 
tice, and  Braithwaite  Shorthand  School  managed  by  Prof.  I.N. 
Braithwaite  are  two  business  schools  in  New  York  City  operated 
by  Colored  men  who  are  doing  much  for  the  elevation  of  their 
race  by  turning  out  competent  commercial  graduates. 

In  Chicago,  111.,  Prof.  M.  J.  Treadwell's  Commercial  Insti- 
tute and  The  Central  School  of  Commerce,  of  which  Prof.  W.  D. 
Alimono  an  expert  bookkeeper  and  accountant  is  president,  are 
two  Colored  business  schools  that  rank  in  the  first  class. 

Prof.  Chas.  A.  Brown's  Bruno  School  of  Business,  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  is  also  an  institution  of  modern  methods  and  is  doing 
its  part  in  preparing  for  future  careers  stenographers,  type- 
writers, bookkeepers  and  other  students  in  various  commercial 
subjects. 

113 


IN  BUSINESS 

RACIAL  CO-OPERATION 

When  Race  stores  are  tidy  and  neatly  bent, 
And  act  polite  when  you  spend  but  a  cent ; 
Then  do  buy  their  wares,  if  fair  and  good, 
And  as  Jew  Folks,  help  your  own  Racehood. 

—  Harrison. 

COLORED  boys  and  girls  who  wish  to  learn  about  what  some 
of  their  race  people  have  done  in  big  business  should  read 
the  following  and  thereby  get  encouragement  and  inspiration. 

One  of  the  very  first  Colored  persons  (thanks  to  and  honor 
due  Negro  womanhood)  to  develop  an  enterprise  from  a  local 
venture  into  a  successful  national  and  international  commercial 
standard  was  the  far-seeing  and  progressive  late  Madam  C.  J. 
Walker,  of  Indianapolis  and  New  York.  Starting  with  a  few 
cents  in  her  pocket  but  with  a  full  knowledge  of  the  value  of  her 
beauty  culture  and  toilet  articles,  with  even  fuller  knowledge  of 
their  urgent  need  among  her  Colored  sisters,  and  with  the 
fullest  determination  and  confidence  to  succeed,  Mrs.  Walker 
within  the  short  period  of  twelve  years  made  for  herself  a 
wealth  of  one  million  dollars.  This  fortune  included  a  modern- 
ly  equipped  home  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  a  fifty  thousand  dollar 
residence  in  New  York  City,  and  a  two  hundred  fifty  thousand 
dollar  mansion  at  Irvington-on-the-Hudson,  New  York.  Aside 
from  the  numerous  and  unrecorded  sums  of  money  she  gave  to 
both  Colored  and  white  charities  during  her  twelve  years  of 
wonderful  financial  career,  Mrs.  Walker  at  her  death  bequeathed 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  be  used  in  many  charitable 
ways  for  the  encouragement  and  uplift  of  her  race.  The  business, 
Madam  C.  J.  Walker  Manufacturing  Co.,  was  left  to  her  daugh- 
ter, Mrs.  Lelia  Walker  Wilson,  whose  business  abilities 
handed  down  to  her  from  her  gifted  mother,  together  with  her 
own  original  ideas  and  efforts  have  already  increased  the  enter- 
prise. Mrs.  Walker's  life  of  marvelous  success  will  ever  stand 
out  as  a  clear  beacon  light  to  Negro  youths,  especially  Colored 
girls.  And  when  the  circumstances  under  which  she  labored 
are  taken  into  just  consideration  her  achievements  are  recog- 
nized as  worthy  of  being  recorded  on  the  best  pages  of  American 
history. 

114 


Right  on  the  heels  of  the  above  business  wonder  is  the  com- 
mercial success  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  E.  Malone,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
who  are  also  in  the  same  line  of  business.  On  account  of  the 
superior  quality  of  their  goods,  the  urgent  demands  for  same  and 
the  resulting  satisfaction  they  are  giving,  their  business  has  in- 
creased so  rapidly  that  they  were  compelled  to  recently  erect 
a  two  hundred  fifty  thousand  dollar  five-story  fireproof  building. 
In  this  structure  are  housed  their  manufacturing  plant  and  office 
force.  TheMalonesare  giving  $5,000  toward  the  Colored  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  Work  and  various  other  sums  of  money  for  different  lines 
of  betterment  for  their  race,  (like  the  late  Madame  Walker  and 
several  other  wealthy  Colored  people)  show  they  are  with  a 
Good  Samaritan  spirit  taking  altruistic  advantages  of  their 
unusual  success  in  business  by  repeatedly  aiding  their  less  for- 
tunate Race  people  or  humanity  in  general  after  they  have 
found  the  need  of  such  aid  is  for  a  worthy  and  good  cause.  So 
Mr.  &  Mrs.  Malone  are  today  equally  dividing  their  time  between 
the  expansion  of  their  Poro  College  business  and  the  encourage- 
ment and  uplift  of  their  struggling  Race. 

(Figures  extracted  from  Work's  Negro  Year   Book,  1918-1919 
edition,  p.  3). 

Colored  girls  who  want  to  go  into  business  for  themselves 
or  be  successful  in  anything  but  hesitate  and  hold  back  because 
they  belong  to  the  Negro  race  and  are  Colored,  should  remember 
that:-The  most  powerful  thing  in  the  world  (the  sun)  is  Colored, 
and  just  because  Nature  has  willed  that  it  must  get  up  every 
morning  and  retire  every  evening  with  a  red  rosy  face  does  not 
mean  that  it  is  blushing  with  shame  or  holding  back  its  leader- 
ship in  light  and  energy  just  because  it  happens  to  be  a  golden 
color. 

According  to  an  article  that  appeared  in  the  April  16,  1921 
issue  of  the  Chicago  Defender,  the  Kashmir  Chemical  Co.,  and 
the  Nile  Queen  Co.  are  to  be  formed  into  one  corporation  in  its 
own  three  story  building  and  is  to  have  a  capital  of  two  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  This  is  also  a  beauty  culture  business  and  is 
under  the  hustling  and  capable  leaderships  of  its  president  David 
Manson  and  his  associates  J.  D.  Bell,  George  Walker  and  C.  A. 
Barnett. 

115 


To  be  awarded  first  prize  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1900  and 
the  Jamestown  Exposition  in  1907  and  to  be  awarded  a  contract 
by  the  United  States  Government  to  supply  its  army  during  the 
World  War,  is  what  A.  C.  Howard's  shoe  polish  has  accomplished 
for  him.  And  today  the  products  of  A.  C.  Howard  Shoe  Polish 
Manufacturing  Co.,  New  York  have  become  known  on  both 
sides  of  the  oceans. 

Because  of  their  unusual  business  success  the  writer  quotes 
below  from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919,  pages  360- 
361,  sketches  telling  about  the  accomplishments  of  three  among 
America's  foremost  Colored  business  men. 

"Boyd  Dr.  R.  H.  Prominent  minister  in  the  Baptist  de- 
nomination. He  established  in  1896,  the  National  Baptist 
Publishing  House  at  Nashville,  Tenn.  The  printing  plant  oc- 
cupies a  half  block  in  the  business  portion  of  the  city.  It  pays 
its  employees  over  $200,000  a  year  for  labor.  According  to 
inventory  made  by  Bradstreet's  Agency,  the  value  of  stock, 
equipment  and  property  of  the  concern  is  about  $350,000.  Here 
all  the  books  and  pamphlets  needed  in  the  Sunday  School  and 
church  work  of  the  Negro  Baptists  are  published.  Dr.  Boyd 
is  the  president  of  the  National  Negro  Doll  Company,  which 
manufacturers  high  class  Negro  dolls". 

"Merrick,  John.  One  of  the  most  successful  Negro  business 
men  in  the  United  States.  He  was  born  in  Clinton,  North 
Carolina,  September  7.,  1859;  died  August  6,  1919;  was  a  brick- 
layer by  trade,  and  later,  became  a  barber.  In  1898  he  founded 
the  North  Carolina  Mutual  and  Provident  Association,  which  is 
one  of  the  strongest  Negro  insurance  companies  in  the  world. 
He  was  one  of  the  wealthiest  Negroes  in  North  Carolina.  He 
owned  a  large  amount  of  real  estate.  His  monthly  rent  income 
was  over  $500." 

"Smith,  Robert  L.  Born  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1861. 
Founder  of  the  Farmer's  Improvement  Society  of  Texas.  He 
graduated  from  Atlanta  University,  and  for  a  time  was  editor 
of  a  paper  in  Charleston.  He  then  went  to  Texas  and  became 
a  teacher.  In  1895  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Texas  Legis- 
lature.    Wishing  to  help  the  people,  he  organized  in  1890,  the 

116 


Farmers'  Improvement  Society.  The  members  of  the  Associa- 
tion now  own  over  75,000  acres  of  land  worth  considerably  over 
$1,000,000.  In  1906  the  Society  founded  an  agricultural  col- 
lege at  Ladonia,  Texas,  and  in  1911,  they  organized  a  bank  at 
Waco,  Texas.  The  Society  also  orperates  an  overall  factory 
at  Waco.  Under  the  Auspices  of  the  Society  Farmers'  Institutes 
and  fairs  are  held." 

On  account  of  having  detailed  knowledge  of  their  enterprises 
unshaken  determination  to  succeed,  unusual  energetic  efforts, 
strict  attention  to  business,  courteous  manners  to  customers, 
integrity  of  word,  prompt  payment  of  debts,  frugal  methods  of 
saving  and  living  within  their  means,  the  late  Messrs,  McKee, 
Minton,  Smith,  Stevens  and  Trower  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  ac- 
cumulating wealth  amounting  to  millions  of  dollars,  proved 
themselves  among  the  most  prominent  and  successful  Colored 
business  men  the  United  States  have  produced. 


117 


IN  BANKING 

Every  Dollar  Saved  Shows  a  Little  More  (Sense)  Cents 

In  good  strong  banks  all  yonths  should  seek 

One  dollar  at  least  to  save  per  week; 
So  when  old  age  on  them  does  creep 

They'll  not  in  poorness  have  to  weep. 

— Harrison. 

As  off-springs  of  people  who  three  hundred  years  ago  were 
savages  in  Africa,  and  as  decendents  of  people  who  were  in  the 
United  States  as  slaves  for  two  hundred  forty-four  years;  the 
American  Colored  people  of  today,  less  than  sixty  years  from 
slavery,  own  and  operate  seventy-two  Banks.  These  Banks 
carry  a  capital  of  about  two  million  five  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars and  do  an  annual  business  of  about  thirty-five  million  dol- 
lars.    (Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  page  367). 

This  marevelous  and  successful  commercial  plunge  is  the  most 
dazzling  banking  achievement,  as  far  as  history  records,  ever 
made  in  the  world  in  the  same  length  of  time,  by  a  like  group 
of  people  placed  under  the  same  kind  of  circumstances.  In  fact, 
this  most  heavily  handicapped  business  broad -jump  has  been 
made  with  such  sudden  rapidity,  length  of  leap  and  sure-footed 
landing  that  financial  judges  and  onlookers  of  all  races  are  still 
dizzy  from  trying  to  measure  the  distance  and  solve  how  it  was 
covered. 

Banking  critics  throughout  the  country  seem  to  agree  in 
estimating  E.  C.  Brown,  President  of  Brown  and  Stevens  Bank, 
Phila.,  Pa.,  and  Brown  Savings  &  Banking  Co.,  Norfolk,  Va., 
as  the  foremost  Colored  banking  financier  of  today  in  America. 
Aside,  from  having  many  heavy  real  estate  holdings  in  numerous 
Southern  and  Northen  cities,  he  is  founder  and  president  of  the 
Quality  Amusement  Corporation  that  owns  and  operates  the 
Lafayette  Theater  in  New  York,  the  Dunbar  Theater,  in  Phila., 
Pa.  and  theaters  either  under  construction  or  contemplation 
in  several  other  large  cities. 

According  to  an  article  that  appeared  on  August  13,  1920 
in  the  Dayton  Forum,  a  Negro  paper  published  by  J.  H.  Rives, 
Dayton,  Ohio,  the  first  Colored  bank  in  the  United  States  to 
report  resources  of  over  one  million  dollars  is  the  Solvent  Savings 

118 


Bank  &  Trust  Co.  of  Memphis,  Tenn.  Its  cashier,  B.  M.  Roddy 
stated  that  the  bank  does  business  with  twenty-five  thousand 
people.  These  facts  together  with  a  fuller  and  more  detailed 
notification  were  sent  to  the  State  Commission  on  June  30th 
of  that  year.  Other  Colored  banks  that  separately  had  resources 
of  over  nine  hundred  thousand  dollars  and  were  expected  to 
reach  the  million  dollar  mark  by  the  end  of  that  year  were  the 
Brown  Savings  &  Banking  Co.,  Norfolk,  Va.,  and  the  Wage 
Earners  Savings  Bank  in  Savannah,  Ga.  The  St.  Lukes  Bank, 
Richmond,  Va.,  the  only  institution  of  its  kind  founded  and  pre- 
sided over  by  a  Colored  woman,  Mrs.  Maggie  L.  Walker,  has 
resources  of  over  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  Other  banks 
that  have  gone  over  the  half  million  dollar  mark  in  resources  are, 
The  Mechanics  Bank,  Richmond,  Va.,  The  Mutual  Savings 
Bank,  Portsmouth,  Va.,  and  the  Tide  Water  Bank,  Norfolk, 
Va.  Twenty-five  Colored  banks  throughout  the  country  each 
have  over  two  hundred  fifty  thousand  dollars  in  resources. 
Colored  people  have  one  national  bank,  not  so  long  established 
in  Chicago,  111.,  The  Doughlass  National  Bank  of  which  P.  W. 
Chavers  is  president.  The  Brown  &  Stevens  Bank,  Phila.,  Pa., 
and  the  Binga  State  Bank,  Chicago,  111.,  have  both  reached  the 
million  dollar  mark  in  resources.  The  last  named  bank,  of  which 
Jesse  Binga  is  founder  and  president,  has  a  capital  and  surplus 
of  one  hundred  twenty  thousand  dollars. 

The  names  in  the  following  list  have  been  handed  to  the  writer 
as  being  just  a  few  from  among  many  such  Colored  banks  in  the 
United  States  that  are  laid  on  sound  foundations,  efficiently 
conducted  and  fully  recognized  for  their  business  integrity,  steady 
financial  growth  and  broadening  moral  influences. 

Banks  Presidents 

C.  H.  Anderson  Co.,  Bankers,  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  C.  H.  Anderson. 

Atlanta  State  Savings  Bank,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  J.  A.  Ross 

Auburn  Savings  Coroporation,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  B.  J.  Davis 

Central  State  Bank,  Gary,  Ind.,  W.  C.  Hueston 

Citizens  State  Banking  Co.,  New  Orleans,  La.,  J.  H.  Lowery 

Citizens  &  Southern  Banking  Co.,  Phila.,  Pa.,  R.  R.  Wright,  Sr. 

Charleston  Mutual  Savings  Bank,  (not  informed) 

Crawford  Bank,  Boston,  Mass.,  David  Crawford 

Crown  Savings  Bank,  Newport  News,  Va.,  (not  informed) 

Farmers  &  Merchants  Bank,  Boley,  Okla.,  D.  J.  Turner 

119 


Farmers  Improvement  Bank,  Waco,  Texas.,  R.  L.  Smith 

Fraternal  Bank  &  Trust  Co.,  Forth  Worth,  Texas.,  Thomas  Mason 
Mechanics  Savings  Bank,  Richmond,  Va.,                              John  Mitchell,  Jr. 

Mechanics  &  Farmers  Bank,  Durham,  N.  C,  W.  G.  Pearson 

Mound  Bayou  State  Bank,  Mound  Bayou,  Miss.,  D.  A.  Carr. 

Peoples  Federation  Bank,  Charleston,  S.  C,  W.  H.  Johnson 

One  Cent  Savings  Bank,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  R.  H.  Boyd. 
Penny  Savings,  &  Loan  and  Investment  Co.,  Augusta,  Ga.,  R.  S.  Williams. 

Northcross  ;&  Curtis  Bank,  Detroit,  Mich.,  Dr.  Northcross. 

Savannah  Savings  &  R.  E.  Corp'n,  Savannah,  Ga.,  W.  S.  Scott. 

Industrial  Savings  Bank,  Washington,  D.  C,  J.  W.  Lewis. 

Fraternal  Savings  Bank,  Memphis,  Tenn.,  J.  J.  Scott. 

Tide  Water  Bank  &  Trust  Co.,  Norfolk,  Va.,  P.  B.  Young 

Steel  City  Bank,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  (not  informed) 

Tuskegee  Instititute  Savings  Bank,  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  Warren  Logan. 

Modern  Savings  &  Trust  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  J.  H.  Phillips 

"The  Allied  Bankers'  Corporation  will  serve  as  a  clearing 
house  for  banks,  life  and  fire  insurances  companies,  manufactur- 
ing companies  and  for  business  generally.  The  enterprise  is 
to  be  owned  by  and  operated  wholly  in  the  interest  of  and  for  the 
economic  development  of  the  Race. ' '  This  quotation  is  extracted 
from  an  article  that  appeared  in  the  December  11,  1920  issue  of 
the  Chicago  Defender.  In  speaking  of  this  movement,  the  article 
further  stated  that  a  group  of  Colored  bankers  and  business  men 
were  combining  in  forming  and  having  incorporated  a  one  million 
dollar  concern  to  be  known  as  the  Allied  Bankers  and  Industrial 
Corporation. 

"Application  for  charter  has  already  been  made  by  the  fol- 
lowing bankers  and  business  men :  L.  E.  Williams,  president  Wage 
Earners'  Savings  Bank,  Savannah,  Ga.;  Harry  E.  Pace,  for- 
merly secretary-treasurer  Standard  Life  Insurance  Company, 
now  president  of  Pace  Phonograph  company,  New  York 
City;  E.  C.  Brown,  president  of  Brown  &  Stevens,  bankers, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  president  Quality  Amusement  Corpora- 
tion; John  E.  Nail,  of  Nail  &  Parker,  real  estate  dealers,  New 
York  City;  J.  S.  Jones,  secretary-treasurer  Tidewater  Bank 
and  Trust  Company,  Norfolk,  Va.;  Charles  Banks,  Mound 
Bayou,  Miss.,  and  Emmett  J.  Scott,  formerly  assistant  to 
Secretary  of  War  Baker  and  now  secretary-treasurer  of 
Howard  University." 


120 


IN  REAL  ESTATE. 

Within  the  past  twenty  years  Colored  real  estate  owners  and 
brokers  throughout  the  country  have  made  real  estate  deals 
running  up  into  millions  of  dollars.  Some  of  the  heaviest  trans- 
actions have  been  made  by  Nail  &  Parker,  New  York  City, 
Watt  Terry,  Brocton,  Mass.,,  and  New  York,  City,  the  late 
P.  A.  Payton,  New  York  City,  A.  F.  Herndon,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  R. 
L.  Smith,  Waco,  Texas,  Brown  &  Stevens,  Phila.,  Pa.,  Jesse 
Binga,  Chicago,  111.,  M.  L.  Harris,  Washington,  D.  C,  H.  M. 
Burkett,  Baltimore,  Md.,  W.  Lewis,  C.  Tolson,  Baltimore,  Md., 
R.  H.  Watterford,  Gary,  Ind.,  J.  T.  Jackson,  Germantown,  Pa., 
S.  J.  Jones,  Phila.,  Pa.,  H.  Rudduth,  Cincinnatti,  Ohio,  Isadore 
Martin,  Phila.,  Pa.  J.  L.  Slaughter  &  Co.,  Faulkner  &  Cook 
Co.,  Anderson  &  Terrell  Co.,  Harvey  Watkins  Co.,  Chicago, 
111.,  McKinley,  Walker  and  DeVeille,  Washington,  D.  C.  P.  H. 
Sykes,  Phila.,  Pa. 

According  to  an  article  that  appeared  on  page  53  in  the  May 
1920  issue  of  The  Crisis,  Nail  &  Parker,  New  York  real  estate 
brokers,  handle  over  a  million  dollars  yearly  in  rentals  and  com- 
missions. During  the  year  1919  Colored  people  purchased  over 
four  million  dollars  worth  of  property  in  the  Harlem  section  of 
New  York  City.  But  what  is  said  to  have  been  the  largest  real 
estate  transaction  ever  made  in  the  United  States  at  one  time 
by  Colored  people  was  when  six  large  modern  De  Luxe  Elevator 
Apartments,  that  had  been  constructed  on  West  141st  and  142nd 
Street,  New  York  City  at  a  cost  of  one  million  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars,  were  purchased  by  an  organized  group  of 
Negro  business  men.  (Ref.  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918- 
1919  edition,  page  3) 

Through  his  personal  research  work  in  the  following  cities, 
the  writer  has  been  able  to  uncover  from  among  the  many 
thousands  of  Colored  business  people  throughout  America,,  the 
following  unusually  successful  business  Colored  men  and  women 
each  reputed  able  to  write  his  or  her  personal  check  for  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars;  nearly  all  of  them  have  saved  a  fortune 
of  fifty  thousand  dollars;  a  large  number  of  them  have  reached 
the  one  hundred  thousand  dollar  mark;  numbers  of  them  have 

121 


two  hundred  fifty  thousand  dollars  to  their  credits;  many  of  them 
count  their  wealth  up  to  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  and  quite 
a  few  of  them  own  over  a  million  dollars  in  cash  and  property. 
But  in  reading  this  list  let  the  readers  say,  as  the  Queen  of  Sheba 
said  when  she  paid  a  visit  to  King  Solomon  and  viewed  his 
wealthly  kingdom,  "The  half  has  not  been  told."  Because 
the  author  would  remind  the  reader  that  all  over  the  United 
States  there  are  just  as  successful  and  wealthy  Colored  business 
men  and  women  whose  names  do  not  appear  in  this  list  simply 
because  he  was  unable  to  locate  such  names  during  his  much 
handicapped  research  work. 


Atlanta,  Ga. 

A.  F.   Herndon,    Barber  &   Real 
Estate. 

J.  O.  Ross,  Merchant  &  Banker. 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 

B.  G.  Fitzgerald,  Cafe  &  Hotel. 
J.  B.  Ford,  Real  Estate. 

Baltimore,  Md. 

J.  C.  Burton,  Merchant. 

E.  B.  Taylor,  Caterer,  Banker. 

H.  O.  Wilson,  Banker. 
Bethlehem,  Pa. 

J.  L.  Ray,  Restaurant  Manager. 
Birmingham,  Ala. 

N.  B.  Smith,  Real  Estate. 
Boley,  Okla. 

L.  L.  Dolphin,  Merchant. 

T.  L.  Woods,  Merchant. 
Boston,  Mass. 

D.  Crawford,  Banker, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

C.  H.  Patrick,  Druggist. 

E.  D.  MacAden,  Hotel  Manager. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

L.   Williams,   Tailor    (retired). 
Camden,  N.  J. 

C.  W.  Moore,  Contractor. 
Charleston,  W.  Va. 

C.  H.  James,  Wholesale  Merchant. 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

J.  W.  Frazer,  Contractor. 

T.    T.    Edwards,    Contractor. 
Charlotte,  N.  C. 

T.  L.  Tate,  Barber. 

C.  B.  Bailey,  Insurance. 
Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

C.  Marshall,  Merchant. 
Bristol,  Tenn. 

R.  E.  Clay,  Barber,  Real  Estate. 


Chester,  Pa. 

Geo.  Nugent,  Hotel  Proprietor. 

E.  F.  Wright,  Hotel  Proprietor. 
Chicago,  111. 

E.  H.  Morris,  Capitalist. 

Jessae  Binga,  Banker. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

J.  L.  Jones,  Regalia  Manfgr. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

J.  E.  Reed,  Real  Estate. 
Columbia,  S.  C. 

I.  S.  Levy,  Merchant  Tailor. 

J.   C.   Sawyer,   Cotton   Dealer. 
Columbus,  Ohio. 

C.  W.  Bryant,  House  Mover. 
Danville,  Va. 

T.  R.  Wilson,  Real  Estate. 
Darby,  Pa. 

J.  M.  Drew,  Expressman. 
Dayton,  Ohio. 

J.  H.  Finley,  Carpet  Factory. 
Denver,    Col. 

A.  A.  Waller,  Real  Estate. 

L.  H.  Lighterner,  Real  Estate. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Chas.  Cousins,  Merchant. 
Detroit,  Mich. 

Dr.  Northcross,  Banker. 

H.  S.  Ferguson,  Caterer. 
Durham,  N.  C. 

W.  G.  Pearson,  Capitalist. 
Fort  Smith,  Ark. 

G.  S.  Winston,  Real  Estate. 
Fort  Worth,  Texas. 

W.   M.   McDonald,  Financier. 
Gary,  Ind. 

J.  Smith,  Real  Estate. 
Greenville,  S.  C. 

J.   P.   Chappell,   Real   Estate. 


122 


Hampton,  Va. 

W.  T.  Anderson,  Merchant. 
Harrisbnrg,  Pa. 

W.  M.  Felton,  Airplanes  &  Autos. 
Hartford,  Conn. 

C.  Grant,  Wood  Yard. 
Helena,  Ark. 

Scott  Bond,  Merchant. 

Dr.  N.  B.  Hauser,  Druggist. 
Houston,  Texas. 

R.  L.  Andrews,   Real  Estate. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Mrs.  Lelia  Walker  Wilson,  Manfgr. 
Jackson,  Miss. 

S.  D.  Redmond,  Real  Estate. 
Jacksonville,  Fla. 

A.  L.  Lewis,  Insurance. 

W.  J.  Geter,  Real  Estate. 
Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

W.  C.  Lee,  Merchant. 
Kansas  City,  Kan. 

W.  Price,  Real  Estate. 
Kansas  City,  Mo. 

H.  L.  Kinsler,  Real  Estate. 

W.  S.  Wood  Druggist. 
Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Calvin  Johnson,  Capitalist,  retired. 
Leavenworth,  Kan. 

S.  T.  Jones,  Coal  &  Feed  Dealer. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 

C.  E.  Bush,  Manufacturer. 
Los.  Angeles,  Cal. 

R.  C.  Owens,  Real  Estate. 

A.  J.  Roberts,  Undertaker. 
Louisville,  Ky. 

W.  S.  Loyett,  Banker. 

R.  I.  Smith,  Moving  &  Packing. 
Lynchburg,  Va. 

A.  Humbles,  Merchant,  (retired) 
Memphis,  Tenn. 

R.  R. Church,  Real  Estate.Capitalist 

T.  H.  Hayes,  Undertaker. 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 

John  Malone,  Hotel  Manager. 
Mobile,  Ala. 

J.  T.  Paterson,  Real  Estate. 
Montgomery,  Ala. 

V.  H.  Tulane,  Real  Estate. 
Mound  Bayou,  Miss. 

Chas.    Banks,    Real   Estate. 
Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Calvin  Johnson,  Capitalist  (retired) 
Morrisville,  Pa. 

J.  W.  Lewis,  Real  Estate. 
Mukogee,  Okla. 

Miss  Sarah  Rector,  Oil  Wells. 

B.  J.  Elliott,  Real  Estate. 


Nashville,  Tenn. 

R.  H.  Boyd,  Publisher. 

P.  Taylor,  Real  Estate. 
Newark,  N.  J. 

H.  J.  Brown,  Undertaker. 

G.  Bowles,  Mover  &  Storage. 
New  Orleans,  La. 

R.   H.   V.    Dejoie,    Insurance. 

Wm.    Robinson,    Merchant. 
Newport  News,  Va. 

Miss  Lelia  Brown,  Theatre. 

S.  A.  Howell,  Banker. 
New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

J.  E.  Nail,  Real  Estate. 

J.  C.  Thomas,  Undertaker. 
Norfolk,  Va. 

P.  B.  Young,  Financier. 
Oakland,  Cal. 

Wiley  Hines,  Real  Estate. 
Nebraska,  Omaha. 

J.  H.  Broomfield,  Real  Estate. 
Phila.,  Pa. 

E.  C.  Brown,  Banker. 

W.  W.  H.  Casselle,  Undertaker. 

Beresford  Gale,  Financier. 

Augnstine  and  Baptiste,  Caterers. 

W.  A.  Davis,  Druggist. 

J.  T.  Gibson,  Theater  Owner. 
Phoebus,  Va. 

J.  I.  Fountain,  Barber. 
Phoenix,  Ariz. 

M.  H.  Shelton,  Real  Estate. 
Pine  Bluff,  Ark. 

R.  Y.  Longly,  Barber. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

C.  W.  Posey,  Coal  Operator. 

J.  H.  Phillips,  Banker. 
Portland,  Oregon. 

Rutherford   Bros.,   Merchants. 
Portland,  Maine. 

M.  S.  Green,  Real  Estate. 
Portsmouth,  Va. 

L.  C.  Brown,  Banker. 
Princeton,  N.  J. 

Mrs.  Wm.  Moore,  Real  Estate. 

E.  S.  Johnson,  (Rtd.)  Merchant. 
Raleigh,  N.  C. 

B.  O.  Kelly,  Merchant. 

C.  W.  Matthews,  Real  Estate. 
Richmond,  Va. 

John  Mitchell,  Banker-Editor. 

A.  D.  Price,  Undertaker. 
Roanoke,  Va. 

A.  F.  Brooks,  Real  Estate. 
Sacremento,  Cal. 

T.  D.  Walker,  Barber. 


123 


San 'Antonio,  Texas. 

J.  A.  Grumbles,  Real  Estate. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

W.  A.  Butler,  Real  Estate. 
Savannah,  Ga. 

L.  E.  Williams,  Banker. 

F.  F.  Jones,  Butcher. 
Seattle,  Wash. 

'$*.  E.  R.  James,  Real  Estate. 
Shreveport,  La. 

C.  Jackson,  Real  Estate. 

I.  S.  Stokes,  Planter. 

J.  S.  Williams,  Undertaker. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  A.  Malone,  Mfgs. 

W.  C.  Gordon,  Undertaker. 


St.  Paul,  Minn. 

W.  T.  Frances,  Lawyer. 

Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

R.   C.  Simpson,   Real  Estate. 

Washington,  D.  C. 
J.  W.  Lewis,  Banker. 
R.   H.   Rutherford,   Insurance. 

Wichita,  Kan. 

Mrs.  H.  G.  Bradford,  Cafe  Owner. 

Wilmington,  Del. 

Dr.  S.  G.  Elbert,  Real  Estate. 

Wilmington,  N.  C. 

J.  H.  Shaw,  Undertaker. 


124 


IN  INSURANCE 

Poverty  in  Old  Age 

While  now  you  have  both  youth  and  health, 

Endow  your  life  for  old  aged  wealth, 
Or  loved  ones,  (if  death  first  you  claim), 

So  WANT  will  not  bow  them  in  shame. 

—  Harrison. 

ONE  of  the  chief  living  conditions  surrounding  the  American 
Colored  people  that  always  stood  as  a  puzzled  question 
to  the  masses  of  American  white  people  was;  how  did  Negroes 
(considering  the  low  cheating  wages,  until  the  World  War, 
they  had  always  received  for  their  work  and  the  unsually  double 
prices  they  were  made  to  pay  in  buying  clothes,  furniture, 
homes,  etc.)  manage  to  keep  up  decent  living  expenses,  save 
money  and  at  the  same  time  nourishingly  care  for  their  sick  and 
properly  bury  their  dead?  It  has  never  been  understood  why 
so  few  Colored  people  have  been  seen  as  beggars,  and  paupers 
holding  up  every  other  street  corner  or  silently  filling  the  potter 
fields;  while  these  same  places  have  always  been  over-crowded 
with  dependent  white  people,  who  in  their  prosperous  life 
times  had  received  the  highest  paid  wages  and  given  the  lowest 
bargain  sales.  When  it  is  remembered  that  there  is  over  ninety 
million  Caucasians  in  the  United  States  against  twelve  milllion 
Negroes,  even  then  the  percentage  of  whites  in  such  places  is 
much  larger  than  that  of  the  blacks.  And  from  the  fact  that 
in  nearly  every  large  city  in  America  there  are  to  be  found  white 
men  and  women  who  own  homes  and  thousands  of  dollars  and 
still  beg  on  street  corners  proves  that  begging  is  easier  and  comes 
more  natural  to  white  than  to  Colored  people,  because  no  instance 
has  ever  been  heard  of  a  Negro  street  begging  when  owning  a 
home  or  money  in  a  bank. 

Now  the  facts  that  answer  the  puzzled  question,  as  to  how 
Negroes  have  always  been  able  to  "get  along"  generally  under 
all  circumstances,  are  the  insurance  companies,  fraternal  orders 
and  beneficial  societies  founded  and  operated  by  Colored  people 
in  America.  There  is  nothing  in  the  world  (including  death) 
that  the  average  Colored  people  dread  more  than  to  face  down- 
right poverty,  need  and  beggary,  and  to  prevent  such  misfor- 

125 


tunes  they  become  full  members  in  these  organizations  even  from 
childhood.  For  this  reason  insurance  enterprises  have  proven 
to  be  one  of  the  most  congenial  occupations,  quickest,  surest 
and  best  paying  business  into  which  Negro  business  men  have 
so  far  ventured.  On  the  other  hand  the  founders  and  managers 
of  these  companies  have  taken  full  advantage  of  their  oppor- 
tunities to  give  to  the  masses  of  people  in  their  companies  a 
timely,  practical  and  material  helpfulness  that  is  surpassed  by 
no  other  group  of  Colored  business  leaders. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has  the  honor  of  having  been  the  home  of 
the  first  Negro  insurance  company,  in  the  United  States,  which 
was  the  American  Insurance  Company  founded  in  1810. 

The  following  named  are  a  few  of  the  many  Colored  insurance 
companies  throughout  the  country  that  together  have  policies 
in  force  valued  at  about  sixty  million  dollars  and  annually 
write  up  insurance  amounting  to  about  forty  million  dollars. 

Afro-American  Industrial  Ins.  Co.,  Jacksonville,  Fla.;  Ameri- 
can Mutual  Benefit  Association,  Houston,  Tex.;  Georgia  Mu- 
tual Ins.  Co.,  Augusta,  Ga.;  Keystone  Aid  Society,  Phila.,  Pa. 
Liberty  Life  Ins.  Co.,  111.  and  Ind. ;  Liberty  Mutual  Life  & 
Health  Ins.  Co.,  Savannah,  Ga. ;  Mammouth  Life  and  Accident 
Ins.  Co.,  Louisville,  Ky. ;  Mutual  Relief  and  Benevolent  Ass'n, 
Columbia,  S.  C;  National  Benefit  Life  Ins.  Co.,  Washington, 
D.  C;  North  Carolina  Mutual  and  Provident  Ass'n,  Durham, 
N.  C;  Fireside  Mutual  Ins.  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga. ;  Provident  Ins. 
Co.;  Chicago,  111.;  Southern  Life  Ins.  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md.; 
Standard  Life  Ins.  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga.;  Superior  Mutual  Ins.  Co., 
The  Lincoln  Life  Ins.  Co.,  New  Orleans,  La.;  Underwriters' 
Mutual  Ins.  Co.,  Chicago,  111.;  Union  Central  Relief  Ass'n, 
Birmingham,  Ala.;  Union  Mutual  Ins.  Co.,  Jacksonville,  Fla.; 
Unity  Ind.  and  Life  Ins.  Co.,  New  Orleans,  La.;  Unity  Mutual 
Ins.  Co.,  Chicago,  111.;  Union  Guarantee  and  Ins.  Ins.  Co.,  of 
Miss.,  Jackson,  Miss.;  Richmond  Beneficial  Ins.  Co.,  Richmond, 
Va. ;  Southern  Aid  Society  of  Virginia,  Richmond,  Va. ;  Virginia 
Beneficial  and  Ins.  Co.,  Norfolk,  Va.  (Extracts  from  Works' 
Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs.  359-60). 

126 


Some  of  the  foremost  leaders  who  have  built  up  in  the  past 
or  are  today  building  up  Colored  insurance  business  in  America 
are  as  follows:  J.  C.  Asbury,  Philhdelphia,  Pa.,  Geo.  W. 
Blount,  Portsmouth,  Va.  Chas.  H.  Brooks,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Edw.  Bowen,  E.  H.  Carry,  Wm.  Carter,  Chicago,  111.,  D.  C. 
Chandler,  Columbus  and  C.  R.  Davis,  Cincinnati,  O.,  P.  H.  V. 
Dejoie,  C.  C.  Dejoie,  Chicago,  111.,  T.  K.  Gibson,  Atlanta, 
Ga. ;  F.  L.  Gillespie,  Geo.  W.  Green,  Chicago,  111.,  H.  E. 
Hall,  Louisville,  Ky.,  B.  L.  Jordan,  Richmond,  Va.,  Wm.  H. 
King,  W.  J.  Latham,  Chicago,  111.,  the  late  John  Merrick, 
Durham,  N.  C,  J.  E.  Mitchell,  A.  J.  Pullen,  Chicago,  111., 
H.  E.  Perry,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  H.  E.  Pace,  A.  D.  Price,  and 
J.  T.  Carter,  Richmond,  Va.,  J.  A.  Robinson,  Atlanta,  Ga., 
Wm.  Roland,  Chicago,  111.,  R.  H.  Rutherford,  S.  W.  Rutherford, 
Washington,  D.  C,  Wm.  Roland,  H.  B.  Streeter,  C.  S.  Smith, 
Chicago,  111.,  C.  C.  Spaulding  and  F.  Winslow,  Durham,  N.  C. 


127 


SECRET  AND  FRATERNAL  ORGANS 

Helpful  Boosts. 

In  time  of  need  they  give  full  aid 

To  those  whose  fees  are  fully  paid : 
They  also  loan  with  gleeful  pride 

Tame  goats  a  child  could  easily  ride. 
— Harrison. 

IN  1784  a  Boston  Negro,  Prince  Hall,  was  granted  a  warrant 
from  England  to  establish  the  African  Lodge,  No.  459  of 
the  Masons;  and  in  1843  Peter  Ogden,  a  Colored  organizer  in 
New  York,  secured  a  charter  from  England  to  set  up  the  Philo- 
mathean  Lodge  No.  646  of  the  Odd  Fellows.  Since  then  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  the  True  Reformers,  The  Elks,  the  Grand 
United  Order  of  Galilean  Fishermen,  the  National  Order  of 
Mosaic  Templars,  the  Independent  Order  of  St.  Luke  and  the 
Grand  United  Order  of  Tents  (which  last  named  order  is  one  of 
the  best  managed  and  most  progressive  societies  organized  and 
run  entirely  by  women)  have  been  established  and  become 
nationally  known.  The  following  is  quoted  from  Work's  Negro 
Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  page  457: 

"There  are  over  sixty  secret  and  fraternal  organizations  among  Negroes 
in  the  United  States  of  a  more  or  less  national  scope.  It  is  estimated  that 
they  have  a  total  membership  of  about  2,000,000.  Large  sums  of  money 
have  come  into  the  treasuries  of  the  various  secrret  organizations.  The 
Knights  of  Pythias  have  collected  over  $1,000,000  for  endowment.  There 
is  over  $50,000  in  the  Grand  Lodge  treasury.  A  considerable  part  of  the 
money  collected  by  the  orders  has  been  permanently  invested.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  Masons  have  about  $1,000,000  worth  of  property;  the  Odd  Fellows 
$2,000,000;  and  the  Pythians  $2,500,000.  It  is  probable  that  altogether  the 
Negro  secret  societies  in  the  United  States  own  $20,000,000  worth  of  property. 
The  Odd  Fellows  have  in  New  Orleans,  a  building  that  cost  $36,000,  and  in 
Atlanta  and  Philadelphia,  buildings  that  have  cost  $100,000  each.  In  In- 
dianapolis, New  Orleans  and  Chicago,  Knights  of  Pythias  own  buildings  each 
worth  from  $30,000  to  $100,000.  The  Negro  secret  societies  are  paying  at- 
tention to  the  improving  of  the  health  of  their  members.  The  Supreme  Lodge 
of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  has  erected  a  sanitarium  at  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas; 
the  Mosaic  Templars  and  other  societies  have  established  health  bureaus." 

Some  of  the  leaders  in  the  most  prominent  and  best  known  of  these 
organs  are  as  follows: 

MASONS 

Imperial  Potentate,  C.  R.  Blake,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 

Imperial  Chief  Rabban,  R.  E.  Monroe,  Chicago,  111. 

Imperial  High  Priest  and  Prophet,  R.  F  .  Husley,  Wheeling,  W.  Va. 

Imperial  Treasurer,  C.  A.  Freeman,  Washington,  D.  C. 

128 


Impe/ial  Recorder,  Levi  Williams,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
National  Grand  Commander,  Bishop  J.  W.  Alstork,  Montgomery,  Ala. 
National  Deputy  Grand  Commander,  Dr.  A.  R.  Robinson,  Phila.,  Pa. 
National  Grand  Secretary,  R.  J.  Simmons,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

ODD  FELLOWS 
Grand  Master,  E.  H.  Morris,  Chicago,  111. 
Grand  Master,  J.  S.  Noel,  Charleston,  W.  V. 
Deputy  Grand  Master,  I.  L.  Roberts,  Boston,  Mass. 
Deputy  Grand  Master,  W.  T.  Francis,  St.,  Paul,  Minn. 
Grand  Secretary,  Jas.  F.  Needham,  Phila.,  Pa. 
Grand  Secretary,  R.  J.  Nelson,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Grand  Treasurer,  C.  Colbourne,  Wilmington,  Del. 

PYTHIANS 
Supreme  Chancellor,  S.  W.  Green,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Supreme  Chancellor,  W.  Ashbie  Hawkins,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Supreme  Vice  Chancellor,  E.  C.  Tidrington,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Supreme  Vice  Chancellor,  W.  H.  Willis,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Supreme  Master  of  Exchequer,  J.  H.  Young,  Pine  Bluff,  Arkansas. 
Supreme  Master  of  Exchequer,  J.  C.  Anderson,  Crewe,  Va. 
Supreme  Keeper  of  Records  and  Seals,  Dr.  E.  E.  Underwood,  Frankfort,  Ky. 
Supreme  Keeper  of  Records  and  Seals,  G.  E.  Gordan,  Chelsea,  Mass. 

MOSAIC  TEMPLARS 
National  Grand  Master,  S.  J.  Elliot,  Little  Rock,  Arkansas. 
National  Grand  Secretary,  C.  E.  Bush,  Little  Rock,  Arkansas. 
National  Grand  Treasurer,  J.  A.  Davis,  Little  Rock,  Arkansas. 

ORDER  OF  ELKS 
Grand  Exalted  Ruler,  G.  W.  F.  McMechen,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Grand  Esteemed  Leading  Knight,  W.  C.  Trueheart,  Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 
Grand  Secretary,  G.  E.  Bates,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
Grand  Treasurer,  J.  T.  Carter,  Richmond,  Va. 

ORDER  OF  ST.  LUKE 
Right  Worthy  Grand  Chief,  Mrs.  Minnie  L.  Banks,  Macon,  Ga. 
Right  Worthy  Vice  Chief,  Dr.  H.  L.  Harris,  Richmond,  Va. 
R.  W.  G.  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Mrs.  Maggie  L.  Walker,  Richmond,  Va. 

TRUE   REFORMERS 
Grand  Worthy  Master,  S.  S.  Morris,  Richmond,  Va. 
Grand  Worthy  Secretary,  Maurice  Rouselle,  Richmond,  Va. 
Grand  Worthy  Treasurer,  Dr.  W.  H.  Smith,  Richmond,  Va. 

GALILEAN  FISHERMAN 
National  Grand  Ruler,  Joseph  P.  Evans,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Vice  Grand  Ruler,  G.  W.  V.  Grey,  Norfolk,  Va. 
Grand  Treasurer,  J.  F.  Henry,  Cambridge,  Md. 

ORDER  OF  TENTS 
Supreme  Matron,  Mrs.  C.  A.  Gilpin,  Richmond,  Va. 
Deputy  Matron,  Mrs.  A.  J.  Valentine,  Chester,  Pa. 
Grand  Secretary,  Miss  Adeline  M.  Ward,  Norfolk,  Va. 

.     (Extracts  from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs.  457- 
8-9-60). 

129 


AMONG  THE  LAWYERS 

A  Lawyer  in  Time  Saves  Many  a  Dime. 

A  timely  "Eagle"  'tis  better  to  pay 

To  "Blackstone's"  grads,  who  know  the  say 

About  strange  deals  you  plan  to  pave, 

And  also  your  cash  you  want  to  save. 

Harrison. 

AB.  MACON  was  the  first  Negro  in  the  United  States  to  be 
•  admitted  before  the  bar  to  practice  law,  which  occured 
in  Massachusetts  in  1845.  Since  he  thus  blazed  such  a  path 
through  the  law  fields  of  America,  Colored  men  and  women  have 
continued  to  follow  that  pathway  until  today  there  are  about 
one  thousand  Colored  lawyers  practicing  in  different  parts  of  the 
United  States.  And  they  are  making  splendid  records  before 
judge  benches  and  jury  boxes  by  legally  understanding,  plainly 
interpreting,  and  loyally  defending  the  laws  of  this  land. 

When  Miss  Charlotte  Ray,  as  the  first  Colored  woman  lawyer 
in  America,  graduated  from  Howard  University  in  1872,  she 
was  fully  justified  in  lightly  and  nimbly  stepping  off  the  campus 
of  her  Alma  Mata  with  her  heart  excitedly  beating  in  her  eager- 
ness to  at  once  secure  a  case  and  descend  upon  some  court  room 
where  she  could  try  out  her  logical,  convincing  and  persuasive 
pleadings. 

Since  Miss  Ray's  graduation  as  a  lawyer,  it  is  found  that 
while  many,  say  twenty-five  or  thirty  Colored  women  in  the 
United  States  have  up  to  the  present  time  secured  their  degree 
of  LL.  B.,  few  of  them  are  today  engaged  in  active  law  practice. 
Among  this  number  the  writer  has  only  been  able  to  locate  the 
following  who  are  today  practicing  law  in  this  country:  Attorneys 
Violette  N,.  Anderson,  Chicago,  111.,  Carolyn  Hall  Mason  and 
Marie  Nadras,  Washington,  D.  C.  and  Mrs.  Jessica  Morris, 
wife  of  Edward  H.  Morris,  the  foremost  practicing  Colored  att- 
orney in  Chicago,  is  a  graduate  of  the  1920  law  class  of  Northe- 
western  University  and  during  the  month  of  July  1921  success- 
fully passed  her  State  Bar  Examination.  At  this  writing  she 
had  not  taken  up  active  practice.  Attorney  Violette  N.  Ander- 
son, 145  No.  Clark  Street,  Chicago,  111.,  is  very  anxious  and 

130 


has  for  quite  a  while  been  trying  to  locate  and  get  into  co- 
mmunication with  every  Colored  woman  lawyer  in  the  United 
States,  in  order  to  form  a  National  Association. 

One  of  the  many  up-lifting  acts  performed  for  Colored  people 
by  Charles  Sumner,  that  fearless  Abolitionist  and  loyal  friend 
to  the  Negro  race,  was  to  make  it  possible  in  1865  for  John  Rock 
to  be  admitted  as  the  first  Negro  to  practice  law  before  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court. 

The  first  Negro  to  hold  a  city  judgeship  in  the  United  States 
was  M.  Wistar  Gibbs,  who  in  1873  was  elected  to  that  responsible 
and  dignified  position  in  Little  Rock,  Ark.  This  learned  lawyer 
also  at  different  times  filled  such  national  positions  as  Register 
of  the  U.  S.  Land  Office  in  Arkansas  and  United  States  Counsul 
to  the  Island  of  Madagascar. 

(Ref.  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition  pgs.  171-283. 
Without  doubt  the  best  known  and  most  popular  Colored 
lawyer  in  the  United  States  today  is  Judge  Robt.  H.  Terrell,  who- 
as  Municipal  Judge  for  many  years  repeatedly  appointed  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  by  both  Republican  and  Democratic  Presi- 
dents, has  won  and  held  the  good-will  and  respect  of  his  white 
associates  because  of  his  all-round  judical  wisdom  and  logical 
decisions  in  the  court  room.  By  his  pleasant  and  friendly  man- 
ners as  well  as  loyalty  and  pride  in  his  Race,  Judge  Terrell  has 
also  endeared  himself  in  the  hearts  of  the  great  masses  of  Colored 
people  in  all  parts  of  the  country  where  he  has  traveled  and 
spoken. 

Many  Negro  lawyers  in  different  parts  of  the  country  have 
won  national  recognitions  and  reputations  by  their  legal  fights 
before  city  or  state  legislative  bodies  for  equal  citizenship  rights 
and  protection  of  Colored  citizens  in  the  United  States.  The 
following  are  among  those  whose  names  come  to  the  writer's 
mind  at  this  moment: 

Hon.  Harry  C.  Smith,  while  a  member  of  the  Ohio  Legisla- 
ture, drew  up  an  Anti-lynching  Bill  and  introduced  it  into  that 
body  in  1894  and  re-introduced  it  in  1896  when  it  was  enacted 
into  a  law,  which  has  been  upheld  on  several  occasions  by  the 

131 


Supreme  Court  of  Ohio.  This  law  is  one  of  the  best  pieces  of 
legislature  of  such  nature  enacted  by  any  state  in  the  Union, 
and  other  States  that  have  formed  such  laws  have  modeled  them 
after  the  Ohio  measure.  Attorney  Smith  was  also  the  sponsor 
of  the  present  Ohio  Civil  Rights  Law. 

Hon.  Robt.  R.  Jackson  is  the  father  of  the  Illinois  Civil  Rights 
Bill  that  went  through  the  Illinois  General  Assembly  while  he 
was  a  member  of  it.  It  has  been  through  his  wisdom  and  un- 
tiring efforts  that  several  other  city  and  state  bills  have  been 
drawn  up  and  passed  as  laws  for  the  benefit  of  the  Colored  people 
in  Illinois. 

Hon.  H.  J.  Copehart  with  the  assistance  of  Hon.  T.  G.  Nutter, 
both  members  of  the  W.  Va.  Legislature,  has  succeeded  in  put- 
ting through  the  House  and  Senate  of  that  state  one  of  the  sever- 
est anti-lynching  bills  so  far  passed  by  any  state  legislative 
body.  Representative  Nutter,  among  the  numerous  measures 
he  has  had  passed,  is  producer  of  the  bills  that  were  passed  and 
enacted  into  laws  to  establish  an  industrial  school  for  Colored 
boys  and  an  industrial  home  for  Colored  girls  in  W.  Va. 

Hon.  F.  M.  Roberts  is  the  first  and  only  Negro  serving  as  a 
State  Assemblyman  in  the  California  Legislature.  Since  he 
was  first  elected  in  1918  and  re-elected  in  1920,  he  has  been  the 
means  of  having  put  through  several  bills  that  have  been  enacted 
into  laws  for  the  welfare  of  Negroes  in  California. 

Hon.  J.  C.  Asbury,  a  Pennsylvania  Representative,  is  father 
of  the  Equal  Civil  Rights  Bill  that  was  recently  killed  in  the 
Pennsylvania  State  Senate  after  having  passed  through  the 
House.  Legislator  Asbury  made  such  a  well  prepared  legal 
fight  for  the  passage  of  his  bill  that  even  those  who  fought 
against  it  were  compelled  to  admire  the  flawlessness  of  the  meas- 
sure  and  the  intelligent  and  manly  contest  by  its  sponsor. 

Many  other  notable  Negro  lawyers  too  numerous  to  men- 
tion here  have  taken  courageous  and  successful  stands  in  using 
their  legal  abilities  along  the  above  lines  as  well  as  defending 
riot  victims  of  their  race  in  different  parts  of  the  country.      The 

132 


following  names  are  of  other  prominent  Colored  attorneys  about 
whom  the  writer  learned  during  his  research  work  in  the  follow- 
ing named  cities : 


Atlanta,  Ga. 

P.  Allen,  A.  T.  Walden. 
Atlantic  City,  N.J. 

J.  A.  Lightfoot,  I.  N.  Nutter. 
Augusta,  Ga. 

J.  Lyons,  A.  Shadd. 
Baltimore,  Md. 

J.  T.  Davis,  R.  F.  Bond,  G.  F. 

McMeeken,  J.   H.   Payne,   G.   L. 

Pendleton,  A.  W.  Hawkins. 
Birmingham,  Ala. 

E.  A.  Brown. 
Boley,  Okla. 

M.  H.  Martin,  W.  S.  Peters. 
Boston,  Mass. 

E.  P.  Benjamin,  L.  S.  Hicks, 
W.  H.  Lewis,  W.  B.  Matthews, 
C.  Morgan,  B.  R.  Wilson. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

F.  Giles,  R.  A.  Lattimore,  S.  Pease, 

G.  E.  Wibercan. 
Camden,  N.  J. 

John   Martin. 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

W.  A.  Dart,  E.  F.  Smith. 
Charleston,  W.  Va. 

C.  E.  Kimbrough,  T.  G.  Nutter. 
Charlotte,  N.  C. 

J.  T.  Saunders. 
Chattannooga,  Tenn. 

J.  G.  Burger,  W.  H.  Hixon. 
Chester,  Pa. 

W.  H.  Ridley. 
Chicago,  111. 

Violette  Anderson,  Jessica  Morris 

G.  W.  Ellis,  E.  H.  Morris,  Judge 

W.  H.  Harrison,  H.  M.  Porter,  J. 

A.   Scott,   S.   A.   Watkins,   S.    L. 

Williams,  E.H.  Wright. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

A.  L.  Beaty,  W.  B.  Bush. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

T.  W.  Flemming,  A.  H.  Martin, 

H.  E.  Murrell,  A.  Hamilton,  H.  C. 

Smith. 
Columbia,  S.  C. 

N.  J.  Frederick. 
Columbus,  Ohio. 

C.  R.  Doll,  J.  S.  Farrison,  W.  King. 
Danville,  Va. 

J.  C.  Carter. 


Dayton,  Ohio. 

W.  J.  Buy  den,  T.  Norris. 
Denver,  Col. 

E.  P.  Blackmore,  G.  G.  Ross. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

S.  J.  Brown,  J.  B.  Morris. 

J.  L.  Thompson. 
Detroit,  Mich. 

Attorneys  Mahoney,  Johnson  and 

Roxborough. 
Durham.  N.  C. 

R.  M.  Andrews,  E.  W.  Cannady. 
Evansville,  Ind. 

J.  Holt,  E.  J.  Tildrinton. 
Fort  Worth,  Texas. 

W.  H.  Griggs,  H.  W.  Hatton. 
Gary,  Ind. 

P.  F.  Bouldt,  L.  A.  Caldwell. 
Hampton,  Va. 

A.   W.   E.   Bassette,  Sr.  and  Jr. 

G.  W.  Fields. 
Harrisburg,  Pa. 

W.  J.  Carter,  J.  W.  Parks. 
Helena,  Ark. 

W.  L.  Scott. 
Hopkinsville,  Ky. 

C.  W.  Merriweather. 
Houston,  Texas. 

L.  V.  Allen,  M.  H.  Broyles. 
Indianapolis,   Ind. 

R.  L.  Brokenburr,  W.  K.  Brown. 
Jackson,  Miss. 

P.  W.  Howard,  S.  D.  Redmond. 
Jacksonville,  Fla. 

S.  D.  McGill,  I.  L.  Purcell. 
Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

R.  Hartgson,  R.  S.  Rice. 
Kansas  City,  Kan. 

I.  F.  Bradely,  D.  Green,  L.  W. 

Johnson. 
Kansas  City,  Mo. 

C.  H.  Calloway,  W.  C.  Houston, 

A.  L.  Knox. 
Leavenworth,  Kan. 

T.  W.  Bell,  D.  Jones. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 

S.  A.  Jones,  T.  J.  Price. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

E.  B.  Ceruti,  W.  O.  Tyler,  A.  G. 

Wickliffe,  Charles  Darden. 


133 


Louisville,  Ky. 

W.  C.  Brown,  W.  H.  Wright. 
Memphis,  Tenn. 

B.  T.  Booth,  W.  H.  Foote. 
Bermidji,  Minn. 

C.  W.  Scrutchins. 
Duluth,  Minn. 

Elisha  Scott. 
Mound  Bayou,  Miss. 

B.  A.  Green. 
Muskogee,  Okla. 

T.     R.     Price. 
Nashville,  Tenn. 

J.    W.    Grant,    W.    H.    Hodgkins, 

J.  C.  Napier. 
Newark,  N.  J. 

Attorneys  Douglass  &  Standard. 
New  Orleans,  La. 

F.  B.  Smith,   R.  C.   Metoyer,  J. 

Thornton. 
Newport  News,  Va. 

J.  T.  Newsome,  W.  E.  Parker,  R 

H.  Pree,  J.  L.  Raney,  P.  S.  Scott*. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

T.  D.  Carr,  C.  G.  French,  E.  A. 

Johnson,    W.    H.    Smith,    J.    C. 

Thomas,    J.    D.    Wetmore,    J.    F. 

Wheaton. 
Norfolk,  Va. 

J.  D.  Diggs,  J.  M.  Harrison. 
Oakland,  Cal. 

E.  A.  Carter,  J.  D.  Drake,  A.  O. 
,  Neal,  Y.  L.  Richardson,  L.  Sledge. 
Omaha,  Neb. 

H.  J.  Pinkett,  A.  P.  Scruggs. 
Phila.    Pa. 

J.  C.  Asbury,  G.  L.  Dickinson,  M. 

L.    Lewis,    J.    A.  Sparks.    W.   H. 

Thompson. 
Pine  Bluff,  Ark. 

J.  F.  Jones,  W.  W.  Shelton. 


Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

W.  M.  Randolph,  W.  H.  Stanton, 

F.  R.  Stewart,  R.  L.  Vann. 
Portland,  Oregon. 

Eugene  Minor. 
Portsmouth,  Va. 

W.  M.  Reid,. 
Providence,  R.  I. 

J.  B.  Edwards,  J.  LeCount. 
Raleigh,  N.  C. 

W.  P.  Ancrum,  D.  P.  Love. 
Richmond,  Va. 

J.  T.  Carter,  J.  T.  Hewin. 
Roanoke,  Va. 

A.  J.  Oliver,  J.  L.  Reid. 
San  Antonio,  Texas. 

R.  A.  Campbell,  L.  W.  Grenely, 

J.  G.  Wimberly. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

O.  Audson,  J.  D.  Drake. 
Savannah,  Ga. 

J.  H.  Kinckle,  J.  G.  Lemon. 
Seattle,  Wash. 

C.  R.  Anderson. 
Shreveport,  La. 

C.  M.  Roberson. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

C.  E.  Clark,  H.  G.  Phillips,G.  L. 

Vaughan. 
St.  Paul,  Minn. 

J.   L.   Ervin,   W.   T.   Frances,   H. 

Turner. 
Tampa,  Fla. 

Z.  D.  Greene. 
Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

J.  W.  Henry. 
Washington,    D.    C,    H.    E.    Davis, 

J.  A.  Cobb,  R.  A.  Hughes,  Judge 

R.    H.    Terrell.     W.    C.    Martin, 

Carolyn  H.  Mason,  Marie  Nadras. 
Wichita,  Kan. 

F.  L.  Martin. 


131 


IN  NEWSPAPER  WORK 

Newspapers  and  Magazines. 

From  corners  of,  the  world's  four  climes 
Fresh  news  they  bring  of  latest  times. 
Of  all  the  readings,  left  at  our  doors 
News  journals  bring  most  varied  lores. 

—  Harrison. 

STARTING  out  in  1827,  when  the  first  Colored  newspaper 
in  the  United  States,  The  Freedmen's  Journal  was  pub- 
lished in  New  York  City  by  John  B.  Russwurm,  the  number  of 
Negro  journals  have  so  increased  until  today  there  are  between 
two  and  three  hundred  secular  weekly  and  two  daily  newspapers 
published  in  the  United  States  by  Colored  people.  (Ref. ;  Negro 
Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs.  170-461). 

The  honor  of  being  acclaimed  dean  of  today  in  Negro  news- 
paper editorial  work  falls  upon  the  venerable  shoulders  of  the 
"Grand  Old  Scribe,"  T.  Thomas  Fortune,  once  editor  of  the 
famous  New  York  Age  and  still  a  widely  read  contributor  to 
some  of  the  leading  newspapers  and  magazines  in  the  country. 
This  pioneer  journalist  (who  was  at  one  time  "right  hand  man" 
to  the  great  white  journalist,  Chas.  A.  Dana,  who  bought  and 
revived  the  moribund  New  York  Sun  into  one  of  the  greatest 
papers  in  America)  was  doing  newspaper  work  as  far  back  as 
1879  on  the  New  York  Globe,  a  leading  white  paper.  Around 
that  time  Fortune  was  also  the  trusted  friend  artd  valuable  cur- 
rent informer  and  adviser  of  such  capable  and  fearless  leaders 
as  H.  P.  Brooks,  J.  W.  Cromwell,  C.  N.  Otey  and  Frederick 
Douglass,  who  was  termed  by  Mr.  Fortune  as  "The  lion  of  them 
all." 

The  younger  Colored  newspaper  men  of  today  are  all  well 
acquainted  with  the  history  of  Fred  Douglass'  fighting  abolition 
paper,  "The  North  Star"  that  he  first  published  at  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  in  1847  and  later  renamed  it  "Fred  Douglass  '  Paper", 
which  in  1860  he  absorbed  into  "Douglass  Monthly"  a  magazine 
he  first  began  to  publish  in  1858. 

There  are  yet  living  today  many  older  men  and  women  who 
can  vividly  recall  from  personal  observation  how  that  great 
orator,  reformer,  statesman  and  journalist  could  in  a  column  on 

135 


his  editorial  page  wield  a  pungent  pen  against  the  enemy  of  his 
race  so  forcefully  by  turning  out  polished  and  gentlemanly  in- 
vective articles  that  neither  feared  nor  spared  but  manfully  de- 
nounced and  exposed  those  who  held  or  upheld  slavery.  And 
in  another  column  on  that  same  editorial  page  he  could  just  as 
ably  use  an  unsurpassed  tactful  ability  in  penning  mutual 
and  grateful  paragraphs  to  the  loyal  friends  of  his  race,  who  were 
at  once  more  strongly  allied  to  his  side;  or,  he  could  in  a  third 
column  just  as  diplomatically  word  a  concilatory  open-letter 
to  the  half-decided  whites  who,  after  thoroughly  reading  and 
thoughtfully  thinking  over  his  heart-rending  and  convincing 
sentences  were  usually  completely  persuaded  to  friendly  join 
his  cause  for  the  freedom  of  his  people.  And  the  increasing  de- 
nouncements and  criticisms  that  are  read  in  the  Northern  white 
press  against  the  present  barbarous  peonage  systems  carried  on 
in  the  South  today  are  but  very  very  faint  echoes  of  the  clarion 
and  stenotorian  thunderings  that  electrically  flashed,  roared 
a,nd  rumbled  seventy  years  ago  throughout  the  world  from  the 
columns  of  "The  North  Star"  or  from  the  actual  lips  of  Fred 
Douglass  while  lecturing  in  England,  Ireland,  Scotland  and 
Wales  against  the  real  slavery  that  the  South  was  then  savagely 
carrying  on  with  his  race. 

Another  pioneer  in  this  line  of  work  is  Phil  H.  Brown  of 
Kentucky,  who  has  been  following  newspaper  writing  for  over 
thirty  years.  Aside  from  being  an  editor  on  daily  and  weekly 
journals,  he  has  been  connected  with  the  Chicago  Daily  News, 
The  New  York  Journal  and  the  New  York  Sun  all  white  papers. 
He  has  also  written  articles  for  Frank  Leslie's  New  York  pub- 
lications and  the  humorous  magazines  "Judge".  For  three 
national  campaigns  Mr.  Brown  has  ably  directed  the  newspaper 
publicity  among  American  Colored  people  for  the  Republican 
National  Committee.  He  has  just  been  appointed  under  Presi- 
dent Harding's  administration  as  Commissioner  of  Conciliation 
in  the  Department  of  Labor. 

Another  seasoned  scribe  of  the  "old  school"  who  is  yet,  after 
fifty  years  of  active  newspaper  work,  able  to  give  the  "new 
school"  young  reporters  many  valuable  pointers,  as  to  the  best 

136 


kind  of  punch  (sparkling  but  not  wet)  to  put  into  their  night 
write-ups,  is  the  spry  and  jolly  Civil  War  veteran,  Sergeant 
Ralph  Hawkins. 

Charles  Stewart,  as  a  scribe  of  the  first  order,  has  put  more 
than  two  score  years  in  this  field  in  gathering  news  for  some  of 
the  leading  white  and  Colored  papers  of  the  country.  His 
abilities  as  a  good  mixer,  keen  observer,  good  reasoner  and  an 
expert  shorthand  writer  enabled  him  years  ago  by  using  his 
clever  disguises  to  get  the  inside  secret  and  puzzling  facts  to 
make  numerous  big  newspaper  write-ups  on  important  and  vital 
events  that  had  not  been  unearthed,  after  repeated  trials,  by, 
some  of  the  country's  most  expert  white  newspaper  reporters. 

The  late  Richard  W.  Thompson  was  a  man  of  wide  newspaper 
experience  and  knowledge.  He  was  at  different  times  on  the 
editorial  staffs  of  the  Washington  Colored  American  and  the  In- 
dianapolis World.  He  was  the  founder  of  a  newspaper  bureau 
in  Washington,  D.  C.  from  where  he  sent  out  his  famous  letters 
to  Colored  papers  throughout  the  country.  He  was  without 
doubt  one  of  the  hardest  workers  Colored  journalism  has  ever 
had.  On  more  than  one  occasion  the  writer  has  seen  Mr. 
Thompson  take  down  notes  all  day  and  sit  up  that  entire  night 
getting  out  press  releases  for  the  next  day. 

In  the  deanship  of  newspaper  work  with  T.  T.  Fortune  is 
A.  j.  Murphy,  editor  of  his  nationally  known  Afro-American 
published  in  Baltimore,  Md.  Newspaper  men  who  come  in 
contact  with  Mr.  Murphy  are  greatly  encouraged  and  bene- 
fited as  the  results  of  his  unusual  journalistic  abilities  and  ex- 
perience extending  over  scores  of  years. 

Ralph  W.  Tyler,  World  War  newspaper  writer  and  now  on  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  Cleveland  Advocate,  and  L.  T.  Thompson 
World  War  Historian,  are  among  the  foremost  newspaper  men 
in  the  Race  today.  To  them,  on  account  of  their  bravery  to 
face  all  kinds  of  perils  and  unselfish  expending  of  tireless  efforts 
to  get  true  facts  first-hand,  goes  much  of  the  honor  or  the 
gathering  and  compiling  of  the  data  pertaining  to  the  accurate 
history  of  the  American  Colored  soldiers  and  sailors  in  the  World 
War. 

137 


Cleveland  G.  Allen,  one  of  the  best  known  of  the  younger 
newspaper  men  of  the  race,  is  making  journalism  his  profession. 
Aside  from  being  the  only  Negro  reporter  in  1911  at  the  Eucu- 
menical  Conference  at  Toronto,  Canada,  and  acting  as  traveling 
newspaperman  with  the  late  Bishop  Alexander  Walters,  he  was 
for  many  years  one  of  Dr.  Booker  T.  Washington's  Northern 
publicity  men.  It  was  mainly  through  his  efforts  that  the  name 
of  a  Negro,  Frederick  Douglass,  was  first  brought  before  the 
Hall  of  Fame,  and  through  his  newspaper  work  an  investigation 
was  conducted  against  the  discriminations  of  Colored  sailors  in 
the  U.  S.  Navy.  He  has  written  a  great  deal  for  daily  news- 
papers of  New  York  and  the  entire  country  on  the  Negro  ques- 
tion and  at  one  time  conducted  a  National  News  Bureau  for  the 
Negro  Press.  Having  studied  in  Union  High  School,  Greenville, 
S.  C;  in  the  New  York  Evening  High  School  three  years  where 
he  won  oratorical  honors;  two  years  of  journalism  in  New  York 
University;  studying  at  the  Angelus  Academy  of  Music  where 
he  won  a  scholarship;  and  at  present  taking  up  special  work  at 
Columbia  University:  Mr.  Allen,  on  account  of  the  above  pre- 
parations and  experiences,  is  well  fitted  to  hold  his  present  posi- 
tions as  a  member  on  the  editorial  staff  of  "Home  News"  a  large 
white  newspaper  in  New  York,  and  as  an  appointed  lecturer 
on  Negro  Music  for  the  Board  of  Education  in  New  York  City. 
He  has  a  brother,  Henry  Allen,  who  is  also  a  prominent  news- 
paperman at  Stamford,  Conn. 

Among  America's  foremost  Colored  women  newspaper 
writers  of  today  is  Frances  Berry  Coston  of  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Her  chief  work  is  in  feature  articles  and  stories.  Having  gradu- 
ated from  Berea  College;  from  the  Chicago  University  post- 
graduate course  in  literature  and  languages;  from  the  Putlizer 
School  of  Journalism  at  Columbia  University  and  from  the  cele- 
brated Harvard  Starred  Course  in  English,  (given  primarily 
for  authors  and  journalists)  Mrs.  Coston  is  well  prepared  and 
fully  capable  to  hold  her  present  position.  She  is  Literary  Cor- 
respondent for  the  Indianapolis  News,  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
influential  white  dailies,  not  only  in  the  West,  but  throughout  the 
country.     Because  of  her  unusual  efficiency  and  versatile  abilities 

138 


as  a  writer,  she  is  permitted  by  the  editorial  staff  to  turn  out 
articles  on  any  subject  or  along  any  literary  line  she  may  desire. 
Mrs.  Coston  is  given  all  the  work  she  can  do  on  the  literary  page 
of  this  paper,  and  in  connection  with  the  Book  Review  Depart- 
ment of  the  News,  she  is  allowed  to  make  her  own  selections  from 
the  literary  editor's  desk. 

While  still  in  his  teens  during  the  early  nineties,  Jas.  A.  Jack- 
son of  Bellefonte,  Pa.,  started  his  newspaper  career  with  the  Daily 
News,  a  white  newspaper  published  in  his  home  town.  Since 
that  time  he  has  developed  to  such  a  high  standard  until  today 
he  stands  among  the  most  widely  known  feature  short  story 
Colored  and  white  writers  of  today.  His  stories  have  frequently 
appeared  on  the  magazine  pages  of  the  Sunday  editions  of  the 
New  York  Sun  and  the  New  York  Herald.  On  account  of  his 
very  wide  travels  throughout  the  United  States  and  abroad,  he 
has  become  acquainted  with  many  of  the  most  prominent  news- 
papermen on  both  sides  of  the  ocean.  With  several  of  these 
writers  and  authors  he  has  joined  in  writing  articles  for  some  of 
America's  most  popular  magazines  as  well  as  noted  newspapers 
published  in  European  countries.  In  1912  he  wrote  a  lengthy 
article,  "The  Negro  At  Large"  and  in  1918  he  wrote  ''The 
Underlying  Cause  of  Race  Riots."  These  masterpieces  of  jour- 
nalism were  greatly  quoted  by  many  newspapers  and  magazines, 
aiter  the  articles  had  first  appeared  in  the  New  York  Globe. 
Mr.  Jackson's  latest  literary  step  was  made  when  he  recently 
accepted  a  membership  on  the  editorial  staff  of  "The' Billboard", 
as  Dramatic  Reviewer.  This  is  an  amusement  weekly  (white) 
publication  that  was  founded  in  New  York  many  years  ago 
and  today  has  a  circulation  of  over  two  hundred  thousand  copies 
a  week. 

The  two  daily  newspapers  run  by  Colored  people  in  the  United 
States  are  W.  T.  Andrews'  Baltimore  Herald  that  is  published 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  Arthur  Craig's  The  Daily  Star  which  is 
published  in  New  York  City  where  it  has  a  daily  circulation  of 
over  forty  thousand  copies. 

Among  the  Colored  newspapers  in  the  United  States,  Robt. 
S.  Abbott's   Chicago   Defender   (World's  Greatest  Weekly)   is 

,  139 


recognized  as  having  the  largest  circulation.  This  newspaper 
recently  moved  into  its  own  two  hundred  fifty  thousand  dollar, 
three-story,  modern  building  that  contains  a  print  shop,  four 
linotype  machines,  and  four-deck  Goss  straight-line  press. 

"The  late  Christopher  James  Perry  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  September  11,  1854.  At  an  early  age  he  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  obtained  employment  and  became  a  student 
of  the  public  night  school.  In  1884,  after  some  of  his  writings 
had  been  published,  he  became  a  special  writer  for  the  Sunday 
Mirror,  of  Philadelphia,  to  report  the  activities  of  the  Negroes 
of  the  city.  He  later  started  the  Philadelphia  Tribune,  a  Negro 
weekly,  which  has  been  published  for  36  years.  This  newspaper 
is  published  in  the  Tribune  Building  and  has  a  $100,000  plant 
of  which  Mr.  Perry  was  the  sole  owner."  Quoted  from  the  Sept. 
1921  issue  of  the  Crisis:. 

Another  one  of  the  best  nationally  known  Colored  papers 
that  is  doing  business  in  its  own  establishment  that  is  completely 
equipped  with  the  most  modern  newspaper  machinery  is  Fred 
R.  Moore's  New  York  Age.  This  paper  is  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  popular  in  the  field,  and  is  also  a  weekly  issue.  There 
are  other  Colored  newspapers  throughout  the  country  that  are 
in  their  own  modernly  equipped  establishments. 

Those  named  in  the  following  listed  cities  are  just  a  few  of  the 
Colored  newspapers  that,  on  account  of  their  up-to-date  instruc- 
tive-news, all  round  influence  for  encouragement  and  inspira- 
tion and  constant  race  loyalty,  have  won  race  leading  reputations 
of  the  first  quality  for  themselves  and  their  editors  not  only  in 
their  own  cities  but  throughout  and  beyond  their  own  states: 

Atlanta,  Ga. 

B.  J.  Davis'  Atlanta  Independent,  A.  Grace's  Atlanta  Post,  Chas.  Howell's 

Atlanta  Constitution. 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 

j.   A.   Lightfoot's  Atlantic   City  Advocate,   Harry  Jackson's  Atlantic 

City  News. 
Augusta,   Ga.  , 

Editor  Simmons'  The  Echo. 
Baltimore,  Md. 

A.  J.  Murphy's  The  Afro-American,  W.  T.  Andrews'  The  Daily  Herald. 
Birmingham,  Ala. 

O.  W.  Adams'  Birmingham  Reporter. 

140 


Boley,  Oklahoma. 

G.  W.  Perry's  Boley  Progress,  A.  L.  Moore's  Boley  News. 
Boston,  Mass.  \ 

Wm.  M.  Trotter's  Boston  Guardian,  Wm.  Murray's  Boston  Chronicle. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

E.  O.  Brown's  Buffalo  American. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Wm.  McKinney's  Brooklyn  Informer. 

Camden,  N.  J. 

Marcus  Mann's  Camden  Tribune. 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

D.  J.  Jenkins'  Charleston  Messenger. 
Charlotte,  N.  C. 

J.  W.  Crocketh's  Progressive  Messenger. 
Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

J.  J.  Oldfield's  Chattanooga  Defender. 

Chicago,  111. 

R.  S.  Abbott's  Chicago  Defender. 

W.  C.  Linton's  The  Whip,  J.  A.  Taylor's  The  Broad  Ax,  W.  D.  Neigh- 
bors' The  Chicago  Idea. 

Cincinanti,  O. 

W.  P.  Dabney's  The  Union,  Hardin  Tolbeat's  Cincinnati  Journal. 

Cleveland,  0. 

H.  C.  Smith's  Cleveland  Gazette,  A.  Forte's  Cleveland  Advocate. 

Columbia,  S.  C. 

J.  A.  Roach's  Southern  Indicator. 
Columbus,  O. 

J.  W.  Carter's  Ohio  State  Monitor. 
Danville,  Va. 

H.  T.  Houston's  The  Headlight. 
Dayton,  O. 

J.  A.  Rives'  Dayton  Forum. 
Denver,  Col. 

J.  D.  Rivers'  Denver  Statesman,  C.  S.  Muse's  The  Denver  Star. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

E.  Mash's  The  Bystander. 

Detroit,  Misch. 

W.  P.  Kemp's  Detroit  Leader.     The  Compass. 
Dallas,  Texas. 

J.  R.  Jordan's  The  Dallas  Express. 
Fort  Worth,  Texas. 

J.  I.  Dotson's  Fort  Worth  Hornet. 

Gary,  Ind. 

J.  D.  Cooke's  Nat'l  Defender  &  Sun. 
Greenville,  S.  C. 

C.  C.  Clarkson's  Southern  Enterprise. 
Harrisburgh,  Pa. 

F.  L.  Jefferson's  The  Advocate  Verdict. 
Helena,  Ark. 

H.  W.  Hallaway's  Interstate  Reporter. 
Houston,  Tesxas. 

C.  F.  Richardson's  Houston  Informer. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 

G.  L.  Knox's  The  Freeman,  J.  D.  Howard's  The  Ledger,  A.  E.  Manning's 
The  Indianapolis  World. 

141 


Jackson,  Miss. 

J.  W.  Hair's  The  Farmer. 
Jacksonville,  Fla. 

J.  A.  Simm's  The  Florida  Sentinel. 
Kansas     City,     Kan. 

T.  Kennedy's  Kansas  City  Advocate. 
Kansas  Citv,  Mo. 

C.  A.  Franklin's  Kansas  City  Call,  N.  C.  Crews'  The  Sun. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 

L.  N.  Porter's  Arkansas  Banner. 
Los  .  Angeles,  Cal. 

F.  M.  Roberts'  The  New  Age,  C.  A.  Spear's  The  Eagle. 
Louisville,  Ky. 

I.  W.  Cole's  Louisville  Leader,  Wm.  Warley's  Louisville  News. 
Lexington,  Ky. 

E.  D.  Willis'  Lexington  Weekly  News. 
Madison,  Wis.  .    * 

J.  A.  Josey's  Wisconsin  Weekly  Blade. 
Memphis,  Tenn. 

S.  W.  Broome's  The  Memphis  Times,  J.  E.  Washington's  The  Western 

World  Reporter. 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 

R.  B.  Montgomery's  The  National  Advocate,  i 
Mobile,  Ala. 

George  U.  Cloud's  Mobile  Forum. 
Montgomery,  Ala. 

J.  E.  McCall's  The  Emancipator. 
Mound  Bayou,  Miss. 

W.  M.  Lott's  National  News  Digest. 
Muskogee,  Okla. 

W.  H.  Twine's  Muskeogee  Cimeter. 
Nashville,  Tenn. 

H.  A.  Boyd's  Nashville  Globe,  W.  A.  Water's  Peoples  Advocate,  Bessie 

P.  Rhoda's  Nashville  Eye. 
Newark,  N.  J. 

Editor  Pollard's  New  Jersey  Observer. 
New  Orleans,  La. 

Jas.  E.  Gayle's  The  Vindicator. 
Newport  News,  Va. 

M.N.  Lewis'  The  Star. 
New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

J.  H.  Anderson's  Amsterdam  News,  Geo.  Harris'  New  York  News,  W.  H. 

Ferris'  The  Negro  World,  The  Daily  Star. 
Norfolk,  Va. 

P.  B.  Young's  Journal  &  Guide. 
Oakland,  Cal. 

E.  Marshall's  California  Voice. 
Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 

R.  Dungee's  The  Black  Dispatch. 
Omaha,  Neb. 

J.  Albert  Williams'  The  Monitor. 
Phila.,  Pa. 

Chris  Perry's  Philadelphia  Tribune,  J.  W.  Parks'  Philadelphia  American, 

Arthur  Lynch's  Public  Journal. 

142 


Phoenix,  Ariz. 

A.  R.  Smith's  Phoenix  Tribune. 
Pine  Bluff,  Ark. 

J.  H.  Harrison's  The  Monitor. 
Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Robt.  L.  Vann's  Pittsburg  Courier. 
Portland,  Org. 

E.  D.  Cannady's  The  Advocate. 
Portsmouth,  Va. 

C.  C.  Summerville's  The  Virgil. 
Princeton,  N.  J. 

D.  La  Tourette's  Princeton  Packet. 
Provicdence,  R.  I. 

F.  R.  Purnell's  The  Advance. 
Raleigh,  N.  C. 

L.  M.  Cheeks'  Raleigh  Independent. 
Richmond,  Va. 

John  Mitchell's  Richmond  Planet,  Maggie  L.  Walker's  St.  Lukes  Herald. 
Sacramento,  Cal. 

J.  M.  Collins'  Western  Review. 
San  Antonio,  Tex. 

G.  W.  Bouldin's  San  Antonio  Inquirer. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

J.  L.  Derrick's  Western  Outlook,  G.  E.  Watkins'  Western  Appeal. 
Savannah,  Ga. 

S.  C.  Johnson's  Savannah  Tribune. 
Seattle,  Wash. 

S.  P.  BeDow's  The  Searchlight. 
Shreveport,  La. 

M.  L.  Collins'  Shreveport,  Sun,  Samuel  and  Carter's  News-Enterprise. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

J.  E.  Mitchell's  St.  Louis  Argus,  C.  K.  Robinson's  Independent  Clarion. 
St.  Paul,  Minn. 

J.  Q.  Adams'  The  Appeal. 
Tampa,  Fla. 

M.  D.  Potter's  Tampa  Bulletin. 
Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

C.  E.  Rochelle's  Emancipator. 
Washington,  D.  C. 

J.  Finley  Wilson's  The  Washington    Eagle,  Mrs.  Eva  A.  Chase's  The 

Washington    Bee,   D.   Eugene  Taylor's   Washington  American,  F.  M. 

Murray's  Washington  Tribune. 
Wichita,  Kan. 

W.  A.  Betts'  Wichita  Protest,  H.  T.  Simms'  The  New  Star. 
Wilmington,  Del. 

Editor  Nelson's  The  Advocate. 


Religious    Papers 

Among  the  three  score  and  more  religious  Colored  newspapers 
in  America,  R.  E.  Jones'  Southwestern  Christian  Advocate  of 
New  Orleans,  La.,  R.  R.  Wright's  Christian  Recorder  of  Phila., 
Pa.  J.  D.  Crenshaw's  National  Baptist  Voice  of  Nashville,  Tenn. 

143 


andN.  S.  Epps'  Baptist  Herald  of  New  York  City  are  some  of  the 
most  nationally  known  and  widely  circulated. 

National  Negro  Press  Association 

The  National  Negro  Press  Association,  of  which  J.  Finley 
Wilson  is  president,  is  an  organization  among  Colored  news- 
paper editors  for  the  purpose  of  uniting  them  in  mutual  friend- 
ships and  understanding.  At  their  annual  meetings  they  be- 
come better  acquainted  and  exchange  their  different  ideas  in 
order  to  become  better  news  informers  and  stronger  champions 
through  their  organs  for  justice  to  their  race. 

The  Associated  Negro  Press 

Although  not  yet  three  years  old,  the  Associated  Negro  Press, 
of  which  N.  D.  Brascher  of  Chicago,  111.,  is  editor-in-chief,  is 
already  exerting  a  wonderful  influence  in  the  field  of  Negro 
journalism  and  is  doing  excellent  work  in  so  efficiently  gathering 
and  so  promptly  releasing  to  its  newspaper  members  the  most 
vital  current  events  of  the  day. 

The  noble  and  tireless  efforts  of  the  Colored  editors,  in  trying 
to  help  convert  the  prejudiced  white  people  of  the  United  States 
from  their  unjust  hatred,  discrimination  and  cruelties  upon  the 
Negro  race  just  because  of  its  progress,  are  each  day  being  more 
ably  backed  up  by  the  American  white  press.  As  the  writer 
has  said  in  the  chapter  dealing  with  church  work,  white  papers 
throughout  the  country  are  increasing  in  numbers  in  making 
their  editorials  stronger  and  stronger  in  justly  denouncing  mob 
ruJe,  its  results  and  future  reaction  upon  these  United  States 
This  sentiment  in  the  white  press  is  increasing  and  spreading  so 
rapidly  that  even  white  papers  in  different  part  of  the  South 
are  fearlessly  joining  this  movement  for  right. 

In  the  summer  of  1918  a  Southern  paper,  the  San  Antonio 
Express  of  Texas  set  aside  a  fund  of  one  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars to  be  used  in  helping  to  put  down  lynching  in  the  United 
States.  This  money  is  to  be  used  to  pay  rewards  for  the  arrest 
and  convinction  of  all  persons  taking  part  in  lynchings.     Other 

14 1 


Texas  white  papers,  the  Houston  Post  and  the  Austin  American 
have  on  different  occasions  come  out  strongly  in  contending  for 
fair  treatment  and  justice  to  the  Colored  people. 

With  reference  to  the  jury  which  heard  the  evidence  in  the 
peonage  trial  of  John  S.  Williams,  Georgia  white  planter,  accused 
of  killing  eleven  Negro  farm  hands,  and  on  trial  for  the  slaying 
of  one  of  them,  and  which  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of  guilty, 
with  life  sentence,  but  urged  "mercy"  on  the  court;  the  following 
editorial  by  Thomas  W.  Loveless  appeared  in  a  Georgia  white 
paper,  The  Enquirer-Sun,  according  to  an  article  that  came  out 
in  the  April  16,  1921  issue  of  the  Chicago  Defender: 

" A  Newton  county  jury  has  tried  John  S.  Williams,  the  Jasper 
county  multimurderer,  found  him  guilty,  and  recommended  him 
to  the  mercy  of  the  court.  By  what  process  of  reasoning  the 
jury  arrived  at  this  form  of  verdict  is  difficult  if  not  well  nigh 
impossible  to  imagine.  This  is,  if  we  try  to  analyze  it  by  any 
'process  of  reasoning',  but  if  we  brush  aside  all  subterfuge  and 
hypocrisy  and  tell  the  plain  truth  about  it,  the  verdict — as  great 
a  travesty  of  justice  as  it  is — is  not  so  difficult  to  understand. 

"And  this  plain  truth  is  we  have  not  yet  reached  that  stage 
of  grace,  or  of  justice,  in  Georgia  where  we  'hang  a  white  man  for 
killing  a  nigger',  as  the  expression  is  and  has  long  been     .     .     .     . 

"However,  the  owner  and  operator  of  this  Georgia  'murder 
farm'  escapes  with  his  own  life — a  penitentiary  sentence — and 
perhaps  a  pardon  later  on  if  he  lives  long  enough  and  his  family 
can  bring  enough  influence  to  bear. 

"Thus  do  we  again  'advertise  Georgia.'     God  help  her." 

Referring  to  the  recent  Tulsa,  Oklahoma  race  riot,  in  which 
the  mob  destroyed  forty-four  blocks  of  Negro  property,  the 
following  extracts  are  parts  of  an  editorial  that  appeared  in  the 
July  7,  1921  issue  of  a  white  newspaper,  The  National  Tribune 
of  Washington,  D.  C. 

"The  Burning  Disgrace  of  'Race  Riot*  ". 

"As  we  have  said  before,  there  is  a  strong  element  in  Tulsa 
coming  from  the  renegade  whites  who  fled  out  of  the  reach  of 

145 


justice  to  start  a  so-called  "race  riot"  on  any  pretext.  The  more 
that  the  situation  is  studied  the  less  provocation  there  was  for 
such  an  outrage.  The  absurdity  of  the  white  girl's  story  that 
she  had  been  insulted  by  a  negro  boy  was  apparent  on  its  face. 
It  is  said  her  reputation  was  not  of  the  best  and  no  one  apparent- 
ly stopped  to  think  of  the  impossibility  of  such  an  outrage  in  the 
most  public  place  in  a  city  of  100,000  people.  The  elevator 
which  she  was  running  was  in  the  most  conspicuous  part  of  the 
building. 

"The  riot  was  made  possible  by  the  worthlessness  of  the 
police  and  judiciary.  As  usual  in  a  place  of  such  sudden  rise  to 
greatness  as  Tulsa,  the  vicious  elements  have  entirely  too  large 
a  control  of  the  municipal  authorities.  The  houses  of  ill-fame, 
gambling  joints,  bootleggers,  and  other  criminals  have  too  much 
to  say  as  to  the  selection  of  officials.  For  14  years  Tulsa  has 
been  in  the  absolute  control  of  this  element.  The  better  class 
of  people  were  too  much  absorbed  making  the  easy  money 
possible  there  to  bother  themselves  and  give  up  any  time  to 
politics.     . 

"Quite  a  number  of  negroes  have  made  fortunes  in  Tulsa 
and  they  became  the  special  objects  of  the  mob.  One  colored 
man  owned  and  operated  a  printing  plant  with  $25,000  of  print- 
ing machinery  in  it.  It  was  assailed  and  burned  to  the  ground 
by  a  mob  led  by  a  man  who  had  been  working  a  linotype  at  a 
salary  of  $48  a  week.  Of  course,  this  linotype  man  professed  to 
be  a  "perfect  Southern  gentleman"  and  superior  to  a  negro, 
although  he  degraded  himself  by  working  for  him  at  good 
wages.  Dr.  A.  C.  Jackson,  a  colored  physician,  who  was  called 
by  competent  authorities  the  most  able  negro  surgeon  in  America, 
was  marked  for  the  wrath  of  the  mob  because  he  owned  $100,000 
worth  of  property.  He  tried  to  fight  against  the  mob  and  sur- 
rendered under  a  pledge  of  protection,  but  was  murdered  on  his 
way  to  jail." 

The  above  are  but  a  few  of  the  many  such  ed  itorials  that  have 
recently  come  under  the  notice  of  the  writer,  and  if  white  editors 
who  run  out  such  editorials  could  just  mingle  among  the  masses 
of  both  races  where  their  papers  are  read  and  listen  to  the  com- 

146 


ments  being  made,  they  would  be  amazed  to  note  the  influence 
for  good  that  such  writings  are  exerting.  And  if  now  in  this 
critical  period  of  racial  unrest,  the  majority  of  white  editors 
through  this  land  together  with  the  white  clergy  will  take  such 
stands  for  law  and  order,  the  race  prejudice  in  this  country  will 
be  checked  before  its  barbarism  pulls  the  United  States  down, 
down,  down  to  the  very  lowest  and  most  despised  race  among 
all  nations  and  countries-civilized  and  uncivilized.  For  this 
unjust  public  sentiment  can  only  be  checked  and  changed  by  the 
right  kind  of  influences  starting  from  the  white  pulpits  and 
printing  rooms.  The  frequent  clashings  of  swords  cannot  force 
about  such  a  change,  but  the  constant  exchange  of  reasoning 
sermons  and  editorials  can  persuade  such  a  change  to  come  about. 

If  it  is  the  fear  of  losing  their  congregations  and  churches  that 
prevents  so  many  white  ministers  from  taking  such  a  stand; 
then  the  way  to  be  outspoken  (instead  of  silent)  against  mob  sins 
and  crimes,  and  still  keep  "Mrs.  Wolf"  from  grinning  at  them 
through  their  parsonage  windows,  is  for  all  of  them  to  become 
outspoken.  And  as  their  people  must  continue  to  have  churches 
and  be  preached  to,  those  ministers  would  still  hold  their  pulpits 
as  they  would  then  be  the  only  kind  of  preachers  (outspoken)  to 
listen  to. 

If  it  is  the  fear  of  losing  their  subscribers  and  seeing  their 
papers  go  into  the  waste  baskets  that  keeps  so  many  white 
editors  from  taking  such  a  rightful  stand ;  then  the  way  to  keep 
and  increase  their  subscribers  and  at  the  same  time  keep  "Mr 
Wolf"  from  sniffing  around  the  kitchen  doors,  is  for  all  editors 
to  begin  to  use  the  "Golden  (printer's  guiding)  Rule  to  measure 
out  their  editorials  on  the  Race  questions.  As  their  people  must 
have  newspapers  in  order  to  learn  what  is  going  on  in  the  world, 
rather  than  get  no  papers  they  would  buy  the  only  kind  (the 
fair  and  just)  that  would  then  be  printed.  And  in  using  the 
above  methods  in  bringing  about  brotherhood  and  Christlike 
feelings  between  the  two  races,  no  one  would  be  the  loser,  but 
all  would  be  the  gainers. 

As  another  witness  and  proof  that  courageously  standing  for 
right  and  fearlessly  denouncing  wrong  through  their  convincing 

147 


columns  does  not  weaken  but  eventually  strengthens  and  in- 
creases the  influence  of  such  white  periodicals ;  the  writer  quotes 
below  in  part  an  editorial  that  appeared  in  the  September  14, 
1921  issue  of  The  Nation,  a  world-famed  white  magazine  that 
has  been  successfully  published  in  New  York  for  over  fifty  years 
during  all  which  time  its  publication  has  continued  to  grow  and 
spread  as  the  results  of  just  such  Golden  Rule  editorials  as  the 
following : 

"The  daughter  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Webb,  "prominent  in  financial 
and  social  circles,"  chose  to  marry  a  groom,  her  sister  having 

previously    married    a    policeman The 

newspapers  sent  around  special  reporters  in  battalions.  Then 
up  spoke  Mr.  Webb:  "It's  rotten,  that's  what  I  call  it-rotten! 
To  tear  a  person's  life  to  shreds  like  this,  and  bring  up  for  the 
public  eye  the  affairs  of  one  poor  little  girl."  To  which  we 
say  a  hearty  Amen.  But  more  rotten  than  this  outrageous  vio- 
lation of  individual  rights  by  the  press  is  the  careless  or  malicious 
zest  with  which  certain  papers,  especially  in  the  South,  publish 
stories  from  depraved  or  irresponsible  white  women  accusing 
some  black  man  of  a  more  or  less  grave  offense  against  them. 
Every  newspaperman  knows  that  just  such  a  story  started  the 
Tulsa  riots,  as  well  as  those  in  Washington  and  in  Omaha.  Yet 
here  we  find  on  the  front  pages  of  the  Memphis  Commercial 
Appeal  two  circumstantial  stories  of  attack  by  Negroes  on  white 
women.  Both  of  them  were  false,  as  the  newspaper  itself  ad- 
mitted less  conspicuously  next  day.  This  sort  of  thing  is  all  too 
common  and  not  every  city  has  a  paper  as  bold  as  the  Memphis 
Press  in  denouncing  it.  It  is  high  time  for  a  renascence  of 
ethical  standards  in  newsgathering." 

In  Magazine  Writing 

Just  as  Dr.  W.  E.  B.  DuBois  is  recognized  as  the  foremost 
magazine  writer  in  the  Negro  race,  not  only  in  America  but 
throughout  the  world;  it  is  said  he  has  also  made  The  Crisis 
Magazine,  of  which  he  is  editor-in-chief,  the  widest  read  Colored 
magazine  of  its  kind  not  only  in  the  Western  but  also  in  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere.  It  is  estimated  that  this  magazine  is 
read  each  month  by  nearly  four  hundred  thousand  people. 

148 


Among  lettered  Colored  women,  Miss  Jessie  R.  Fauset,  a 
graduate  of  Cornell  where  she  was  made  a  member  of  the  Phi 
Betta  Kappa  Fraternity,  later  becoming  a  teacher  of  French  and 
Latin  in  the  M  Street  High  School,  Washington,  D.  C,  and  at 
present  Literary  Editor  of  the  The  Crisis  Magazine,  is  today 
recognized  by  the  best  critics  as  a  leading  and  most  versatile 
magazine  writer. 

Such  wise,  timely  and  meatful  articles  as  "Race  Conscious- 
ness," "Heart  Talk",  "Representation  of  the  American  Woman," 
"World  Brotherhood",  "Oil  Upon  Troubled  Waters"  are  among 
the  many  writings  that  have  stamped  Miss  H.  Georgiana  Whyte, 
editor  of  the  Women's  Department  of  The  Favorite  Magazine, 
as  one  of  the  most  forceful  and  helpful  magazine  writers  among 
Colored  women. 

Aside  from  long  ago  proving  himself  as  one  of  the  ablest 
Colored  newspaper  editors  in  the  country,  Attorney  Robt.  L. 
Vann  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  has  shown  by  the  high  quality  of  his 
Competitor  Magazine  that  as  a  writer  in  this  field  he  is  second 
to  none. 

The  cheerfulness  and  life  that  Editor  Fenton  Johnson  puts 
into  his  Favorite  Magazine  explains  why  it  is  having  such  a 
rapid  growth  and  has  become  a  sure-enough  favorite  with  the 
Colored  readers,  not  only  in  its  home  city  of  Chicago  but  through  - 
out  the  country. 

The  inspiring  snap  that  Editor  Willis  N.  Huggins  throws  into 
his  Up  Reach  Magazine  accounts  for  it  being  so  popular,  especial- 
ly with  the  younger  and  progressive  element  among  the  Colored 
readers  who  are  always  benefited  by  such  well  chosen  and  written 
articles. 

The  exceptional  ability  to  so  vividly  portray  human  nature 
from  the  viewpoints  of  both  races  when  building  up  stories 
is  one  of  the  secrets  that  is  the  cause  of  Editor  Aubery  Bowser's 
Rainbow  Magazine  being  sought  after  by  all  readers  who  want 
to  learn  and  understand  the  inside  life  situations  as  they  really 
exist  when  the  two  races  come  in  close  contact. 

149 


Except  those  people  who  personally  go  through  the  tedious 
processes  of  a  similar  work,  no  one  is  able  to  fully  realize 
and  appreciate  the  value  of  the  up-to-date  culled,  methodically 
complied,  instructively  built-up  and  tastily  arranged  matter  that 
Miss  Madeline  G.  Allison  presents  each  month  in  The  Crisis: 
under  the  heading  "The  Horizon."  In  monthly  compiling  the 
tremendous  new  store  of  varied  and  far-reaching  data  her  de- 
partment contains,  Miss  Allison  is  doing  a  grand  and  unique 
piece  of  literary  writing  the  workmanship  and  quality  of  which 
any  magazine  of  any  race  would  be  proud  to  carry. 

As  the  results  of  the  deep  thinking  and  outspoken  opinions 
that  get  down  to  the  very  core  and  essence  of  the  subjects 
handled  by  them,  Editors  Owens  and  Chandler,  through  the 
medium  of  their  magazine  The  Messenger  are  fast  mounting 
top  rungs  in  their  profession  and  at  the  same  time  attracting 
the  wide  attentions  of  well-versed  and  seasoned  newspaper  and 
magazine  people  in  both  races. 

Although  it  has  not  been  founded  very  long,  the  Method 
Magazine,  edited  by  F.  H.  Hallion,  of  Richmond,  Va.,  is  attract- 
ing wide  attention  on  account  of  its  instructive  and  helpful 
articles  pertaining  to  business  relations  in  their  many  fields  of 
activities. 

The  Brownies'  Book,  edited  by  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  &  A.  G. 
Dill  of  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  is  something  entirely  new  in  the 
field  of  Negro  journalism.  It  is,  "A  monthfy  magazine  for 
children  which  attempts  to  bring  to  them:  The  best  in  pictures 
and  stories  of  Negro  life.  The  life  and  deeds  of  famous  men  and 
women  of  the  Negro  race.  The  current  events  of  the  world 
told  in  beautiful  language  which  children  can  understand." 

In  going  out  of  the  way  to  thoughtfully  assert  that  the 
Brownies'  Book  should  be  in  every  Negro  home  where  there 
are  children ;  the  writer  expresses  such  a  sentiment,  not  because 
of  being  more  partial  to  this  certain  magazine  and  its  editors 
than  to  other  magazines  and  their  editors,  but,  because  he  is 
ever  proud  to  admit  that  he  is  really  cranky  partial  to  any 
Negro  history  no  matter  under  what  covers  it  may   appear. 

150 


Especially  is  this  true  when  such  history  is  written  (as  in  the 
Brownies'  Book)  in  plain,  easy,  truthful  and  interesting  Engl- 
ish that  makes  first  and  lasting  impressions  upon  young  and 
tender  Negro  minds  before  they  are  indelibly  imprinted  and 
permantly  poisoned  by  the  devilish  trash  contained  in  blood- 
thirsty, underworld,  dime  novels  so  youthfully  secured  and 
greedily  read  by  unwatched  and  idle-minded  children  of  all  races. 

Although  it  is  not  a  monthfy  magazine  but  a  quarterly 
journal,  The  Journal  of  Negro  History,  edited  by  Carter  G. 
Woodson  of  Washington,  D.  C.  is  a  nationally  known  publica- 
tion of  instruction,  encouragement  and  inspiration  for  the 
American  Colored  people,  of  matured  years  who  wish  to  learn 
their  Race  history. 

Monroe  N.  Work's  marvelously  compiled  Negro  Year  Book 
is  conceded  to  be  the  greatest  compact  work  of  literary  science 
ever  produced  by  an  American  Negro.  What  the  World  Al- 
manac is  to  the  Caucasian  Race,  The  Negro  Year  Book  is  to  the 
Negro  Race.  The  following  quotation  is  what  a  leading  white 
newspaper,  The  New  York  Sun,  commented  on  this  master- 
piece of  literature:  "Interesting  and  important  is  the  array  of 
factis  relating  to  the  Negro  contained  in  the  Negro  Year  Book. 
The  book  is  a  perfect  encyclopedia  of  achievements  by  Negroes 
in  all  ranks  of  life,  of  the  history  of  the  race  in  the  United  States 
of  Legislative  enactments  relating  to  them,  of  activity  in  all 
branches,  particularly  education.  The  book  is  indispensable  to 
all  who  have  to  deal  with  any  phase  of  the  Negro  question." 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  most  important  monthly,  quar- 
terly or  yearly  magazines  or  journals  published  in  the  United 
States  by  Colored  people : 

American  Caterer  &  Gazette  Guide, 

Editor  J.  A.  Ross,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
American  Musicians'  Magazine, 

Editor  W.  A.  Potter,  Phi  la.,  Pa. 
Amusement  World, 

Editor  Jack  Trotter,  Chicago,  111. 
Brotherhood  Magazine, 

Editor  C.  H.  Taylor,  Chicago,  111. 
Brownies'  Book, 

Editors  W.  E.  B.  DuBois  &  A.  G.  Dill,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

151 


Business  Men's  Bulletin, 

Editor  Edw.  Perkins,  Chicago,  111. 
Journal  of  Nat'l  Medical  Ass'n, 

Editor  Dr.  J.  A.  Kinney,  Tuskegee,  Ala. 
Journal  of  Negro  History, 

Editor  C.  G.  Woodson,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Music  and  Poetry, 

Editor  Nora  Douglass  Holt,  Chicago,  111. 
National  Association  Notes, 

Editor  Mrs.  Booker  T.  Washington,  Tuskegee,  Ala. 
The  Colored  Teacher, 

Editor  F.  A.  McGinnis,  Wilberforce,  Ohio. 
The  Competitor, 

Editor  Robt.  L.  Vann,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
The  Crisis, 

Editor  Dr.  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
The  Crusader, 

Editor,  C  V.  Briggs,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
The  Favorite, 

Editor  Fenton  Johnson,  Chicago,  111. 
The  Half  Century, 

Editor  Katherine  W.  Irmin,  Chicago,  111. 
The  Master  Musician, 

Editor  G.  W.  Parris,  Phila.,  Pa. 
The  Method, 

Editor  F.  H.  Hallion,  Richmond,  Va. 
The  Messenger, 

Editors  Owens  and  Chandler,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
The  Pullman  Porter's  Review, 

Editor  Z.  Withers,  Chicago,  111. 
The  Rainbow, 

Editor  Aubrey  Bowser,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
The  Negro  Year  Book, 

Editor  Monroe  N.  Work,  Tuskegee  Inst.,  Ala. 
The  Negro  Musician, 

Editor  Henry  L.  Grant,  Washington,  D.  C. 
The  Search  Light. 

Editor  A.  B.  Vincent,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 
The  Up- Reach  Magazine, 

M.  N.  Huggins,  Chicago,  111. 

Some  names  in  above  list  are  extracts  from  Negro  Year 
Book,  1918-1919  edition,  (Page  465). 

As  a  successful  magazine  essay  prize  writer,  Isaac  Fisher,  of 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  is  recognized  today  as  the  foremost  in  the 
Negro  race.  The  following  quotation  is  part  of  an  article  that 
appeared  in  the  July  9,  1921  issue  of  the  Chicago  Defender: 

"The  third  prize  of  $75,  offered  by  the  Metropolitan  Maga- 
zine of  New  York  in  its  contest  for  writers  on  the  subject,  "Can 
We  Keep  Peace  with  Japan,"  was  won  by  Isaac  Fisher,  editor 
of  the  Fisk  University  News,  according  to  an  announcement  made 

152 


in  the  August  issue  of  the  magazine  just  released 

1  'Among  the  prizes  he  has  won  in  the  past  through  his  writings 
are  first  prize  of  $500  offered  by  Everybody's  Magazine;  first 
prize  of  $100  offered  by  the  St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch;  first  prize 
of  $50  offered  for  the  best  digest  of  the  merits  of  the  money — 
weight  scales;  second  prize  of  $400  offered  by  Hart,  Schaffner  & 
Marx'  executive  committee  of  Chicago;  second  prize  of  $100 
offered  by  the  Manufacturers'  Record  of  Baltimore. 

"Those  who  know  Mr.  Fisher's  records  are  aware  that  these 
are  but  a  few  of  the  prizes  he  has  won  in  competition  with  the 
best  minds  of  the  country.  It  will  be  remembered  that  he  won 
the  first  prize  of  $500  in  Everybody's  Magazine  contest  in  com- 
petition with  900  writers,  including  some  of  the  best  legal  and 
professional  men  of  the  country." 

In  summing  up,  the  leading  Colored  short-story  writers  of 
today  who  are  known  throughout  the  country  as  standing  con- 
tributors to  newspapers  and  magazines  are  Frances  Coston 
Berry,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Aubrey  Bowser,  New  York,  Chas.  W. 
Chestnut,  Cleveland,  O.,  W.  E.  B.  DuBois,  New  York,  Jessie 
R.  Fauset,  New  York,  Isaac  Fisher,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  T.  Thomas 
Fortune,  New  York,  W.  N.  Huggins,  Chicago,  111.,  Jas.  A. 
Jackson,  New  York,  A.  L.  Jackson,  Chicago,  111.,  Jas.  Weldon 
Johnson,  N.  Y.,  Fenton  Johnson,  Chicago,  111.,  Alice  Dunbar 
Nelson,  Wilmington,  Del.,  Beatrice  (Neave)  Perry,  Phila.,  Pa. 


153 


IN  BOOK  WRITING 

Inspiring  Books 

When  winds  outside  are  howling  loud, 

And  snows  fall  fast  from  winter  cloud, 
Or  burning  sun  peeps  through  the  leaves; 

As  gently  they  dart  from  summer  breeze; 
Let  me  sit  near  winter's  purring  fire, 

Or  by  summer's  gurgling  brook  retire. 
With  books  to  read  of  great  deeds  done 

By  those  who  from  low  depths  did  run. 

—  Harrison. 

ON  account  of  the  present  day  rapid  streams  of  their  smooth- 
ly flowing  inks  into  the  deep-lettered  channels  of  their  ver- 
satile works,  the  following  named  persons,  according  to  the  es- 
timation of  one  of  America's  best  literary  critics,  are  ten  of  the 
foremost  American  Colored  authors  of  today : 

Wm.  S.  Braithwaite,  Boston,  Mass.,  Banjamin  G.  Brawley, 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  W.  E.  B.  Dubois,  Jessie  R.  Fauset,  Jas.  Weldon 
Johnson,  New  York  City,  Georgia  D.  Johnson,  Kelly  Miller, 
Washington,  D.  C,  Lucian  B.  Watkins,  Annapolis,  Md.,  Carter 
G.  Woodson,  Washington,  D.  C.  and  Monroe  N.  Work,  Tuskegee, 
Alabama. 

The  following  more  detailed  list  contains  the  names  of  some 
of  the  foremost  Colored  authors  and  their  most  important  v/orks 
produced  in  America: 

Delilah  L.  Beasley's 

Negro  Trail  Blazers  of  California. 
Ford  S.  Black's 

Blue  Book  of  Chicago. 
Aubrev  Bowser's 

'The  Man  Who  Would  be  White. 
R.  H.  Boyd's 

Sunday  School  Commentary. 
St.  Elmo  Brady's 

Household  Chemistry  for  Girls. 
Wm.  S.  Braithwaite's 

Anthology  of   Magazine  Verse — Golden   Treasury  of  Magazine 

Verse — Lyrics  of  Life  and  Love — Story  of  the  Great  War. 
C.  F.  Bragg's 

Men  of  Maryland — Afro — American  Church  Workers. 
Benj.  G.  Brawley's. 

History  of  The  Negro — The  Negro  in  Literature  and  Art. 
Chas.  W.  Chestnut's 

The    Conjur   Woman — The    House    Behind    The    Cedars — The 

154 


Marrow  of  Tradition — Frederick  Douglass. 
Jos.  S.  Cotter,  Sr's. 

Caleb  The   Degenerate — Links  of    Friendship — Sequel  to  The 

Pied  Piper — White  Song  and  A  Black  Song. 
Jos.  S.  Cotter,  Jr's. 

Band  of  Gideon — Out  of  The  Shadows. 
L.  J.  Coppin's 

Unwritten  History. 
A.  B.  Cosey's 

American  and  English  Law  on  Titles  of  Record. 
J.  W.  Cromwell's 

The  Negro  in  American  History. 
D.  W.  Culp's 

Twentieth  Century  of  Negro  Literature. 
Frederick  Douglass 

My  Bondage  and  Freedom — Life  and  Times  of  Frederick  Douglass. 
W.  E.  B.  DuBois 

The  Suppression  of  The  Slave  Trade — Souls  of  Black  Folks — The 

Quest  of  The  Silver  Fleece — John  Brown — Darkwater. 
Paul  Lawrence  Dunbar's 

Folks  From  Dixie — Love  and  Landry— Lyrics  of   Lowly   Life — 

Uncalled  Heart  of  Happy  Hollow — Lyrics  of  The  Hearthstone — 

Strength    of   Gideon   and    Other    Stories  —  Complete    Poems — 

Lyrics  of  Love  and  Laughter — Lyrics  of  Sunshine  and  Shadow — 

Poems  of  Cabin  and  Field — Life  and  Works  of  Paul    Lawrence 

Dunbar. 
H.  O.  Flipper's 

Colored  Cadets  At  West  Point. 
A.  H.Grimke's 

Negro  and  The  Elective  Franchise. 
S.  E.  Griggs' 

Life's   Demand  or  According  to   Law  —  The    Hindered   Hand- 
Unfettered. 
Frances  E.  Harper's 

Iola  Leroy — Miscellaneous  Poems — Sketches  of  Southern  Life. 
Algernon  B.  Jackson's 

The  Man  Next  Door. 
Jas.  Weldon  Johnson's 

The  Autobiography  of  an   Ex-Colored   Man — Fifty  Years  and 

Other  Poems. 
Edw.  A.  Johnson's 

Light  Ahead  For  the  Negro — School  History  of  The  Negro  Race 

In  America — The  Negro  in  The  Spnaish-American  War. 
Georgia  D.  Johnson's 

An  Autumn  Love  Cycle — Heart  of  A  Woman  and  Other  Poems — 

Shadow  Song. 
M.  A.  Majors' 

Noted  Negro  Women. 
Jas.  E.  McGirth's 

The  Triumph  of  Ephriam — Some  Simple  Songs. 
Kelly  Miller's 

Out  of  The  House  of    Bondage — Race  Adjustment — World  War 

For  Human  Rights. 
J.  E.  Moorland's 

Training  of  The  Negro  Minister. 

155 


Mrs.  N.  F.  Mosselle's 

Afro-American  Women. 
R.  R.  Moton's 

Finding  A  Way  Out. 
Daniel  Murray's 

Encyclopedia  Of  The  Negro. 
Alice  Dunbar  Nelson's 

Masterpieces  of  Eloquence — Goodness  of  St.  Rocque  And  Other 

Stories. 
D.  A.  Payne's 

History  Of  The  A.  M.  E.  Church 
I.  G.  Penn's 

The  Afro-American  Press. 
C.  H.  Phillips' 

History  of  The  C.  M.  E.  Church. 
William  Pickens' 

The  Heir  of  Slaves. 
J.  A.  Rogers' 

From  Superman  to  Man — An  Open  Letter  To  Congress. 
Emmett  J.  Scott's 

Booker  T.  Washington,  Builder  of  a  Civilization — Scott's  Official 

History  of  The  American  Negro  In  The  World  War. 
W.  H.  Shackelford's 

Along  the  Highway — Poems. 
Mrs.  S.  M.  Steward's 

Women  In  Medicine. 
Allison  W.  Sweeney's 

History  Of  The  World  War. 
B.  T.  Tanner's 

History  &  Government  Of  The  A.  M.  E.  Z.  Church  Men. 
Booker  T.  Washington's 

Up  From  Slavery — Frederick  Douglass — My  Larger  Education — 

Character  Building — The  Man  Farthest  Down — Working  With 

The  Hands — Furture  Of  The  American  Negro — Negro  In  Business 

— Sowing  and  Reaping — Tuskegee  and  Its  People.      — Story  of 

My  Life  And  Work. 
Geo.  W.  Williams' 

History  Of  The  Negro  Race  In  America — History  Of  The  Negro 

Troops  In  The  Rebellion. 
Carter  G.  Woodson's 

A  Century  of  Negro  Migration — Education  Of  The  Negro  Prior 

To  1861. 
John  W.  Work's 

Folk  Songs  Of  The  American  Negro. 
Monroe  N.  Work's 

Negro  Year  Book. 
R.  R.  Wright,  Sr's. 

Negro  Education  in  Georgia. 
R.  R.  Wright,  Jr's. 

Centennial   Encyclopedia  Of  The  African    M.   E.   Church. 

(Some  names  in  above   list    are   from   Negro    Year   Book, 
1918-1919  edition,  Pgs.  481-2-3. 

156 


Noted  Colored  Statisticians 

Dr.  W.  E.  B.  DuBofe,  Harvard  graduate,  Editor  of  The 
Crisis  and  The  Brownies'  Book,  New  York  City,  and  recognized 
as  the  leading  Negro  Sociologist  in  the  world,  is  in  possession  of 
more  authentic  data  covering  the  social  life  of  the  American 
Colored  people  than  any  other  member  of  the  race. 

Dr.  Geo.  E.  Haynes,  Columbia  graduate,  U.  S.  Director 
of  Negro  Economics  during  the  World  War,  and  Dr.  R.  R.  Wright 
Jr.,  graduate  of  the  University  of  Pa.,  and  editor  of  the  Christian 
Recorder,  Phila.,  Pa.,  are  the  two  leading  American  Colored 
authorities  on  economic  data  relative  to  the  all-round  labor, 
industrial  and  living  conditions  of  the  Colored  people  in  America. 

Prof.  W.  T.  B.  Williams,  Harvard  graduate,  Vice- Principal 
of  Tuskegee  Institute  and  Field  Agent  for  the  Jeanes  and  Slater 
Funds,  is  estimated  to  have  on  his  "finger  tips"  more  convincing 
and  reliable  facts  and  figures  pertaining  to  the  purposes,  needs 
kinds  and  grades  of  work  done  and  results  obtained  in  Negro 
universitites,  colleges,  industrial  normal  schools  and  rural 
county  schools  than  any  educator  in  America. 

Prof.  Monroe  N.  Work,  a  University  of  Chicago  graduate, 
editor  of  the  Negro  Year  Book  and  Director  of  Department 
Records  and  Research,  Tuskegee  Institute,  Ala.,  is  the  foremost 
Negro  not  only  in  America,  but  throughout  the  world,  who  has 
in  his  possession  the  greatest  amount  of  authentic  statistics  cov- 
ering the  all-round  past  and  present  activities  of  the  Colored 
people  in  the  United  States  of  America. 

Colored  Orators  *md  Lecturers 

Some  of  the  foremost  Colored  orators  and  lecturers  who  are 
most  frequently  on  the  platform  before  the  American  public 
today  are  J.  W.  E.  Bowen,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  W.  E.  B.  DuBois, 
New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  Geo.  E.  Haynes,  Washington,  D.  C,  Eva 

D.  Bowles,  New  York  City.,  Hallie  Q.  Brown,  Wilberforce,  Ohio, 

E.  K.  Jones,  Jas.  Weldon  Johnson,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  Mor- 
decai  Johnson,  Charleston,  W.  Va.,  Kelly  Miller,  Washington, 

157 


D.  C,  Chas.  S.  Morris,  Jr.,  Norfolk,  Va.,  J.  E.  Moorland,  New 
York,  N.  Y.,  R.  R.  Moton,  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  Wm.  Pickens,  New 
York  City,  N.  Y.,  C.  V.  Roman,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Roscoe 
C.  Simmons,  Louisville,  Ky.,  Mary  C.  Terrell,  Washington,  D. 
C,  Wm.  M.  Trotter,  Boston,  Mass. 

Now,  if  after  reading  through  the  foregoing  pages  of  inspira- 
tion, regarding  the  successes  of  Negro  writers,  some  Colored 
girls  and  boys  should  still  lack  courage,  because  of  their  color 
and  race,  to  throw  their  talents  into  such  literary  avenues,  they 
should  remember  that:- 

The  most  important  thing  about  a  newspaper,  magazine  or 
book  is  not  its  white  pages,  (because  such  pages  can  be  and  often 
are  colored)  but  the  most  important  thing  in  such  a  publication 
is  its  print  of  jet  black  letters  and  words.  But  if  those  genuine 
Ethiopian  letters  refused,  just  because  of  their  color,  to  mingle 
with  and  make  lasting  impressions  upon  the  fair  Caucasian 
pages  of  newspapers,  magazines  and  books;  why  my  discour- 
aged young  friends,  there  would  be  no  fields  nor  meadows  of 
journalism  in  which  white  people  could  even  enter  to  frolic  in 
the  games  of  "pen  and  pencil  pushing." 


258 


IN   HIGHER   EDUCATION 


Glad  Helloes 

Did  joys  spring  up  within  your  heart, 

When  autumn  days  bade  you  depart 

Back  to  your  campus  truly  veer 

To  meet  classmates  to  you  so  dear? 

Harrison. 


Sad  Good-Byes. 
Did  you  ever  have  glad  feelings  sad, 
When  June  told  you  the  books  to 
shirk 
And  classmates  whom  with  fun  you 
had 
You  parted  from  to  face  life's  work? 
Harrison. 


FOR  the  Colored  youths  of  exceptional  mental  abilities  and 
talents  who  desire  to  fit  themselves  along  higher  educational 
lines,  there  are  86  Negro  universities  and  colleges  and  numerous 
white  universities  and  colleges  in  the  North  and  West  where 
they  can  learn  art,  chemistry,  dentistry,  law,  medicine,  music, 
pharmacy,  theology  and  other  higher  subjects.  Up  to  the  present 
time  over  7000  Colored  students  have  graduated  from  American 
colleges  and  of  this  number  upward  of  ten  or  eleven  hundred 
have  graduated  from  white  colleges.  According  to  the  July 
1921  issue  of  The  Crisis,  85  Colored  Bachelors  of  Arts,  &  Sciences, 
11  Masters  of  Arts  and  3  Doctors  in  Philosophy  graduated  from 
white  colleges  in  1921,  while  376  Bachelors  of  Arts,  80  Doctors 
of  Medicine,  73  Dentists,  27  Pharmacists,  25  Lawyers  and  45 
Ministers  graduated  from  Colored  colleges  in  1921.  The  three 
Colored  scholars  who  graduated  from  the  white  colleges  with 
the  honors  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  are  Misses  Eva  B.  Dykes, 
Radcliffe  College;  Sadie  T.  Mossell,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  Georgiana  Simpson,  University  of  Chicago.  Miss  Eunice 
R.  Hunton,  '*an  excellent  student  throughout  her  course"  has  the 
distinction  of  receiving  the  two  honor  degrees  A.  B.  and  A.  M. 
upon  her  graduation  in  1921  from  Smith  College,  Mass. 

The  first  Colored  perons  to  graduate  from  a  Northern  white 
college  was  John  Brown  Russworm,  who  graduated  from  Bow- 
doin  in  1826.  Aside  from  holding  for  years  the  world  recognition 
and  honor  of  being  both  the  greatest  scholastic  and  athletic 
university  in  America,  Harvard  University  is  also  known  through- 
out the  Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres  as  practicing  the  truest 
and  highest  standards  of  broad-minded,  one-hundred  percent 
Americanism  toward  its  Colored  students  of  any  similar  white 

159 


institution  in  America.  As  a  result  of  such  brotherhood  feelings 
existing  there  between  the  two  races,  more  Negroes  on  an  average 
enter  and  graduate  from  the  different  departments  of  Harvard 
than  from  any  other  great  Northern  white  college.  Its  front 
doors  (as  well  as  back  doors)  are  always  standing  ajar  with  latch 
strings  hanging  on  the  outside  for  the  unembarrassed  entrance 
of  any  worthy  applicant  whether  he  be  rich  or  poor,  white  or 
black.  And  when  a  Colored  student  at  Harvard  joins  his  white 
school  chums  in  singing  their  college  song — "Fair  Harvard",  he 
sings  it  with  the  same  fullness  and  pathos  in  heart,  the  same 
peacefulness  and  contentment  in  mind  and  the  same  truthfulness 
and  sincerity  in  words  that  he  hopes  when  he  enters  the  world 
to  be  able  to  sing  in  every  country,  over  which  floats  the  "Red 
White  and  Blue" — "My  Country  'tis  of  thee,  sweet  land  of 
liberty" — letting  his  voice  come  to  its  fullest  accent  and  climax- 
ing crescendo  on  the  word  — LIBERTY. 

Other  leading  white  universities  or  colleges  having  encouraged 
and  welcomed  Colored  students  to  study  in  and  graduate  from 
their  class  room,  as  well  as  to  play  and  star  on  their  varsity  teams 
are  as  follows  : 

Amherst,  Mass.,  Bates,  Maine;  Brown,  R.  I.,  California,  Cal., 
Carnegie,  Pa.,  Chicago,  111.,  Cincinnati,  O. ;  Clark,  Mass,.  Colby, 
Me.,  Columbia,  N.  Y.,  Cornell,  N.  Y.,  Dartmouth,  N.  H., 
Dubuque,  la.,  Illinois,  111.,  Indiana,  Ind.,  Kansas,  Kan.,  La- 
fayette, Pa.,  (and  the  racial  broad-mindedness,  human  brother- 
hood and  one-hundred  percent  Americanism  sentiment  relative 
to  the  Negro  at  Lehigh  University,  Pa.,  as  a  student,  is  becoming  so 
pronounced  there  as  to  indicate  that  Lehigh  may  eventually 
join  these  other  white  schools  with  her  sister  Lafayette  in  hav- 
ing Colored  American  citizens  to  study  and  recite  in  her  class 
rooms)  Massachusetts,  Mass.,  Michigan,  Mich,.  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Northwestern,  111.,  Ohio  State,  O.,  Pennsylvania,  Pa.,  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.,  Radcliffe,  Mass.,  Rutgers,  N.  J.,  Smith,  Mass.,  Syracuse, 
N.  Y.,  Temple,  Pa.,  Tufts,  Mass,.  Washington  &  Jefferson; 
Wellesley,  Williams,  Mass.,  Wisconsin,  Wis.,  Yale,  Conn. 

Some  of  the  Negro  universities  and  colleges  that  are  preparing 
young  men  and  women  of  the  Race  to  enter  the  different  fields 

160 


of  professionalism  for  the  betterment  and  uplift  o  f  themselves 
and  their  people  are  named  below  as  folows : 

Allen  Univ.,  Columbia,  S.  C;  Arkansas  Bapt.  Col.,  Little 
Rock,  Ark.;  Altanta  Bapt.  Col.,  Atlanta  Univ.,  Atlanta,  Ga.; 
Barber  Memorial  Seminary,  (women)  Anniston,  Ala.;  Benedict 
Col.,  Columbians.  C;  Biddle  Univ.,  Charlotte,  N.  C;  Claflin, 
Col.,  Orangeburg,  S.  C;  Clarke  Univ.,  Atlanta,  Ga.;  Edward 
Waters  Col.  ,  Jacksonville,  Fla.;  Fisk  Univ.,  Nashville,  Tenn.; 
Hartshorn  Col.,  (women)  Richmond,  Va.;  Howard  Univ.,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C;  Jackson  Col.,  Jackson,  Miss.;  Knoxville  Col.; 
Knoxville,  Tenn.;  Lane  Col.;  Jackson,  Tenn.;  Lincoln  Univ., 
Lincoln,  Pa.;  Livingston  Col.,  Salisbury,  N.  C;  Mary  Allen 
Seminary,  (women)  Crockett,  Texas,  Mary  Holmes  Seminary, 
(women)  West  point,  Miss.;  Meherry  Univ.,  Nashville,  Tenn.; 
Miles  Memorial  Col.,  Birmingham,  Ala.;  Morehouse  Col.,  At- 
lanta, Ga.;  Morgan  Col.,  Baltimore,  Md.;  Morris  Brown  Univ., 
Atlanta,  Ga.;  National  Training  School,  Durham,  N.  C;  Na- 
tional Training  School,  (women)  Washington,  D.  C;  Paine 
Univ.,  Augusta,  Ga. ;  Paul  Quinn  Col.,  Waco,  Tex.;  Payne  Univ., 
Selma,  Ala.;  Philander  Smith  Col.,  Little  Rock,  Ark.;  Roger 
Williams  Univ.,  Nashville,  Tenn.;  Rust  Univ.,  Holley  Springs, 
Miss.;  Selma  Univ.,  Selma,  Ala.;  Scotia  Seminary,  (women) 
Concord,  N.  C;  Shaw  Univ.,  Raleigh,  N.  C;  Geo.  R.  Smith 
Col.,  Sedalia,  Mo.,;  Spellman  Seminary,  (women)  Atlanta,  Ga.; 
Shorter  Col.,  Little  Rock,  Ark. ;  State  Normal  Col.,  Normal,  Ala.  ; 
Straight  Col.,  New  Orleans,  La.;  Southern  Univ.,  Baton  Rouge, 
La.;  Talladega  Col.,  Talledega,  Ala.;  Touguloo  Univ.,  Touguloo, 
Miss.;  Virginia  Union  Univ.,  Richmond,  Va.;  Western  Univ., 
Quindaro,  Kan.;  Wilberforce  Univ.,  Wilberforce,  O.;  W7est  Va. 
Collegiate  Inst.,  Institute  ,  W7est  Va.;  Wiley  Col.,  Marshall,  Tex. 
(extracts  from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs. 
303-4-5). 

Some  of  the  foremost  Colored  leaders  in  higher  education  as 
well  as  among  the  most  noted  scholars  of  today  are:  H.  S,  Black- 
iston,  Institute,  W.  Va.,  St.  Elmo  Brady,  Washington,  D.  C, 
John  W.  Davis,  Institute,  W,  Va.,  John  A.  Gregg,  Wilberforce, 
O.,  G.  E.  Haynes,  Washington  D.  C,  John  Hope,  Atlanta,  Ga,, 

161 


Elmer  S.  Imes,  New  York  City,  E.  E.  Just,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Clement  Richardson,  Jefferson  City,  Mo.,  L.  J.  Rowan,  Alcorn, 
Miss.,  W.  S.  Scarborough,  Wilberforce,  O.,  J.  B.  Simpson,  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  C.  H.  Turner,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  N.  B.  Young,  Talla- 
hassee, Fla.,  R.  C.  Woods,  Lynchburg,  Va.,  C.  G.  Woodson, 
Washington,  D.  C.,R.  R.  Wright,  Jr.,  Phila.,  Pa. 

Whenever  a  Colored  person  makes  a  phenomenal  advance- 
ment in  any  special  and  worthy  field  of  progress,  some  jealous 
enemy  of  the  race  silently  creeps  out  at  once,  loads  his  donkey 
cart  full  of  smoked  glasses,  leather  glasses,  sun  glasses,  eye 
glasses,  spy  glasses,  magnifiying  glasses,  old  ladies'  spectacles, 
microscopes,  telescopes,  X-Rays,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.,  and  scoots  around 
examining  even  the  very  breath  the  unsuspecting  Colored  person 
leaves  upon  the  air.  If  the  surmised  results  of  that  examination 
and  the  color  of  the  victim's  skin  in  any  way  suggests  that  he 
has  one  drop  of  Caucasian  blood  in  him;  then  the  credit  for  all 
the  success  he  has  attained  is  given  to  the  white  race — just  as 
a  little  patch  of  white  hair  on  the  forehead  of  an  otherwise  jet 
black  horse  is  the  cause  of  that  black  horse  winning  a  race. 

Allowing  such  enemies  of  Negroes  to  retain  their  foolish 
beliefs  rather  than  waste  valuable  time  trying  to  convince  them 
their  wrong,  the  writer,  for  the  benefit  of  well-meaning  but  easily 
influenced  white  people  who  might  be  led  astray  by  the  above 
foolish  beliefs,  picks  out  just  one  from  among  scores  of  full- 
blooded  Negroes  of  highest  attainments  in  different  fields.  This 
selected  and  highly  gifted  Negro  scholar  is  Dr.  W.  S.  Scar- 
borough, A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  Ph.  D.  about  whom  there  has  never 
been  the  slightest  question  regarding  his  not  being  a  genuine 
Negro.  He  was  for  many  years  president  of  Wilberforce  Univer- 
sity and  is  a  member  of  at  least  seven  national  and  international 
educational  societies  the  majority  to  which  no  other  Negro 
belongs.  At  this  writing  Dr.  Scarborough  has  just  sailed  for 
Europe  where  he  will  represent  America  in  several  international 
meetings  of  educational  societies.  He  is  the  author  of  a  Greek 
Grammar  and  several  other  original  works  in  Greek. 

Talented  high  school  Colored  youths  who  wish  to  go  to  col- 
lege, but  hesitate  to  go  as  high  as  possible  in  education  for  fear 

162 


of  their  learned  colored  complexions  displeasing  other  races, 
should  remember  that: 

The  highest  thing  in  the  world  (the  sky)  is  Colored,  and  who 
is  not  at  all  times  over-joyed  in  spirits  and  much  benefited  in 
hopefulness  when  seeing  blue  patches  of  the  elevated  sky  after 
it  has  been  hidden  for  several  days  behind  clouds  that  may  even 
be  of  snowy  whiteness? 


163 


IN  THE  SCIENCES 

Mat  Henson 

When  he  looked  around  to  call  the  roll, 

As  he  first  discovered  the  Northern  Pole; 

Commodore  Peary  had  by  his  side 

Mat  Henson,  a  Negro,  true  and  tried. 

—  Harrison. 

WHILE  the  American  Negro  in  the  field  of  science  has  not 
yet  produced  an  Agassi  z,  the  Race  has  already  developed 
two  men  far  advanced  along  this  path  in  the  persons  of  Dr. 
Ernest  R.  Just,  Head  Professor  of  Physiology  at  Howard  Uni- 
versity and  Dr.  Chas.  H.  Turner,  Professor  of  Biology  at 
Howard  University. 

As  the  only  magna  cum  laude  man  in  his  class  of  1907,  Dr. 
Just  graduated  from  Dartmouth  College,  and  in  1916  received 
his  degree,  Ph.  D.  from  the  University  of  Chicago  in  zoology  and 
physiology.  Among  the  many  scientific  subjects  upon  which 
he  has  written  he  has  chiefly  dwelt  upon  artificial  parthenogenesis 
and  fertilization.  For  ten  years  he  has  spent  his  summer  vaca- 
tions as  a  student  in  research  work  at  the  Marine  Biological 
Laboratory  at  Wood's  Hole,  Mass.  On  account  of  his  minute 
scientific  researches  and  conclusions  he  has  been  made  a  member 
in  the  Sigma  Xi  and  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Societies,  The  American 
Society  of  Zoologists,  the  American  Museum,  and  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

In  order  to  further  inspire  Negro  youths  who  plan  to  make  this 
particullar  professional  line  their  work,  the  writer  will  cite  an 
incident  that  fully  proves  Dr.  Just's  recognition  and  valuation 
in  the  world  of  science.  During  the  summer  of  1920,  the  highest 
scientific  organ  in  the  United  States,  The  National  Academy  of 
Sciences,  provided  a  grant  to  Dr.  Just,  through  Howard  Univer- 
sity, to  cover  research  work  in  the  field  of  physiology.  As  this 
is  the  first  grant  of  its  kind  not  only  to  a  Negro  but  to  a  member 
of  any  race,  it  further  proves  that  hard  study  and  sweaty  work, 
bull  dog  grit  and  grip  to  never  loose  your  hold,  mule  stubborness 
to  brace  your  hind  feet  in  holding  your  grounds  and  at  the  same 
time  flopping  your  ears  to  all  discouraging  sounds,  taking  tor- 

164 


toise  steps  slow  but  always  forward,  while  keeping  an  eagle 
eye  on  some  chosen  lofty  peak,  will  finally  result  in  any  Colored 
person,  although  prejudiced  handicapped,  reaching  the  highest 
point  in  any  noble  calling. 

Aside  from  the  University  of  Chicago  honoring  him  with  the 
degree  of  Ph.  D.  in  1907,  the  world's  greatest  scientists  in  America 
and  Europe  have  weighed  and  found  the  full  value  of  Dr.  Chas. 
H.  Turner  as  a  Biologist  of  the  first  order  in  the  special  fields  of 
neurology  and  comparative  psychology. 

Here  and  abroad  scientific  students  and  teachers  alike  con- 
stantly turn  for  information  and  references  to  his  writings  on  the 
habits  and  manner  of  the  Burrowing  and  Honey  Bees,  the  Com- 
mon Roach,  the  Mason  Wasp,  the  Ant  and  several  other  species  of 
larger  sized  and  more  advanced  insect  vertebrates.  Some  other 
of  his  research  articles  that  have  appeared  in  some  of  the  best 
magazines  of  science  are  Morphology  of  the  Nervous  System  of 
the  Genus  Cypris;  Ecological  Notes  on  the  Cladocrea  and  Cop- 
spoda  of  Augusta;  the  Mushroom  Bodies  of  the  Crawfish,  Mor- 
phology of  the  Avian  Brian  and  other  subjects  along  these 
lines.  (Extracts  from  Southern  Workman,  July  1920  issue, 
pgs.  324-26). 

Negro  boys  who  read  these  pages  will  notice  that  just  as  it  is 
the  colored  bees  that  are  willing  to  drudge  day  after  day  in 
gathering  and  laying  aside  bits  by  bits  of  the  sweetest  thing 
on  earth  (honey)  for  future  use ;  so  has  Dr.  Turner  (like  all  present 
and  future  youths  must  do  if  they  wish  to  gain  success  in  any 
calling)  been  willing  to  patiently  and  tirelessly  plod  ahead  gath- 
ering and  adding  little  by  little  of  the  greatest  thing  on  earth 
(knowledge)  to  his  store  of  wisdom.  Today  his  research  stack 
has  piled  up  into  such  a  vast  heap  that  he  is  now  able  to  scatter 
it  into  scientific  pastures  in  such  aways  as  to  be  of  the  most 
fertilizing  values  therein  for  the  enriching  of  future  young  minds 
and  for  the  growing  of  reputation  and  fame  for  himself. 

The  most  original  and  beneficial  researches  and  discoveries 
in  the  American  Negro  field  of  chemistry  have  been  made  by 
Prof.  G.  E.  Carver,  Director  of  Agricultural  Research  in  Chem- 
istry at  Tuskegee  Institute,  Tuskegee,  Ala.     Chief  among  his 

165 


twenty  and  more  discovered  chemical  products  that  are  today 
being  used  as  practical  farm  and  household  necessitites  are  as 
follows:  dressing  for  canvass  shoes,  made  from  Macon  County 
clays;  dyes  made  from  dandelion,  black  oak,  wood  ashes,  sweet 
gum,  willow,  swamp-maple,  sweet  potatoes,  pomegrante,  peanuts, 
sage,  orange,  muscatine  grape,  onions,  velvet  beans  and  toma- 
to vines;  cotton-stalk  fibre  for  rope,  cordage,  mats  and  car- 
pets; furniture  stains  made  from  native  clays  and  vegetables; 
feathers  for  millinery  purposes,  secured  from  native  wild  and 
barn-yard  fowls;  laundry  blues,  20  varieties;  okra  fibre  for  paper, 
rope,  cordage,  strawboard,  matting  and  carpet;  poplar  bark  for 
artificial  ribbon;  Tonic  stock  feed;  made  of  snap  corn,  velvet 
beans,  cotton-seed  meal,  and  china  berries,  containing  protein, 
14.5  per  cent.;  fats,  4.5;  crude  fibre  12.  and  carbohydrates  52.; 
Ultramarine  Dyes,  made  from  Macon  County  clays  and  used  for 
cotton,  wool,  silk,  and  leather;  White  and  Color  Washes,  made 
from  clays;  Wistaria  for  basketry  work.  One  of  his  chemical 
products  that  attracted  the  widest  attention  was  Prof.  Carver's 
Sweet  Potatoes  Flour  that  was  sucessfully  used  during  the  World 
War  by  the  Tuskegee  Institute  (which  has  a  population  around 
two  thousand  students  and  instructors) as  a  substitute  for  wheat 
flour.    (Ref.  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  p.  42). 

Quite  a  number  of  Colored  men  and  women  have  graduated 
in  chemistry  and  physics  with  high  honors  from  some  of  the 
leading  universities  in  America,  and  are  today  holding  responsible 
and  high  salaried  positions  either  as  professors  in  colleges  or  as 
consulting  chemists  in  private  commercial  corporations.  Among 
such  professors  in  colleges  are  St.  Elmo  Brady  and  E.  Chandler 
who  have  attracted  unusual  attention  to  their  chemical  experie- 
ments  and  for  their  accurate  conclusions  have  received  their 
Ph.  D.  degrees  from  the  University  of  Illinois.  Dr.  Brady  is 
author  of  a  book  on  chemistry. 

For  the  past  twenty-five  years  a  Colored  man  by  the  name  of 
O.  W.  Collins  has  been  employed  by  the  R.  W.  Hunt  Bureau  of 
Inspection,  said  to  be  the  largest  engineering  corporation  in 
America.  Mr.  Collins  is  an  analytical  and  consulting  chemist 
for  that  corporation. 

166 


Harry  Keelan,  a  Harvard  graduate,  during  the  World  War 
resigned  a  &300  a  month  position  as  consulting  chemist  in  a  New- 
York  white  firm,  in  order  to  join  some  other  Colored  men  in 
organizing  a  company  for  the  manufacture  of  dyes.  In  this 
industry  he  was  ably  assisted  by  E.  L.  Davidson,  another  Har- 
vard graduate,  and  the  quality  of  their  dyes  was  of  such  high 
grade  and  standard  that  their  firm  was  unable  to  fill  the  rush 
orders  for  their  products. 

Miss  Deborah  Henderson  graduated  from  the  Central  High 
School,  Detroit,  Mich.,  attending  the  Oberlin  College  where  her 
scholastic  achievements  won  her  the  much  coveted  "key", 
Then  entering  the  University  of  Chicago  she  attended  there 
until  her  graduation  as  a  ranking  bacteriologist  and  chemical 
technician,  as  well  as  serving  during  her'  senior  year  as  president 
of  the  Alpha  Kappa  Sorority.  Miss  Henderson  is  only  one  among 
numerous  Colored  women  who  have  successfully  invaded  the 
highest  chemical  fields.  After  reaching  that  stage  of  advance- 
ment, they  have  experimentally  as  well  as  theoretically  peeped 
and  peered  into  many  scientific  secret  lanes  and  avenues  until 
they  learned  much  of  the  hidden  and  inexhaustive  mysteries 
therein.  And  with  the  proper  encouragements,  facilities  and 
surroundings,  it  is  not  impossible  for  some  American  Colored 
women  scientist  some  day  becoming  a  second  Madame  Curie 
by  finally  discovering  and  giving  to  the  world  another  hidden 
force  of  the  elements,  like  Radium,  that  will  greatly  benefit 
humanity  and  add  much  to  the  store  of  man's  scientific  know- 
ledge. 

The  following  quotation  is  part  of  an  article  that  appeared 
in  the  April  9,  1921  issue  of  the  Chicago  Defender: 

"In  the  various  fields  of  learning  the  race  has  wrought  and  has 
its  representatives;  but  not  until  now  have  we  had  a  graduate 
doctor  of  metaphysics.  The  pioneer  in  this  instance  is  Dr.  Adene 
C.  E.  Minott,  founder  and  head  of  the  Clio  School  of  Mental 
Sciences,  Inc.,  3543  State  street,  this  city. 

"While  yet  a  girl  in  her  teens,  Miss  Minott  showed  excep- 
tional ability.  She  graduated  first  in  her  class  from  Grammar 
School  No.  80,  New  York  City,  and  won  the  prize  for  general 

167 


excellence  from  her  teacher,  Miss  Mary  E.  Eaton.  Miss  Minott 
then  entered  the  Girl's  Technical  High  School  of  that  city  and, 
after  receiving  necessary  academic  counts,  entered  the  Mac 
Donnall  College  of  Phrenology  and  Psychology,  Washington, 
D.  C.  Because  she  was  a  Race  woman,  she  was  not  permitted 
to  study  with  the  regular  classes,  but  forced  to  take  the  course 
by  private  instruction.  Despite  this  disadvantage,  Miss  Minott 
completed  the  studies  in  one-half  the  regular  time,  graduated 
with  honors  and  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Philospohy. 

"Returning  to  New  York  City,  she  next  forced  admittance 
into  the  world-famed  American  Institute  of  Anthropology,  per- 
fecting herself  as  a  teacher  in  five  branches  of  anthropology, 
as  follows:  Phrenology,  physiognomy,  practial  psychology, 
physiology  and  anotmy  of  the  brain.  When  she  graduated  from 
this  institution,  as  a  mark  of  distinction  for  an  excellent  record, 
she  was  presented  with  a  membership  medal  and  received  the 
degree  of  Fellow  of  the  American  Institute  of  Anthropogy,  this 
making  her  the  only  Race  woman  in  the  United  States  to  gradu- 
ate from  this  institution  or  holding  such  a  degree. 

"Two  years  ago  Prof.  Minott  began  an  intensive  course  in 
metaphysics  and  business  psychology  at  the  College  of  met  a 
physics,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  She  completed  the  courses  and  took  the 
midwinter  examinations  recently,  passing  with  honors  and  re- 
ceiving the  title  and  degree  of  Doctor  of  Metaphysics,  being  the 
first  again  of  the  Race  to  receive  that  degree  in  this  country. 

"The  first  years  of  Dr.  Minott's  practice  were  confined  to  an 
exclusive  clientele  among  the  whites  of  New  York  City.  Five 
years  ago,  however,  she  was  prevailed  upon  to  establish  a  branch 
of  the  Clio  School  of  Mental  Sciences  in  Chicago,  and  to  central- 
ize her  efforts  somewhat  upon  the  developing  and  improving  of 
her  own  people.  This  she  did,  and  her  efforts  have  met  with 
enviable  success  and  gratifying  appreciation". 

Miss  Minott's  unusually  successful  career  proves  that  a  Color- 
ed girl  has  the  same  brain  power  to  reach  the  mental  heights  a 
white  girl  is  able  to  attain,  even  when  that  Colored  girl  is  given 
only  half  the  encouragement,  half  the  privileges  and  half  access 

168 


to  the  proper  environments.  It  is  true  that  all  Colored  girls 
cannot  soar  as  high  in  education  as  Miss  Minott,  but  all  Colored 
girls  can  improve  themselves  from  day  to  day  if  they  will  only 
decide  to  study.  A  cook  can  elevate  herself  to  a  hairdresser;  a 
chambermaid  can  elevate  hereself  to  a  dressmaker;  a  waitress  can 
elevate  herself  to  a  stenographer  and  typewriter;  a  factory  girl 
can  elevate  herself  to  a  bookkeeper  and  a  child's  nurse  can  elevate 
herself  to  a  school  teacher.  But  such  girls  cannot  reach  such 
successes  if  they  go  to  ball  rooms  and  cabarets  to  elevate  their 
skirts  instead  of  going  to  night  schools  to  elevate  their  minds.  It 
all  depends  upon  each  girl  herself  whether  she  will  do  drudgery 
work  all  her  life  or  whether  she  will  do  it  a  few  years  as  a  stepping 
stone  while  she  is  preparing  herself  for  something  higher. 

Colored  cooks,  waitresses,  etc.,  who  think  it  is  no  use  to  de- 
velop their  minds,  or  study  for  more  education  just  because  they 
are  Colored  and  will  not  get  a  chance  to  use  such  education, 
should  remember  that  :- 

They  would  never  have  grape  fruits,  oranges  or  bananas  to 
prepare  and  serve  if  those  fruits  refused  to  grow  and  develop 
because  of  their  yellow  skins;  they  would  never  have  coffee  to 
serve  if  it  had  refused  to  grow  because  it  is  brown;  they  would 
never  have  steak  to  broil  and  serve  if  yellow  alderney  or  black 
holstein  cattle  had  refused  to  develop  from  calves  to  cows  be- 
cause of  their  colors.  Thus,  if  fruits,  vegetables  and  dumb  ani- 
mals keep  right  on  growing  and  developing  into  their  fullest 
bloom  of  power  and  usefulness  regardless  of  their  colors;  why 
should  not  Colored  girls,  who  have  brains  to  think,  hands  to 
work  and  God  to  guide  them  in  right,  do  the  same? 


169 


IN  MEDICINE. 

The  Medicine  Man 

(The  fellow  who  makes  you  one  minute  cry 
To  give  you  more  years  of  health  and  spry.) 

At  least  once  a  year  he  ought  to  test 

Heart,  lungs  and  kidneys  for  your  best. 
LOVE,  air  and  water  you'll  longer  enjoy, 
If  doctors  thus  you'll  timely  employ. 

Harrison. 

IN  order  to  help  look  after  the  general  health,  advise  and 
encourage  good  physical  conditions  and  thereby  save  and 
prolong  the  lives  of  the  several  million  Colored  people  residing 
in  the  United  States,  and  to  assist  in  easing  the  pains  and  suf- 
ferings of  all  humanity;  there  are  between  four  and  five  thousand 
Colored  physicians  today  practicing  medicine  in  America. 
While  the  majority  of  these  professional  men  are  located  in  parts 
of  this  country  where  they  do  business  exclusively  among  their 
own  people,  there  are  hundreds  of  Colored  doctors  residing  in 
many  other  states  where  the  number  of  their  white  patients  is 
as  large  as  among  their  own  race. 

In  1767  there  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  a  slave  by  the 
name  of  Jas.  Derham,  who  in  his  early  life  was  taught  medicine 
by  his  white  owner,  a  practicing  physician.  After  Derham  had 
saved  enough  money  to  set  himself  up  in  business  and  had  se- 
cured his  freedom,  he  moved  to  New  Orleans,  La.,  where  in  a  few 
years  he  built  up  both  a  large  practice  and  an  independent  for- 
tune. It  is  said  that  Dr.  Derham  was  the  first  Negro  in  the 
United  States  to  be  recognized  as  a  practicing  physician. 

Dr.  Daniel  H.  Williams  of  Chicago,  111.,  not  only  is  spoken 
of  as  being  in  the  front  rank  of  the  foremost  physicians  and 
surgeons  of  the  Negro  race  but  he  is  also  classed  with  the  first 
medical  men  of  any  race  or  nation.  He  is  the  founder  of  the 
celebrated  Provident  Hospital  and  Training  School  of  Chicago 
and  was  Surgeon-in-Chief  of  the  famous  Freedman's  Hospital, 
Washington,  D.  C,  under  President  Cleveland's  administration. 
His  medical  ability  became  so  widely  known  that  he  has  been 
called  to  nearly  every  important  part  of  the  United  States  for 
consultation.     His  skill  in  being  the  first  surgeon  to  make  a 

170 


successful  operation  on  the  human  heart  has  won  him  world- 
wide reputation.  As  a  result  of  his  deep  medical  studies  and 
most  delicate  surgical  operations  he  has  been  honored  with  the 
first  Negro  membership  in  the  American  College  of  Surgeons. 

Dr.  Algernon  B.  Jackson,  Phila.,  Pa.,  has  the  distinction 
of  receiving  a  Fellowship  in  the  American  College  of  Physicians, 
as  a  result  of  his  great  all-around  medical  skill  and  especially 
his  first  discovery  of  a  cure  for  articular  rheumatism.  He  is 
Head  of  the  Mercy  Hospital,  which  is  one  of  the  most  practically 
and  beautifully  located  Colored  institutions  of  its  kind  not  only 
in  Philadelphia  but  in  the  United  States.  The  results  of  Dr. 
Jackson's  medical  experiments  and  discoveries  have  been  pub- 
lished in  leading  medical  journals  and  have  won  a  name  for  him 
here  and  abroad. 

Aside  from  teaching  as  a  professor  in  one  of  the  leading  white 
medical  schools  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dr.  S.  C.  Fuller,  a  Neuropathol- 
ogist of  nationwide  fame,  is  also  serving  as  a  member  on  the  medi- 
cal staff  of  the  Massachusetts  Hospital  (white)  for  the  insane. 
In  this  capacity  he  has  from  time  to  time  made  some  very 
valuable  discoveries  and  suggestions  that  have  been  accepted 
and  put  into  practical  and  beneficial  uses  for  the  treatment  and 
care  of  the  insane. 

The  honor  of  being  the  first  Colored  physician  to  be  accepted 
as  an  interne  in  the  Bellevue  Hospital,  a  New  York  City  white 
institution  of  world-wide  renown,  rests  upon  the  capable  shoulders 
of  Dr.  U.  G.  Vincent.  A  few  years  ago  he  graduated  with  such 
high  honors  from  the  University  of  Pa.,  that  he  was  not  com- 
pelled (as  is  usually  the  case)  to  take  the  interne  entrance  ex- 
amination when  admitted  to  the  Bellevue  Hospital. 

Dr.  Louis  T.  Wright,  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  now  of  New  York, 
graduated  from  Harvard  University  among  the  brainiest  men  of 
his  class.  As  a  young  physician  both  in  age  and  practice,  he 
is  making  wonderful  strides  along  medical  paths  and  has  already 
discovered  a  new  method  of  vacination  that  has  been  tested 
and  used  by  the  United  States  Government. 

171 


On  account  of  some  extra  special  and  greatly  beneficial 
medical  efforts  having  been  spent  in  their  unusually  successful 
careers;  the  following  names  have  been  handed  to  the  writer 
as  belonging  to  a  few  of  the  Colored  physicians  who  are  recog- 
nized as  standing  among  the  very  highest  in  their  profession. 
E.  A.  Balloch,  Washington,  D.  C,  H.  R.  Butler,  Atlanta,  Ga., 
J.  E.  Cannady,  Charleston,  W.  Va.,  A.  M.  Curtis,  Washington, 

D.  C,  U.  G.  Dailey,  Chicago,  111.,  J.  J.  France,  Portsmouth, 
Va.,  S.  A.  Furniss,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  J.  H.  Hale,  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  Geo.  C.  Hall.,  Chicago,  111.,  J.  A.  Kenney,  Tuskegee, 
Ala.,  N.  F.  Mossell,  Phila.,  Pa.,  H.  M.  Murray,  Wilmington, 
Del.,  W.  L.  Perry,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  C.  V.  Roman,  Nashville,  Tenn., 

E.  P.  Roberts,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  H.  A.  Royster,  Raleigh 
N.  C,  York  Russell,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  W.  A.  Warfield, 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  A.  Wilberforce  Williams,  Chicago,  111, 

As  the  result  of  often  handicapped  and  hurried  researches 
in  the  hundred  or 'more  following  named  cities,  the  writer  was 
only  able  to  secure  the  few  names  listed  below  from  among  the 
thousands  of  doctors  unlocated  but  who  are  just  as  skilled  in  the 
healing  powers  and  just  as  learned  in  the  medical  science  where- 
ever  they  may  be  practicing : 

Atlanta,  Ga. 

Dr.    R.    A.    Carter,    Drs.    J.    W. 

Burney,  H.  R.  Bulter,  C.  H.  John- 
son, H.  E.  Nash,  J.  A.  Slater. 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 

Drs.  R.  E.  Harris,  C.  McGuire. 
Augusta,  Ga. 

Drs.  T.  W.  Josey,  G.  N.  Stoney. 
Baltimore,  Md. 

Drs.  H.  F.  Brown,  J.  C.  Brown, 

D.  E.    Campbell,    H.    White,  W. 

H.  Wright. 
Birmingham,  Ala. 

Drs.  J.  W.  Anderson,  H.  C.  Bryant, 

U.  G.  Mason,  J.  B.  Clayton,  E. 

R.  Dudley. 
Boley,  Okla. 

Drs.  J.  D.  Nelson,  W.  A.  Paxton, 

J.  W.  Young. 
Boston,   Mass. 

Drs.  C.  Garland,  C.  Harrison,  I. 

L.  Roberts,  B.  Robinson. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Drs.  M.  A.  Allen,  H.  Lewis. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Drs.    R.    Birnie,    F.    M.    Jacobs, 

R.  Johnson,  O.  M.  Waller. 
Camden,  N.  J. 

Drs.  C.  T.  Branch,  I.  Wilson. 
Charleston,  S.  C,  D 

Drs.  M.  M.  Edwards,  W.  H.  John- 
son, J.  M.  Thompson,  W.  H.  Miller 
Charleston,  W.  Va. 

Drs.  J.  E.  Cannady,  H.  F.  Gamble, 

R.  L.  Jones. 
Charlotte,  N.  C. 

E.  F.  Tyson,  J.  T.  Williams. 
Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Drs.  T.  A.  Key,  W.  A.  Thompson. 
Chester,  Pa. 

Dr.  J.  H.  Miller,  K.  L.  Kurd,  E.  E. 

Raven. 
Chicago,  111. 

Drs.  U.  G.  Dailey,  S.  C.  Dickson, 

W.  S.  Grant,  G.  C.  Hall,  E.    B. 

Ramsey,  A.  Wilberforce  Williams, 

Daniel  H.  Williams. 


172 


Cincinnati,  O. 

Drs.  E.  B.  Gray,  F.  W.  Johnson. 
Cleveland,  O. 

Drs.  E.  A.  Bailey,  C.  H.  Garvin, 

E.  J.  Gregg,  O.  A.  Taylor,  J.  T. 
Sykes.     h 

Columbia,  S.  C. 

N.  A.  Jenkins,  F.  B.  Johnson. 

Columbus,  O. 

W.  W.  Cooper,  W.  A.  Method, 
W.  R.  Morrison,  W.  Woodlin. 

Danville,  Va. 

F.  W.  James,  A.  L.  Winslow. 
Dayton,  O. 

L.  H.  Cox,  B.  A.  Rose. 
Denver,  Col. 

S.  A.  Huff,  J.  H.  Westbrook. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Drs.  A.  J.  Booker,  A.  Jefferson. 
Detroit,  Mich. 

Drs.  Northcross  and  Turner. 
Durham,  N.  C. 

Drs.  C.  Donnell,  A.  M.  Moore. 
Evansville,  Ind. 

G.  W.  Buckner,  H.  Thompson. 
Fort  Smith,  Ark. 

Drs.  S.  W.  Harrison,  N.  H.  Lock- 
hart. 

Fort  Worth,  Texas. 

Drs.  A.  B.  Borders,  J.  W.  Tildon. 

Gary,  Ind. 

Drs.  Baskett  and  Blackwell,  C.  E. 

Hawkins. 

Greenville,  S.  C. 
Dr.  A.  E.  Boyd. 

Hampton,  Va. 

Drs.  W.  E.  Atkins,  C.  S.  Bassette 
Bur!  Bassette,  J.J.  Jones. 

Harrisburg,  Pa. 

C.  L.  Carter,  C.  H.  Crampton, 
M.  H.  Lay  ton,  A.  L.  Marshall, 
J.  T.  Warrick. 

Hartford,  Conn. 
Dr.  H.  W.  Furniss. 

Helena,  Ark. 

Drs.  A.  D.  Beacly,  S.  H.  Hor- 
goods. 

Hopkinsville,  Ky. 
Dr.  B.  O.  Moore. 

Houston,  Texas. 

B.  J.  Covington,  H.  E.  Lee. 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Drs.  H.  W.  Armistead,  S.  A.  Fur- 
niss, J.  H.  Ward,  H.  L.  Hummonds. 


Jackson,  Miss. 

Dr.  R.  S.  Johnson. 
Jacksonville,  Fla. 

Drs.  C.  F.  Duncan,  M.  F.McCleary 

J.  S.  Hills,  A.  H.  Kennibrew. 
Jersey  Cit)',  N.  J. 

Drs.  G.  E.  Cannon,  P.  F.  Ghee, 
Kansas  City,  Kan. 

Drs.  J.  N.  Sohns,  S.  H.Thompson. 
Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Drs.  E.  C.  Bunch,  T.  C.  Brown, 

C.   M.   Kane,  J.  E.  Perry,  J.   F. 

Shannon,  W.  J.  Tompkins,  T.  C. 

Unthank. 

Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Drs.  D.  W.  Crawford,  S.M.  Clark, 

H.  M.  Green. 
Leavenworth.  Kan. 

Drs.  C.  M.  Moates,  Silas  Jackson. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 

Drs.  J.  T.  Clowers,  G.  W.  S.  Ish, 

J.  G.  Thornton. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Drs.    C.    Ballard,    Anna    Leggett, 

J.  S.  Outlaw,  L.  Stovall. 
Lexington,  Ky. 

Dr.  J.  E.  Hunter. 
Louisville,  Ky. 

Drs.  J.  M.  Hammons,  A.  C.  Mc 

Intyre,    E.    D.    Wedbee,    W.    H. 

Pickett. 
Memphis,  Tenn. 

Drs.    A.     N.    Townsend,    C.    A. 

Terrell,  J.  T.  Wilson 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Drs.  F.  Boget,  H.  B.  Stokes. 
Mobile,  Ala. 

Drs.  T.  N.  Harris,  H.  R.  Williams. 
Montgomery,  Ala. 

Drs.  R.  T.  Adair,  F.   D.    Boswell, 

H.  P.  Dawson,  F.  C.  Cuffey,  J.  A. 

Deramiur,  Wm.  Washington. 
Mound  Bayou,  Miss. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Broomfield. 
Muskogee,  Okla. 

Drs.     H.     L.     Meckelroy,    R.    H. 

Watterford. 
Nashville,  Tenn. 

Drs.  L.  A.  Fisher,  J.  H.  Hale,  A.  L. 

Herron,  J.  T.  Phillips,  C.  V.   Ro- 
man, J.   N.   Holman,  F.  A.  Stewart. 


173 


Newark,  N.  J. 

Drs.  S.  S.  Bruington,  Green  and 

Wolfe. 
New  Orleans,  La  . 

Drs.  A.  W.   Braizer,  L.  T.   Bur- 
bridge,  R.  Fredricks. 
Newport  News,  Va. 

Drs.    W.    P.    Dickerson,    C.    A. 

Easton,    W.   T.    Foreman,   J.    H. 

Robinson,    C.    W.    Scott,    P.    S. 

Scott. 
New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Drs.  E.  P.  Roberts,  York  Russell, 

U.    G.    Vincent,    L.    T.    Wright, 

W.  M.  Wilson,  A.  S.  Reed. 
Norfolk,  Va. 

Drs.  P.  L.  Barber,  J.  D.  Jackson. 
Omaha,  Neb. 

Drs.  L.  E.  Britt,  J.  H.  Hutten. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Drs.  F.  C.  Antoine,  Eugene  Hin- 

son,  Chas.  Lewis,  A.   B.   Jackson, 

N.   F.   Mossell,   P.  J.   Taylor,  J. 

D.  Turner,   Minton,  Lennon,  Mc- 

Dougall,  Sinclair. 
Phoenix,  Arizona. 

Dr.  W.  C.  Hackett. 
Pine  Bluff,  Ark. 

Drs.  H.  L.  Jordan,  J.  W.  Parker. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Drs.  F.  F.   Bishop,  J.  T.  A.llen, 

}.  B.  Shepard,  G.  G.  Terfley,  A.  C. 

Kyles. 
Portland,  Oregon. 

Dr.  J.  A.  Merriman. 
Portland,  Me. 

Dr.  Herndon  White. 
Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Randolph. 
Portsmouth,  Va. 

Dr.  J.  J.  France,  W.  T.  Jones. 
Providence,  R.  I. 

Drs.  W.  H.  Higgins,  J.  Robinson., 

J.  Birch. 

Hospitals 


Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Drs.   C.   A.   Dunston,   L.   E.   Mc 

Conley,    J.    O.    Plumber,    H.    A. 

Royster,    P.    F.    Roberts,    J.    T. 

Northam. 
Richmond,  Va. 

Drs.  H.  A.  Allen,  W.  H.  Hughes, 

M.  B.  Jones,  J.  H.  Blackwell. 
Roanoke,  Va. 

Drs.  J.  B.  Claytor,  J.  H.  Roberts. 
San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Drs.  W.  M.  Drake,  C.  A.  Whitten. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Drs.    R.    N.    Arthurton,    W.    W. 

Purnell. 
Savannah,  Ga. 

Drs.     O.     C.     Claybome,    F.     S, 

Belcher,  W.  C.  Blackman,  W.  A. 

Harris,  G.  W.  Smith. 
Seattle,  Wash. 

Drs.  D.  T.  Cardwell,  C.  F.  Max- 
well. 
Shreveport,  La. 

Drs.  E.  B.  Liddel,  D.  A.  Smith. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Drs.  W.  P.  Curtis,  J.  T.  Caston, 

R.  C.  Haskell,  W.  L.  Perry,  S.  P. 

Stafford,  D.  Weaver,  J.  A.  Gross- 
land,  C.  L.  Thomas. 
St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Drs.  W.  D.  Bloom,  V.  Turner. 
Tampa,  Fla. 

Dr.  J.  A.  White. 
Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

Drs.  A.  L.  Cabell,  D.  A.  Bethea. 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Drs.  S.  L.  Carson,  E.  A.  Balloch, 

A.  M.  Curtis,  W.  A.  Warfield,  E.D. 

Williston,  R.A.  Burton. 
Wichita,  Kamn. 

Drs.  J.  E.  Farmer,  F.  O.  Miller. 
Wilmington,  Del. 

Drs.  C.  Banston,  S.  G.  Elbert,  H. 

Murray. 
Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Drs.  F.  F.  Burnett,  S.  M.  Key. 

and  Nurses 


Although  American  Negroes  own  and  conduct  over  one  hun- 
dred modernly  equipped  hospitals,  even  that  number  of  buildings 
does  not  afford  space  enough  to  properly  house  the  three  thous- 
and Colored  graduate  nurses  now  practicing  in  the  United 
States,  should  all  those  angels  of  mercy  at  the  same  time  apply 
for  aqcomodations  in  the  above  institutions. 

174 


The  writer  regrets  that  as  hard  and  patiently  as  he  re- 
searched he  was  unable  to  secure  a  list  of  names  of  the  Colored 
woman  doctors  who  are  to-day  practicing  medicine  in  the  Unit- 
ed States.  It,  therefore,  affords  him  great  pleasure,  at  the 
very  last  moment  on  the  eve  of  this  publication  coming  from 
the  press,  to  be  able  to  rush  in  his  book  from  the  September 
24,  1921,  issue  of  the  Chicago  Defender,  the  following  article 
regarding  the  distinguished  abilities  and  works  of  one  of  the 
numerous  Negro  women  physicians  to-day  following  their  pro- 
fession in  America: 

"WOMAN    DOCTOR    RECEIVES   FRENCH    MEDAL   OF   HONOR." 

"Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.,  23. — Dr.  Harriet  A.  Rice,  prominent  in  Newport 
circles,  received  from  the  French  government  this  week  the  Reconnaissance 
Francaise,  a  bronze  medal,  warded  her  in  July  1919,  for  her  work  overseas 
during  the  war.  The  medal  reached  her  through  the  French  Embassy  at 
Washington. 

"Dr.  Rice  is  a  graduate  of  Wellesley  College  and  of  the  Women's  Medica  1 
College  of  New  York.  She  served  in  the  French  military  hospital  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  war  from  1915  to  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  and  it  is  for 
these  services  that  she  is  decorated.  The  medal  was  presented  her  by  Prince 
de  Beam,  charge  d'affaires  of  the  French  embassy. 

"According  to  the  citation  which  accompanied  the  medal,  the  woman  is 
honored  by  the  French  government  because  of  "her  devotion  and  ability  in 
caring  for  the  French  wounded  during  the  war." 

IN  DENTISTRY 

The  Toothache  Man. 
(The  fellow  who  loves  your  tooth  to  jerk 
And  then  with  a  smile,  asks:  "Did  it  hurt?") 

Yearly  to  him  folks  ought  to  go 

To  learn  of  holes  they  do  not  know; 
So  toughest  steaks  to  finely  grind 

With  nature's  teeth  and  not  false  kind. 

—  Harrison. 

A  mong  the  five  hundred  or  more  Colored  dentists  in  America, 
**■  who  are  today  practicing  in  offices  furnished  with  their 
own  surgical  instruments  as  well  as  gas,  electrical  and  other 
modern  appliances,  Drs.  Chas.  E.  Bentley,  Chicago,  111.,  and 
Chas.  H.  Roberts,  New  York  City,  according  to  competent  judges 
are  considered  two  of  the  most  prominent  and  best  all-round 
authorities  in  their  profession.  And  in  nearly  every  other  large 
city  there  are  similar  expert  and  successful  dentists,  a  list  of 
whom  the  writer  was  unable  to  get.  (extracts  from  Work's  Ne- 
gro Year  Book,    1918-1919  edition,  pgs.  422-23-24). 

175 


IN  INVENTIONS 


New  Ideas — New  Things. 


Creative  folks  are  oft  jeered  fools 

For  thinking  things  along  new  rules; 

But  when  such  folks  invent  things  real 

How  foolish  those  who  laughed  must  feel. 

— Harrison. 

One  of  the  chief  reasons  why  the  United  States  has  made 
such  rapid  and  wonderful  progress  along  all  lines  of  industrial 
civilization  and  today  stands  first  among  all  countries  in  wealth 
is  due  mostly  to  the  original  ideas  and  inventive  powers  of  the 
American  Yankee.  And  to  proove  that  the  original  ideas  of 
Negroes  have  had  a  very  important  part  in  helping  to  make  the 
United  States  such  a  leading  and  resourceful  nation,  the  following 
citations  are  but  a  few  of  the  two  thousand  and  more  inventions 
that  Colored  people  in  America  have  had  patented  and  put  on  the 
market  for  practical  use. 

"The  first  Negro  to  receive  a  patent  on  an  invention  was 
Henry  Blair,  of  Maryland,  who,  in  1834  and  1836,  was  granted 
patents  on  a  corn  harvester.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
free  Negro." 

"Benjamin  Banneker, —  Noted  Negro  Astronomer.  Born 
free,  November  9,  1731,  in  Baltimore  County,  Maryland.  Re- 
ceived some  education  in  a  pay  school.  Early  showed  an  incli- 
nation for  mechanics.  About  1754,  with  imperfect  tools,  con- 
structed a  clock  which  told  the  time  and  struck  the  hour.  This 
was  the  first  clock  constructed  in  America." 

"William  B.  Purvis,  of  Philadelphia,  has  inventions  covering 
a  variety  of  subjects,  but  directed  mainly  along  a  single  line  of 
experiment  and  improvement.  He  began  in  1912,  the  invention 
of  machines  for  making  paper  bags,  and  his  improvements  in 
this  line  of  machinery  are  covered  by  a  dozen  patents.  Some  half 
dozen  other  patents  granted  Mr.  Purvis,  include  three  patents 
on  electric  railways,  one  on  a  fountain  pen,  another  on  a  magne- 
tic car-balancing  device,  and  still  another  for  a  cutter  for  roll 
holders." 

176 


"Joseph  Hunter  Dickinson,  of  New  Jersey,  specializes  in  the 
line  of  musical  instruments,  particularly  playing  the  piano.  He 
began  more  than  fifteen  years  ago  to  invent  devices  for  auto- 
matically playing  the  piano.  He  is  at  present  in  the  employ  of  a 
large  piano  factory.  His  various  inventions  in  piano-player 
mechanism  are  adopted  in  the  construction  of  some  of  the  finest 
piano-players  on  the  market.  He  has  more  than  a  dozen  patents 
to  his  credit  already,  and  is  still  devoting  his  energies  to  that  line 
of  inventions." 

"Frank  J.  Ferrell,  of  New  York,  has  obtained  about  a  dozen 
patents  for  his  inventions,  the  larger  number  of  them  being  for 
improvement  in  valves  for  steam  engines." 

"Benjamin  F.  Jackson,  of  Massachusetts,  is  the  inventor  of  a 
dozen  different  improvements  in  heating  and  lighting  devices, 
including  a  controller  for  a  trolley  wheel." 

"Charles  V.  Richey,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  has  obtained 
about  a  dozen  patents  on  his  inventions,  the  last  of  which  was  a 
most  ingenius  device  for  registering  the  calls  on  a  telephone 
and  detecting  the  unauthorized  use  of  that  instrument." 

"The  late  Granville  T.  Woods,  of  New  York,  and  his  brother, 
Lyates  took  out  some  fifty  or  more  patents.  Wood's  inventions 
principally  relate  to  electrical  subjects,  such  as  telegraph  and  tele- 
phone instruments,  electrical  railways  and  general  systems  of 
electrical  control.  Several  are  on  devices  for  transmitting  tele- 
graphic messages  between  moving  trains.  According  to  Patent 
Office  Records,  several  of  Woods'  patents  have  for  valuable 
considerations  been  assigned  to  the  foremost  electrical  corpora- 
tions, such  as  the  General  Electric  Company,  of  New  York,  and 
the  American  Bell  Telephone  Company,  of  New  York.  Mr. 
Woods'  inventive  faculty  also  worked  along  other  lines.  He  de- 
vised an  incubator,  a  complicated  amusement  device,  a  steam 
boiler  furnace  and  a  mechanical  brake." 

"John  Ernest  Matzeliger,  born  Dutch  Guina,  1852,  died, 
Lynn,  Massachusetts,  1889.  He  is  the  inventor  of  the  first 
machine  that  performed  automatically  all  the  operations  in- 
volved in  attaching  soles  to  shoes.  This  wonderful  achieve- 
ment marked  the  beginning  of  a  distinct  revolution  in  the  art 

177 


of  making  shoes  by  machinery.  Matzeliger  realized  this,  and 
attempted  to  capitalize  it  by  organizing  a  stock  company  to 
market  his  invention;  but  his  plans  were  frustrated  through 
failing  health  and  lack  of  business  experience  and  shortly  there- 
after he  died.  The  patent  and  much  of  the  stock  of  the  com- 
pany organized  by  Matzeliger  was  bought  up.  The  purchase 
laid  the  foundation  for  the  organization  of  the  United  Shoe 
Machinery  Company  the  largest  and  richest  corporation  of  the 
kind  in  the  world." 

"During  1917-1918,  Negroes  made  a  large  number  of  inven- 
tions. Many  of  these  related  to  the  war.  Charles  Stevenson  of 
Amarillo,  Texas,  invented  a  glass  war  bomb.  It  was  reported 
that  L.  A.  Hayden,  a  native  of  Charlotte,  North  Carolina,  in- 
vented an  airship  stableizer  which  was  adopted  by  the  British 
Government  and  that  he  was  commissioned  a  Second  Lieutenant 
in  the  British  aviation  corps.  Julius  Hart  of  Columbus,  Geor- 
gia, invented  three  war  bombs  which  were  reported  to  be  of 
great  military  value  and  that  for  one  the  War  Department 
gave  him  $15,000.  Wm.  D.  Polite,  of  Charlotte,  North  Caro- 
lina, has  patented  an  anti-aircraft  gun." 

"Jacob  W.  F.  Berry  of  Decatur,  Alabama,  invented  an  elec- 
trically driven  submarine.  H.  A.  Cooper  of  Sabetha,  Kansas, 
invented  a  submarine  detector.  Henry  Grady  of  Westbourne, 
Tennessee,  has  had  patented  a  Torpedo- Catcher  and  a  Mine 
Destroyer." 

"The  'national  safety  helmet'  or  hood,  invented  by  Garrett 
A.  Morgan  of  Cleveland,  is  reported  to  have  been  used  by  the 
United  States  and  the  Allies  to  combat  poisonous  gases  and  as  a 
safety  device  on  Submarines.  The  'Safety  Hood  and  Smoke 
Protector'  was  originally  invented  for  firemen. 

"In  addition  to  seven  American  patents  on  this  device,  Mr. 
Morgan  holds  patents  for  Canada,  England,  Germany  and  other 
countries.  This  invention  received  a  gold  medal  prize  from  the 
American  Museum  of  safety  and  the  first  grand  prize  at  the  second 
Inter-National  Convention  of  Safety  and  Sanitation  which  was 
held  at  New  York  City.     In  1914,  the  Inter-National  Fire  chief's 

178 


Association  in  session  in  New  Orleans,  voted  Mr.  Morgan  a 
gold  honorary  membership  badge.  'The  safety  hood'  is  manu- 
factured by  the  Safety  Device  Company  of  which  Mr.  Morgan 
is  the  general  manager.  As  a  protection  for  firemen,  it  is  in 
use  in  a  large  number  of  cities.'' 

"H.  C.  Webb  of  Bradentown,  Florida,  is  the  inventor  of  the 
Webb  Palmetto  Grubbing  Machine,  which  removes  the  stumps 
from  5  to  10  acres  of  land  per  day." 

C.  J.  Perry,  of  Cincinanti,  O.,  has  invented  a  hydro-carbon 
device  that  saves  10  to  20  percent  of  coal  fuel  and  also  consumes 
85  per  cent  of  the  smoke.  This  invention  is  now  in  use  on  the 
Milwaukee  Railroad  and  in  the  Metropole  Hotel  in  Chicago, 
111.  C.  H.  Jackson  has  invented  a  diving  outfit  with  which  the 
world  record  for  deep-sea  diving  has  been  broken.  Miss  Alice 
H.  Parker,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  has  received  a  patent  on  a 
heating  furnace.  Wm.  Solder,  Boston,  Mass.,  has  been  given 
a  patent  on  a  cooking  stove  and  water  heater  combined. 

'The  largest  number  of  patents  received  on  inventions,  by 
a  Negro,  was  by  Elijah  McCoy,  of  Detroit,  Michigan.  McCoy 
obtained  his  first  patent  in  July,  1872,  and  his  last  one  in  1917. 
During  this  period  of  forty  years  he  invented  one  thing  after 
another  and  has  some  fifty-eight  patents  to  his  credit.  His  in- 
ventions cover  a  wide  range  of  subjects,  but  relate  particularly 
to  the  lubricating  of  machinery.  He  was  a  pioneer  in  the  art 
of  steadily  supplying  oil  to  machinery  in  intermittent  drops  from 
a  cup  so  as  to  avoid  the  necessity  for  stopping  the  machine  to  oil 
it.  McCoy's  lubricating  cup  was  famous  thirty  years  ago  as  a 
necessary  equipment  for  all-up-to-date  machinery."  (quota- 
tions from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs. 
5-6-7-8-341-2-3-4) 


179 


IN  POETRY 

The  Poets 

As  the  artists  see,  so  the  poets  feel 

Inspiring  powers  that  make  them  steal 

Away  to  write  some  pictured  scene 

So  to  help  the  world  to  get  serene. 

—  Harrison. 

THE  first  Colored  poetess  in  America  to  win  national  and 
international  fame  was  Phyllis  Wheatley,  who  was  brought 
from  Africa  in  1761  and  sold  as  a  slave  in  Boston,  Mass.  Finding 
Phyllis  to  be  an  unusually  quick  and  apt  child  to  learn,  her 
owner  spared  no  pains  to  give  her  the  best  of  education.  Her 
poetry  writing  began  at  an  early  age.  She  became  so  intelligent 
and  self-cultured  that  the  most  wealthy  and  refined  white  people 
of  the  day  entertained  her.  All  the  time  she  was  writing  verses 
of  the  highest  quality.  Finally  going  to  Europe  her  success  was 
even  greater  there  to  such  an  extent  that  she  appeared  before 
the  Royal  Courts  of  England  and  received  high  honors.  Her 
literary  works  were  reviewed  by  some  of  the  best  scholars  in 
England  where  much  of  her  poetry  was  published  in  London 
under  the  title  "Poems  on  Various  Subjects,  Religious  and  Moral" 

The  late  Paul  Lawrence  Dunbar,  Negro  Poet-Laureate,  is 
considered  the  greatest  poet  the  Negro  race  has  produced. 
Starting  as  an  elevator  boy  he  struggled  through  one  disap- 
pointment after  another  to  get  an  education.  All  that  time  he 
was  writing  poetry  and  finally  after  his  works  came  under  the 
notice  of  such  great  white  writers  as  William  Dean  Howells  and 
James  Whitcomb  Riley,  the  genius  of  Dunbar  and  the  value  of 
his  writings  became  world  known.  He  traveled  all  about  giving 
recitals  of  his  poetry  that  took  the  country  by  storm.  His  prose 
works  won  just  as  much  admiration  and  comment.  His  writings 
were  based  on  the  American  Negro  in  and  out  of  slavery  and  the 
pen  pictures  he  has  drawn  are  masterpieces  of  literature.  Chief 
among  his  compositions  are;  "Lyrics  of  Lowly  Life",  "Lyrics  of 
The  Hearthstone,"  "Heart  of  Happy  Hollow",  "Folks  From 
Dixie,"  "Oak  and  Ivy",  "Majors  and  Minors",  "Uncalled", 
"Love  and  Landry"  and  "The  Sports  Of  The  Gods." 

180 


William  Stanley  Braithwaite,  as  editor  of  "The  New  Poetry 
Review"  of  Cambridge,  author  of  "The  Anthology  of  Magazine 
Verse",  editor  of  "The  Contemporary  American  Poets  Series" 
and  annual  reviewer  of  the  poerty  that  appears  in  the  leading 
magazines  of  America,  is  recognized  as  the  leading  Colored  poet 
and  among  the  foremost  world  poets  of  today.  A  few  of  his 
works  are;  "The  House  of  Falling  Leaves",  "The  Book  of  Vic- 
torian Verse",  "Life  of  Lyrics  and  Love",  "The  Book  of  Georgian 
Verse",  "The  Book  of  Elizabethian  Verse",  and  "The  Book  of 
Restoration  Verse."  He  was  awarded  the  Spingarn  Medal  in 
1918. 

James  Weldon  Johnson  is  a  poet  and  writer  of  first  note,  and 
his  poem  "The  Young  Warrior,"  that  was  set  to  music  by  Harry 
T.  Burleigh,  almost  became  the  national  hymn  of  Italy  during 
the  World  War.  His  poem  "Fifty  Years"  that  appeared  in 
many  of  the  leading  white  magazines  and  newspapers  during 
the  first  part  of  1913,  brought  forth  high  comment  from  all  parts 
of  the  country.  His  poems  have  appeared  in  the  Century,  the 
Independent,  the  Crisis  and  other  publications.  He  has  pub- 
lished some  of  his  poetry  in  a  book  titled  "Fifty  Years  and  Other 
Poems." 

"Mr.  Johnson  is  a  young  colored  poet  of  America.  Some  of 
his  verse  is  in  the  cultivated  English,  some  in  the  broken  language 
of  the  American  Negro.  The  latter  rings  true.  They  express 
with  singular  intensity  the  joys  and  sorrows  of  a  subject  race." 
The  above  comment  was  made  by  The  London  Literary  World 
regarding  the  poetic  abilities  of  Fen  ton  Johnson,  Chicago,  III. 
Aside  from  receiving  high  mentions  from  The  New  York  World, 
and  Poetry,  a  magazine  of  Verse,  some  of  his  works  were  also 
included  in  Braithwaite's" Anthology  of  Magazine  Verse  for  1918" 
and  "The  Chicago  Anthology".  One  of  his  recent  volumes  of 
poetry  that  attracted  praiseworthy  attention  on  both  sides  of 
the  ocean  is  "A  Little  Dreaming." 

While  the  facts,  that  short  stories  of  the  highest  order  are 
constantly  flowing  from  her  pen  point  (or  typewriter)  and  that 
she  is  Literary  Editor  of  The  Crisis,  have  gained  for  her  the  dis- 
tinction of  being  a  foremost  prose  writer  among  Colored  women 

181 


in  America  today;  Jessie  Redmon  Fauset,  on  account  of  the 
numerous  outputs  and  unusual  high  quality  of  her  poems,  is 
also  recognized  as  one  of  the  best  verse  writers  among  Colored 
people  on  both  sides  of  the  ocean. 

The  father  and  son  poets,  Jos.  S.  Cotter,  Sr.  and  Jr.,  have  pro- 
duced verse  matter  that  stands  among  the  best  in  the  country 
among  Colored  writers.  Information  regarding  the  works  of 
these  composers  will  be  found  else-where  in  this  book.  But  a 
praiseworthy  mention  regarding  Jos.  S.  Cotter,  Jr.,  who  died 
in  his  early  twenties  and  for  several  years  before  that  had  been 
confined  on  a  bed  of  affliction,  should  be  made  herein.  While 
other  poets  have  had  their  health,  strength  and  vigor  to  do  their 
work,  young  Cotter  was  suffering  almost  constant  pain  in  bed 
while  turning  out  his  poetry  that  came  from  the  depths  of  his 
patient  soul,  and  ring  as  true  as  a  pure-cast  bell. 

"Georgia  Douglas  Johnson  was  born  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  and  at  the  Atlanta  University 
after  which  she  took  a  course  of  music  at  the  Oberlin  Conserva- 
tory. Her  first  book, '  'The  Heart  of  a  Woman  and  Other  Poems' ' 
with  an  introduction  by  William  Stanley  Braithwaite,  was 
published  by  the  Cornhill  Co,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  three  years  ago; 
her  second  book,  "An  Autumn  Love  Cycle,"  will  be  out  shortly. 
Her  third  book,  "Shadow  Song"  is  entirely  different  to  the  other 
two,  being  entirely  racial,  treated  in  the  over-tone  style  of  sug- 
gestion. This  book  will  appear  some  months  after  the  "Love 
Cycle."  The  above  quotation  is  in  part  an  editorial  note  that 
appeared  in  the  May  1921  issue  of  Music  and  Poetry.  The  high 
standard  and  amazing  numbers  of  Mrs.  Johnson's  verses  that 
appear  in  leading  magazines  are  attracting  wide  attention  and 
have  already  placed  her  in  a  class  among  the  leading  Colored 
writers  before  the  public  today. 

Claude  McKay,  a  poet  of  international  reputation,  enjoys 
the  honor  of  being  one  of  the  first  Colored  writers  to  be  made 
an  associate  editor  on  the  staff  of  a  white  national  magazine — 
The  Liberator,  which  is  published  in  New  York  City.  Mr. 
McKay  has  for  several  years  been  writing  poetry  for  many  of 
the  leading  magazines  in  Europe  as  well  as  for  Colored  and  white 

182 


periodicals  in  America.  His  book,  "Spring  in  New  Hampshire 
and  Other  Poems"  has  brought  forth  high  literary  comment 
from  verse  critics  in  both  countries. 

"Miscellaneous   Poems"   and    "Sketches  of  Southern   Life' 
are  two  titles  covering  some  of  the  verses  produced  by  the  poetess' 
Frances  E.  Harper,  who  also  wrote  first  quality  prose.     Jas.  E- 
McGirth  wrote  "Some  Simple  Songs"  and   other  verse   matter 
that  has  stood  the  test  of  the  best  critics. 

The  late  J.  D.  Corrothers  gained  much  distinction  as  a  prose 
and  verse  writer  and  for  several  years  his  poems  appeared  in 
some  of  the  leading  white  magazines.  George  R.  Margeston's 
book  of  poems  "Songs  of  Life"  has  brought  forth  much  favorable 
comment,  and  stamped  him  as  a  poet  who  is  fast  forging  to  the 
front. 

All  verse  critics  who  regularly  read  the  close-to-nature, 
true- to-life,  heart-to-heart  and  cheerful  little  poems  that  weekly 
head  the  editorial  pages  of  the  Chicago  Defender,  join  in  acclaim- 
ing Alfred  Anderson  the  Edgar  A.  Guest  "Sunshine  Poet"  of  the 
Negro  Race.  A  few  of  the  many  other  Colored  verse  writers 
whose  poems  frequently  appear  in  leading  magazines  are  Carrie 
C.  Clifford,  Sergt.  Allen  R.  Griggs,  Jr.,  Thos.  M.  Henry,  Sarah 
C.  Fernandas,  Leslie  P.  Hill,  Roscoe  Jamison,  Chas.  Bertram 
Johnson,  Winifred  Virginia  Jordan,  Will  Sexton  and  Lucian  B. 
Watkins,  the  last  named  writer  being  considered  among  the  fore- 
most writers  the  race  has  produced  during  the  past  few  years. 


1&3 


AMONG  THE  ARTISTS 

The  Artist. 

In  everything,  real  artists  see 

Some  good  therein  God  made  pretty : 

Such  finds  they  gladly  then  set  free 
So  all  can  share  the  new  beauty. 

— Harrison. 

According  to  page  331  of  the  1918-1919  edition  of  Work's 
Negro  Year  Book,  "Bannister,  E.  M.,  of  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  was  one  of  the  first  Negroes  in  America  to  achieve  dis- 
tinction as  a  painter.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Providence 
Art  Club,  which  is  to-day  the  leading  art  organization  in  Provi- 
dence. "Its  membership,  mostly,  if  not  wholly  white,  includes 
many  of  the  leading  citizens  of  the  city  and  state."  One  of  Mr. 
Bannister's  pictures  "Under  the  Oaks"  was  awarded  a  medal 
at  the  Centennial  Exposition  of  1876.  The  picture  became  the 
property  of  the  Duffe  Estate  of  New  York  City." 

Henry  O.  Tanner,  born  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  now  living 
in  Paris,  France,  is  the  greatest  artist  in  the  Negro  race  and 
among  the  best  of  all  races.  His  early  life  along  artistic  lines 
Was  one  of  hard  struggles,  constant  ambitions,  unshaken  deter- 
minations and  final  success,  until  today  his  works  are  known  and 
treasured  all  over  the  world.  His  most  successful  paintings  are 
those  describing  different  incidents  that  are  taught  in  the  Bible. 
Among  his  many  pictures  that  have  won  fame  and  fortunes  for 
him  are;  "The  Banjo  Lesson",  "Christ  Walking  on  the  Sea", 
"The  Holy  Family",  "Hills  Near  Jerusalem",  "Christ  at  the 
Home  of  Lazarus",  "Mary  and  Elizabeth"  and  "The  Hiding  of 
Moses."     Mr.  Tanner  is  the  son  of  Bishop  B.  T.  Tanner. 

"Mr.  William  Scott  is  considered  by  critics  to  be  one  of  the 
foremost  artists  in  America.  He  excells  alike  in  the  difficulties 
of  portrait  painting  and  in  the  cleverness  and  subtlety  of  his  car- 
toon work.  In  a  time  when  artists  are  becoming  more  and  more 
a  necessity  of  modern  life,  his  ability  bids  fair  to  lift  him  even 
more  to  the  top  of  his  profession.  Mr.  Scott  led  his  class  at 
the  Chicago  Art  Institute."  This  quotation  is  extracted  from 
the  November-December  1920  issue  of  Fen  ton  Johnson's  Favor- 
ite Magazine. 

184 


The  following  extract  about  Mr.  Scott  is  from  Work's  Negro 
Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  page  331:  "He  took  the  Magnus 
Brand  Prize  for  two  successive  years.  He  studied  in  Paris  at 
the  Julian  Academy  and  under  Henry  O.  Tanner.  Three  of  his 
paintings  were  accepted  by  the  Salon  des  Beaux  Arts  at  Toquet. 
The  Argentine  Republic  purchased  one  of  his  pictures,  La 
Pauvre  Voisine.  He  has  completed  Mural  paintings  for  public 
buildings  in  Evanston,  Illinois;  Chicago  and  Indianapolis.  He  is 
interesting  himself  in  Negro  subjects  and  is  doing  in  painting 
what  Dunbar  has  done  in  verse." 

The  late  Wm.  A.  Harper  of  Chicago,  111.,  although  a  young 
man  at  his  death  had  already  won  recognition  for  his  paintings 
and  himself.  He  had  spent  two  year  of  study  in  Paris  and  has 
been  successful  in  exhibiting  his  paintings  at  the  Chicago  Art 
Institute.  Chief  among  his  works  are  "The  Last  Gleam", 
"The  Hillside",  and  "The  Gray  Day." 

A  few  of  the  many  present  day  Colored  artists  who  have  also 
become  recognized  and  prominent  in  this  art  are;  Lulu  Adam's, 
Los  Angles,  Cal.;  Ernest  Atkinson,  Baltimore,  Md.;  C.L.Boyd- 
kin,  Boston,  Mass.;  C.  L.  Dawson,  Chicago,  111.;  Arthur  Diggs, 
J.  B.  Davidson,  Washington,  D.  C;  W.  M.  Farrow,  Frances 
Grant,  Marcellus  Hawkins,  Chicago,  111.;  J.  Hardwick,  L. 
Harris,  Louise  Latimer,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ;  Effie  Lee,  Wilberforce, 
Ohio;  L.  M.  Rogers,  Harvey  Roseland,  Washington,  D.  C; 
A.  A.  Smith,  New  York;  Frank  Waltz,  N.  Y.,  Hilda  Wilk- 
erson,  Arthur  W7inslow,  Chicago,  111.,  and  Sidney  Woodward, 
New  York,  (some  of  above  names  are  extracts  from  Negro 
Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pg.  331.) 

Miss  Laura  Wheeler's  painting  "Heirlooms"  won  first  place 
in  New  York  City  among  500  art  exhibits  at  the  Water  Color 
Club.  Aside  from  being  an  instructor  in  the  art  department 
of  the  Cheyney  School,  Cheyney,  Pa.,  and  illustrator  for  such 
national  magazines  as  The  Crisis,  she  is  recognized  as  one  of 
the  foremost  Colored  women  artists  in  America. 

At  the  John  Wanamaker  Art  Exhibition  held  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  not  many  months  ago,  K.  G.  Ganaway,  a  Colored 

185 


butter  in  Chicago,  111.,  entered  his  photographic  picture  ''The 
Spirit  of  Transportation",  which  won  first  prize  out  of  900 
pictures  exhibited  by  many  of  the  country's  most  experienced 
and  expert  white  photographers  residing  in  different  parts  of  the 
United  States.  While  other  people  in  going  to  railroad  stations 
saw  nothing  interesting  there  but  hurrying  crowds  of  people, 
truck  loads  of  baggage  and  black  sooty  trains  and  sheds; 
Mr,  Ganaway's  artistic  eye  and  timely  focused  camera  soared 
above  those  common  place  things  as  he  saw  and  portrayed 
the  wonderful  beauty  of  the  dust  laden  tapering  and  yellow 
beams  of  lights  and  shadows  caused  by  the  sun's  golden  rays 
streaming  through  the  dingy  skylights  of  the  Terminal's  high 
and  arched  ceilings. 

Architects 

In  nearly  every  American  city  of  importance  where  the  Negro 
population  is  large  there  are  Colored  architects  of  recognized 
standing  and  ability.  The  following  are  just  a  few  of  those 
names  that  have  come  under  the  hurried  notice  of  the  writer: 
W.  T.  Bailey,  Memphis,  Tenn.;  A.  I.  Cassell,  Baltimore,  Md.; 
W..C.  Cook,  Gary,  Ind.;  W.  H.  Hammond,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.; 
I.  T.  Hatton,  Washington,  D.  C;  Benjamin  and  William  Hazel, 
Boston,  Mass.;  Harry  S.  James,  Seattle,  Washington,  now  in 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil;  H.  N.  Johnson,  Norfolk,  Va.;  the  late  J. 
T.  N.  Minot,  New  York  City;  J.C.  Norman,  Charleston,  W.Va.; 
J.  W.  Robinson  and  Henry  Robinson,  Hampton,  Va. ;  Chas.  T. 
Russell,  A.  M.  Segoins,  Baltimore,  Md.,  V.  W.  Tandy,  New 
York  City,  W.  T.  White,  Kansas  City,  Mo.  and  P.  R.  Williams, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


186 


AMONG  THE  SCULPTORS 

Magic  Chisels. 

We  read  in  fairy  tales  of  old 

Of  crude  things  wanded  into  gold; 
But  we  have  fairies  of  to-day 

Who  breath  life  into  stone  and  clay. 
— Harrison. 

PREJUDICE  against  her  race  and  sex  did  not  deter  the 
colored  girl,  Edmonia  Lewis,  from  struggling  upward  to 
honor  and  fame  as  a  sculptor."  This  is  what  was  written  about 
that  great  genius  on  page  64  in  "Pushing  To  The  Front"  one 
of  the  books  of  Orison  Swett  Marden,  who  aside  from  being 
editor  of  the  New  Success  Magazine  is  also  known  in  all  lands 
as  the  greatest  and  widest  read  inspirational  white  writer  in  the 
world  today.  Among  the  chief  works  of  Miss  Lewis  are;  "The 
Death  of  Cleopatra"  that  was  exhibited  in  1876  at  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  "The  Freed  Woman",  "The 
Marriage  of  Hiawatha"  and  the  bust  of  Robert  Gould  Shaw. 

Residing  in  So.  Framington,  Mass.,  is  Meta  Vaux  Warrick 
(Mrs.  S.  C.  Euller)  who  is  considered  a  leading  Colored  sculptress 
in  America  today.  What  is  known  as  her  masterpiece,  "The 
Wretched",  a  sculptured  group,  was  exhibited  in  Paris  in  1903. 
Some  of  her  other  productions  are;  "The  Silent  Appeal",  "The 
Dancing  Girl",  "The  Wrestlers",  and  "The  Immigrant  in  Ameri- 
ca." 

Standing  in  the  front  ranks  of  this  art  is  May  Howard  Jack- 
son of  Washington,  D.  C.  In  both  the  Vorhoff  Art  Gallery  and 
the  Corcoran  Art  Gallery  the  results  of  her  talents  have  been 
successfully  exhibited.  Her  recent  bust  of  Paul  Lawrence  Dun- 
bar, that  was  unveiled  in  one  of  the  Washington  High  Schools, 
has  aroused  much  interest  and  favorable  comment  not  only 
in  the  national  capital  but  throughout  the  country.  (Ref. : 
Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs.  331-2) 


187 


IN  VOCAL  MUSIC 

Heavens  Repast. 

No  human  sound  is  there  on  earth 

To  equal  that  of  songful  mirth 
That  sweetly  flows  from  gifted  voice 

To  feed  the  soul  with  Heaven's  choice. 
— Harrison. 

EACH  new  day  echoes  the  triumph  of  some  individual  who 
has  gloriously  bridged  chasms  of  earthly  deterents — 
racial,  financial,  meptal,  physical  and  moral — during  which  time 
that  individual  has  been  torn  and  left  naked,  bleeding  and  des- 
pondent; but  to  the  brave  these  vicissitudes  never  weaken,  but 
strengthen,  and  they  fight  with  the  tenacity  of  a  savage,  finally 
reaping  conquest  after  conquest.  Roland  Hayes,  tenor  of  Boston 
illustrates  the  result  of  being  firm,  holding  on, fighting,  and  today 
he  has  achieved  what  every  artist  desires  as  a  reward  of  their 
genius,  their  years  of  struggle  to  excell,  the  recognition  of  the 
world,  of  kings  and  queens.  And  May  2  the  cables  flashed 
word  that  a  Negro  tenor  had  been  received  at  the  palace  to 
sing  for  the  royal  family,  and  was  presented  a  diamond  pin  by 
King  George,  the  significant  manner  in  which  royalty  pays 
homage  to  great  musicians  of  the  world.  They  were  delighted 
with  the  voice  and  manner  of  the  singer,  and  the  king  observed 
how  different  the  songs  were  from  what  the  English  were  taught 
to  believe  were  characteristic  Negro  melodies.  We  have  always 
been  caricatured,  always  portrayed  as  the  jester  for  the  world's 
amusement,  and  Mr.  Hayes  did  not  overlook  the  opportunity 
to  rescue  our  folk  songs  from  the  debasement  they  have  suffered 
from  the  result  of  pernicious  money  mongers,  and  present  them 
as  the  sorrow  songs  of  a  persecuted  people  filled  with  weariness 
and   renunciation. 

"His  sojourn  in  London  has  been  marked  with  success  after 
success,  beginning  with  his  premiere  recital,  significant  with 
concurrent  praise  from  the  critics.  An  appearance  at  the  dinner 
given  by  the  American  Society  to  British  women  at  the  Hotel 
Cecil,  on  which  occasion  he  sang  "The  Star-Spangled  Banner." 
His  appearances  at  two  concerts  given  by  the  Samuel  Coleridge- 
Taylor  Choral    Society    (Mrs.   I.  F.  Coleridge-Taylor,  patron; 

188 


Sir.  Charles  V.  Stanford,  president,  and  Douglas  M.  Durston, 
conductor)  in  aid  of  the  mayor's  unemployment  fund  and  numer- 
ous concerts,  the  last  of  which,  April  16,  was  a  huge  success 
financially  and  artistically.  The  critics  said  many  lovely  things 
of  Mr.  Hayes  anent  his  voice,  his  style,  his  intelligence  and 
manner;  but  to  us  who  know  and  love  him,  who  feel  his  very  heart 
throb  as  he  pleads  through  his  art  for  his  people,  recognize  and 
understand  that  his  voice  wails  in  eagerness  for  deliverance, 
freedom,  the  right  to  breathe  and  live  untrammeled  and  unop- 
pressed. 

"A  word  is  here  appropriate  in  praise  of  Lawrence  Brown,  who 
has  been  his  sympathetic  accompanist  and  collaborator  in  the 
settings  of  a  number  of  spirituals  for  concert  use.  Mr.  Brown 
is  also  an  excellent  pianist,  and  the  critics  recognize  his  dual 
talent  by  always  giving  him  a  share  in  their  notes.' ' 

The  above  quotation  is  extracted  from  an  editorial  that  ap- 
peared on  page  13  in  the  May  1921  issue  of  Nora  Douglas  Holt's 
monthly  magazine,  Music  and  Poetry,  that  is  published  in  Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Mr.  Hayes  received  his  musical  education  in  the  New  Eng- 
land conservator}'  of  Music,  Boston,  Mass.,  and  today  is  ac- 
claimed not  only  the  foremost  tenor  in  the  Negro  race  but  one 
of  the  greatest  tenors  in  the  world. 

Colored  and  white  song  critics  on  both  sides  of  the  ocean 
have  for  many  years  recognized  Harry  T.Burleigh  as  the  leading 
baritone  soloist  in  the  Negro  race.  For  the  past  twenty  or 
more  years  he  has  been  a  soloist  in  the  choir  of  the  St.  George's 
Protestant  Church,  which  is  one  of  the  leading  and  wealthiest 
white  churches  in  New  York  City,  having  on  its  membership 
roll  such  world-known  names  as  Seth  Low  and  J.  Pierpont  Mor- 
gan. Mr.  Burleigh  is  also  a  composer  of  international  fame, 
and  his  "Deep  River"  is  frequently  sung  in  different  parts 
of  the  world  by  famous  white  singers.  More  mention  of  Mr. 
Burleigh's  celebrated  compositions  will  be  made  elsewhere  in 
this  book. 

"Guide  to  Voice  Culture"  is  a  book  written  by  Madame  E. 
Azalia  Hackley.     This  book  is  soundly  based  on  the  ripe  and  rich 

189 


experiences  gained  by  Mrs.  Hackley  after  an  untiring  and  ex- 
tensive preparation  under  the  best  voice  culture  masters  in 
America  and  Europe.  For  many  years  she  was  the  most  promi- 
nent Colored  singer  in  America.  For  several  years  past  she  has 
been  devoting  her  time  and  energies  in  traveling  throughout 
the  country  organizing  and  presenting  chorus  recitals  dealing 
mostly  or  wholly  with  American  Negro  folklore  songs.  In  thus 
constantly  coming  in  personal  contact  with  the  masses  of  Col- 
ored people  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  Mrs.  Hackley  is 
doing  more  today  than  any  musician  in  personally  meeting  and 
influencing  so  many  Colored  people  to  learn  to  love,  sing,  and 
preserve  Negro  plantation  melodies. 

Anita  Patti  Brown  of  Chicago,  111.,  is  today  one  of  the  most 
eminent  sopranos  belonging  to  the  Negro  race.  She  has  made 
numerous  and  unusually  successful  trips  throughout  America 
and  the  West  Indies,  and  those  who  have  heard  her  remarkable 
singing  instantly  fall  in  love  with  her  full  round  voice  of  natural 
richness  and  sweetness.  Among  her  most  catchy  pieces  is  the 
one  titled  "Villanelle"  which  has  been  reproduced  on  Columbia 
Phonograph  records  with  great  success. 

Florence  Cole  Talbert,  aside  from  winning  the  diamond  medal 
at  the  Chicago  Musical  College  has  also  won  national  reputation 
as  one  of  the  leading  sopranos  among  the  American  Colored 
people.  Although  high  up  on  the  ladder  of  songhood,  she  is 
continuing  to  climb  to  the  top  by  taking  special  courses  in  Chicago 
under  such  famed  teachers  as  Oscar  Saenger  and  Madame 
Valerie.     This  great  singer's  home  is  in  Detriot,  Michigan. 

Cleota  Collins,  Columbus,  Ohio,  is  a  soprano  of  note,  and,, as 
the  editor  of  Music  and  Poetry  has  so  well  said,  "is  a  young  wo- 
man with  a  frail  body  but  such  an  enormous  mentality  and  a 
voice  that  makes  you  close  your  eyes  and  listen  to  her  interpre- 
tation of  songs  that  set  your  senses  tiltilating.  But  she  has 
worked  patiently  to  acquire  this  power  and  now  condescends 
to  tell  young  students  how  she  did  it."  She  is  associate  editor 
of  Music  and  Poetry. 

Although  he  is  at  present  living  in  New  Zealand,  where  he 
has  endeared  himself  in  the  hearts  of  all  music  lovers  there  H. 
Hodges  can  be  rightly  claimed  an  American  product  on  account 

190 


of  his  native  home  being  Boston,  Mass.  His  commanding  and 
well  trained  talented  voice  is  one  of  the  wonders  of  Auckland 
where  he  conducts  one  of  the  most  exclusive  music  studios. 

After  spending  several  years  of  personal  sacrifices  and  hard 
study  in  America,  France  and  England,  Rachel  Walker  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio  was  finally  rewarded  by  receiving  personal 
recognition  and  praise  from  kings  and  queens  during  her  first 
succcessful  appearance  in  Europe.  And  today  she  is  classed 
among  the  best  of  American  Colored  song  birds. 

Worcester,  Mass.,  and  New  England  in  general  is  justified 
in  being  so  proud  of  Estelle  P.  Clough  who  has  won  for  herself 
first  place  among  great  Colored  singers.  She  has  successfully 
appeared  in  most  of  the  important  cities  in  the  United  States. 

WTm.  H.  Richardson  of  Boston,  Mass.,  is  one  of  the  best 
Colored  baritones  in  America.  He  has  made  numerous  joint 
recitals  with  Maud  Cuney  Hare  through  the  United  States  and 
has  met  with  great  success  on  all  occasions. 

In  singing  compositions  of  Negro,  French,  German,  Italian 
and  Russian  musicians,  Wilson  Lamb  of  Orange,  N.  J.,  demon- 
strates in  his  recitals  that  he  has  a  baritone  voice  of  marked 
agreeableness  and  unusual  control.  Each  year  when  he  gives 
his  big  recitals  his  voice  shows  the  favorable  results  of  his  con- 
tinued hard  study  and  practice,  and  white  papers  are  unstinting 
in  giving  him  praise. 

For  twenty  years  Sisseretta  Jones  has  successfully  managed 
a  musical  company  of  her  own  organization  known  as  "The 
Black  Patti  Troubadors".  In  all  the  European  cities  they  visited 
they  had  over-crowded  houses  night  after  night.  It  must  be 
said  to  the  glowing  credit  and  praise  of  Madame  Jones  that  she 
is  probably  the  only  woman  in  America,  Colored  or  white,  who 
has  been  successful  in  organizing  and  keeping  together  for  so 
many  years  such  a  high-classed  group  of  musical  entertainers. 

During  the  early  eighties  Madame  Selika  better  known  as 
"Black  Patti",  went  to  Europe  and  completely  captivated  the 
friendship  of  music  lovers  in  the  "Old  Country"  by  her  marve- 
lous birdlike  thrills  and  matchless  renditions  of  her  famous  "Echo 
Song."  The  great  range  and  sweetness  of  her  voice  was  a  de- 
lightful mystery  to  all  who  heard  her. 

191 


It  was  as  far  back  as  1851,  at  the  time  the  world-famed  jenny 
Lind  (white)  was  enjoying  her  greatest  fame,  that  Elizabeth  T. 
Greenfield  a  Colored  woman  came  into  prominence  as  a  noted 
singer.  She  was  often  called  the  "Black  Jenny  Lind"  and  won 
fame  in  America  and  Europe  where  she  was  given  the  pet  name 
of  "The  Black  Swan." 

In  the  minds  of  many  people  still  living  there  are  yet  fond 
recollections  of  that  human  song  bird,  Flora  Batson,  (Mrs. 
Bergen)  who  was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.  The  music  people 
in  America,  Europe,  Africa,  Australia  and  New  Zealand  con- 
sidered it  a  rare  treat  to  hear  her  touching  and  pathetic  voice 
that  had  such  bell-like  tones  and  clarity  of  enuncitation.  For 
ninety-one  continuous  nights  at  a  revival  in  New  York  City  her 
voice  held  vast  crowds  spellbound  as  they  tearfully  listened  to 
her  soul-touching  voice  sing  "Six  Feet  of  Earth  Make  Us  All  One 
Size."  And  hundreds  of  curious  and  prejudiced  white  people 
who  first  went  to  those  meetings  to  jeer  and  make  fun  had  their 
set  minds  suddenly  converted  by  listening  to  the  truth  and  full 
meaning  of  that  song  and  had  their  frozen  hearts  completely 
melted  by  the  soulful  shocks  of  that  great  singer's  voice.  (Ref. 
Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs.  326-7-8). 

Anna  and  Emma  Hyers,  soprano  and  contralto;  Wallace 
Kine,  tenor;  John  Lucca  and  Frederick  Louidin,  Bassos,  of  the 
Old  School,  were  among  the  foremost  singers  of  their  times  and 
proved  vocal  marvels  to  all  who  heard  them  sing  in  America  and 
Europe.  For  years  the  well  trained  and  talented  quartettes  of 
Fisk  University,  Hampton  and  Tuskegee  Institutes  have  been 
winning  fame  throughout  America  and  even  in  Europe  as  un- 
surpassed singers  of  Negro  plantation  songs. 

Below  are  the  names  of  just  a  few  human  Colored  song-birds 
of  today  whom  the  writer  was  able  to  discover  among 'the  many 
flocks  that,  although  now  perched  very  high,  are  constantly 
flitting  up  and  up  toward  the  top  branches  of  solo-song  trees. 

Marion  Anderson,  Phila.,  Pa.,  Martha  B.  Anderson,  sopranos; 
E.  H.  Boatner,  baritone,  Boston,  Mass.;  Minnie  Brown,  soprano, 
N.  Y.;  Edmonia  H.  Brown,  soprano,  Kansas  City,  Mo.;  Arthur 

192 


Brown,  baritone,  Mayme  C.  Byron,  soprano,  T.  Bryant,  tenor, 
Grace  Campbell,  soprano,  Chicago,  111.;  C.  Carroll  Clark,  bari- 
tone, New  York  City;  Dessa  Clements,  soprano,  H.  Delmore, 
tenor,  Boston,  Mass.;  L.  B.  Duppe,  baritone,  Springfield,  Mass.; 
Isabelle  Givens,  soprano,  Cincinnati,  O.jLeroy  Goodman,  tenor, 
Columbus,  O. ;  Mrs.  H.  L.  Grant,    soprano,  Washington,  D.  C; 

C.  J.  Harbour,  tenor,  Okmulgee,  Okla. ;  Blanche  D.  Harris,  so- 
prano, New  York  City;  S.  Hilliard,  tenor,  Chicago,  111.;  Revella 
Hughes,  sorpano,  New  York  City;  Mrs.  H.  Hunter,  soprano, 
Durham,  N.  C. ;  Alfred  H.  Johnson,  baritone,  C.  L.  Johnson,  tenor 
New  York  City;  Marie  P.  Johnson,  soprano,  Ella  F.  Jones,  so- 
prano, Lulu  R.  Jones,  soprano,  Mary  Jones,  soprano,  Chicago 
111.;  Josephine  A.  Junius,  contralto;  Paige  I.  Lancaster,  baritone, 
John  T.  Lattimore,  tenor,  Hampton,  Va.,;  Jennie  C.  Lee,  so-; 
prano,  Tiiskegee,  Ala.;  Annie  H.  Lee,  soprano,  Baltimore,  Md., 
Lawrence  Lomax,  tenor;  C.  A.  Marshall,  baritone,  Junious  Max- 
well, tenor,  Lydia  McClain,  soprano,  Phila.,  Pa.;  B.  D.  McCorkel, 
tenor,  Carolyn  Montgomery,  contralto;  J.  A.  Myers,  tenor, 
Nashville,  Tenn.;  W.  P.  Norcum,  baritone,  Portsmouth,  Va.; 
Alice  M.  Pettijohn,  soprano,  Amherst,  Mass.;  Mrs.  C.  Rechley, 
soprano,  Baltimore,  Md.;  Wm.  Simmons,  basso,  Chicago,  111.; 
Maud  J.  Roberts,  soprano,  Chicago,  111.;  W.  Ryder,  basso,  Cin- 
cinnati, O.;  N.  Clark  Smith,  tenor,  Kansas  City,  Mo.;  Innis 
Simpson,  tenor,  Leon  Simpson,  soprano,  Princeton,  N.  J.  Luela 

D.  Smith,  soprano,  Daisey  Tapley,  contralto,  Grace  W.  Thomp- 
son, soprano,  Lillian  E.  Tibbs,  soprano,  Washington  D.  C; 
S.  A.  Thomas,  basso,  Newport  News,  Va. ;  Mabel  O.  Story, 
sopano,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Emlyne  J.  Tindley,  contralto,  Phila., 
Pa;  Clarence  Tisdale,  tenor,  Chicago,  111.;  Mrs.  F.  K.  Watkins, 
soprano,  Durham,  N.  C;  Junius  Williams,  basso,  New  York 
City;  Mrs.  L.Wilson,  soprano,  Baltimore,  Md. ;  Sidney  Woodward 
tenor,   New  York  City;  Mary  Stafford,  soprano,  New  York. 

Having  as  its  object,  "To  foster  Negro  talent;  labor  for  eco- 
nomic and  educational  betterment",  The  National  Association 
of  Negro  Musicians,  under  the  wise  leadership  of  Henry  L.  Grant, 
is  wielding  a  musical  influence  for  good  that  is  being  felt  and  ap- 
preciated not  only  by  American  Colored  and  white  musicians 

193 


but  by  music  lovers  of  both  races  even  abroad.  Other  nationally 
known  musicians,  who,  as  officers  in  this  organization,  are  ably 
assisting  their  president  in  furthering  the  inspirational  and  ele- 
vating work  of  this  organ  are;  Melville  Charleton,  R.  Nathaniel 
Dett,  Carl  Diton,  Kemper  Herreld,  Nora  Douglass  Holt,  Deacon 
Johnson,  H.  P.  B.  Johnson,  R.  Agustus  Lawson,  W.  H.  Loving, 
Harriet  G.  Marshall,  James  A.  Mundy,  Alice  Carter  Simmons, 
T.  Theo.  Taylor,  Clarence  C.  White  and  Fred  J.  Work. 

If  there  be  Colored  youths  who,  after  reading  these  inspira- 
tional pages,  still  lack  ambition  and  courage  to  develop  musical 
talents  they  possess,  because  of  their  race  and  color,  such  youths 
should  remember  that:- 

The  most  popular  and  sweetest  singing  bird  in  the  world  (the 
canary)  is  Colored.  But  if  hundreds  of  years  ago  that  bird  had 
ruined  his  God-gifted  voice  with  discouraged  croakings  about  its 
yellow  feathers,  the  canary  bird  of  today  would  be  not  able  to 
sing  so  sweetly  as  to  cause  its  listeners  to  completely  forget  it  is 
a  bird  with  a  colored  complexion.  Its  singing  is  so  sweet  and 
beautiful  that  people  learn  to  see  beauty  and  loveliness  in  its 
yellow  coat  that  Nature  has  given  it. 


194 


IN  INSTRUMENTAL  MUSIC 

Music's  Power. 

From  cradle  down  unto  the  grave 

Does  mankind  ever  sweet  sounds  crave; 

And  like  the  beasts  that  roar  and  rave 
His  passions  bow  as  music's  slave. 

— Harrison. 

THE  Negro  race  has  produced  two  violinists  who  have  at- 
tracted national  attention  as  artists,  Clarence  Cameron 
White  and  Joseph  H.  Douglass.  They  occupy  first  rank  among 
American  musicians  and  the  race  is  justly  proud  of  them."  The 
above  quotation  that  originally  appeared  in  the  American  ar- 
tists Review,  is  an  extract  from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918- 
1919  edition,  p.  329. 

Mr.  White,  whose  home  is  in  Boston,  has  spent  many  years 
of  hard  studying  in  both  American  and  Europe,  and  aside  from 
being  a  viloinist  of  the  first  rank,  he  is  also  a  noted  composer. 
One  of  his  greatest  compositions  "The  Cradle  Song"  is  written 
for  either  the  violin  or  piano  and  has  brought  praises  from  all 
critics  who  have  heard  it.  "A  New  System  of  One  Octave 
Scale  Studies  for  the  Violin",  of  which  Mr.  White  is  the  author, 
is  a  book  that  is  being  used  extensively  in  music  schools. 

Joseph  Henry  Douglass,  grandson  of  the  great  Frederick 
Douglass,  is  a  native  of  Washington,  D.  C.  The  foundation  of 
his  superb  playing  of  today  was  laid  in  the  New  England  Conser- 
vatory of  Music,  the  New  York  Conservatory  of  Music  and  some 
of  the  best  music  schools  in  London.  During  the  score  or  more 
years  he  has  made  annual  recitals  throughout  the  country,  he, 
the  same  as  Mr.  White,  has  played  before  presidents  of  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Douglass  fills  the  responsible  position  of 
Instructor  in  Instrumental  Music  at  Howard  University,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

A  few  of  some  other  violinists  of  the  first  order  are;  Wm. 
Butler,  Walter  Craig,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.;  Harrison  Farrell,  Harri- 
son Emanuel,  Chicago,  111.,  Kemper  Herreld,  Atlanta,  Ga., 
Edwin  F.  Hill,  Philadelphia.,  Pa.,  Louisa  V.  Jones,  New  York, 

195 


Leonard  Jeter,  New  York  Hall,  Johnson,  H.  Kerr,  Baltimore, 
Md.,  David  L.  Martin,  New  York,  Eugene  Mars  Martin,  New 
York,  A.  W.  Ross,  New  York,  Prof.  Tenyck,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Harrison  Watts,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Maud  Cuney  Hare  of  Boston,  Mass.,  has  for  years  been  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  leading  pianists  in  America.  She  is  nationally 
and  internationally  known  and  her  playing  has  met  the  stamped 
approval  of  the  most  ciritcal  of  critics.  She  is  a  member  of  the 
Music  and  Lecture  Guild  of  New  England  (a  white  organization) 
and  is  also  music  critic  for  the  Crisis  Magazine. 

As  an  accomplished  musician,  Hazel  Harrison  is  one  of  the 
best  among  the  best  Colored  or  white  pianists  in  America.  Al- 
though a  musical  prodigy  from  early  childhood,  her  youthful 
life  has  been  one  constant  grind  of  theory,  study  and  practical 
application  under  such  world-known  pianists  and  teachers  as 
Busoni,  Egan,  Petri  and  Victor  Heinne.     And  still  she  improves. 

Helen  Hagan  is  another  pianist  who  is  recognized  as  being 
among  the  foremost  musicians  in  the  United  States,  as. the  result 
of  her  strenuous  studies  under  such  noted  French  masters  as 
Saint-Saens,  Vincent  D'Indy,  Claude  Debussy  and  her  playing 
under  the  severe  criticisms  of  Gabriel  Faure,  Paul  Dukas, 
Chaussons  and  Severac.  As  one  of  the  associate  editors  on  the 
staff  of  Music  and  Poetry,  she  is  doing  great  inspirational  work 
in  its  piano  department. 

Carl  Diton's  transcription  of  "Swing  Low  Sweet  Chariot"  for 
the  organ  has  been  published  by  G.  Schirmer  Co.,  one  of  the 
largest  white  music  publishers  in  America.  This  composition 
has  a  melody  of  remarkable  sweetness  and  is  one  of  the  few 
pieces  that  brings  into  full  play  all  parts  of  the  organ.  Mr. 
Diton  has  studied  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  America  and  today  is 
recognized  as  one  of  the  leading  pianists,  organists  and  composers 
in  this  country. 

Melville  Charlton  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  is  estimated  by  knowing 
critics  as  being  one  of  the  most  talented  and  efficient  pipe 
organist  among  Colored  people  in  America.  He  is  an  unquestion- 
ed authority  on  this  instrument  that  has  taken  up  many  of  his 

196 


years  in  theory  study  and  practical  application.  The  following 
named  are  a  few  mentioned  from  among  the  hundreds  of  other 
exceptionally  trained  organists  in  different  parts  of  the  country; 
Rudolph  Grant,  New  York,  William  King,  Phila.,  Pa.,  George 
Ruffin  and  Fred  White,  Boston,  Mass.  Mrs.  Corinne  Wilson, 
Chicago,  111. 

"It  Takes  Love  to  Cure  the  Heart's  Disease",  "Loveless  Love" 
and  "Caroline  Shout"  were  among  the  first  player-piano  rolls 
that  were  recorded  by  Jas.  P.  Johnson,  a  Colored  pianist,  who 
has  signed  a  contract  to  make  recordings  for  the  Q.  R.  S.  Music 
Company,  which  is  the  largest  player-piano  roll  manufacturers 
in  the  world. 

One  of  the  greatest  musical  wonders,  Colored  or  white, 
America  has  ever  produced  was  Thomas  G.  Bethune,  who  was 
born  a  blind  slave  at  Columbus,  Ga.,  He  became  known  through- 
out the  world  as  "Blind  Tom".  He  played  difficult  pieces  on  the 
piano  when  only  four  years  old  and  began  giving  concerts  when 
eight  years  old.  Although  he  had  never  received  any  instructions 
he  could  correctly  imitate  the  most  difficult  piece  after  hearing 
it  played  but  once.  He  was  taken  to  Europe  where  he  won  fame 
and  honors  playing  before  the  crowned  heads  in  all  of  the  im- 
portant countries.  His  audiences  would  sit  spellbound  and  en- 
tranced as  he  imitated  on  the  piano  nearly  every  imaginable 
sound.  Especially  were  they  moved  and  seemed  to  feel  they 
were  going  through  the  actual  experience  when  he  played  "The 
Shipwreck."  At  such  times  his  magic  fingers  drew  from  the 
ivory  keys  the  far  and  low  rumblings  of  fast  coming  storms ;  the 
clanking  of  rattling  chains  among  hastening  crews;  the  weird 
moans  of  increasing  winds ;  the  blood-curdling  shrieks  of  swooping 
sea-gulls;  the  distant  booms  of  beach-breaking  waves;  the 
flapping  slaps  of  wind-whipped  sails;  the  creaking  timbers  of 
tossed-about  ships;  the  soft  murmurs  of  praying  voices;  the 
sudden  crashes  of  lightning  bolts ;  loud  rolling  peals  of  overhead 
thunder  and  the  splashing  sounds  of  down-pouring  rains. 

Another  piano  prodigy  of  the  race  is  J.  W.  Boone  of  Colum- 
bia, Mo.,  who  became  blind  in  his  infancy.  He  is  known  as 
"Blind  Boone"  and  although  he  has  been  touring  the  country 

197 


for  forty  years,  he  is  still  giving  piano  recitals  that  hold  his 
audiences  in  wonder  and  awe.  He  has  such  a  wonderful  mem- 
ory for  musical  details  and  such  a  delicate  ear  for  detecting 
musical  sounds  that  he  frequently  listens  to  the  playing  of  a 
recognized  pianist  who  has  the  sight  of  both  eyes,  and  when  that 
person  has  finished,  "Blind  Boone"  will  go  to  the  piano  and  amuse 
the  audience  by  showing  the  mistakes  made  by  the  other  player 
and  then  presenting  the  piece  correctly.  By  many  critics  he  is 
considered  today  as  the  equal  if  not  the  superior  of  the  famous 
"Blind  Tom".  (Ref.  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edi- 
tion, pgs.  327-28-29). 

Named  below  are  a  few  of  the  many  Colored  pianists  in 
America  today,  many  of  them  having  studied  under  some  of  the 
best  masters  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  America,  and  all  of  them 
being  finished  musicians,  and  several  of  them  of  national  renown. 

Nettie  C.  Asberry,  Tocoma,  Wash.,  S.  N.  Arter,  Neola 
Bailey,  Hampton,  Va.,  Bertha  Beaumann,  Boston,  Mass., 
"Eubie"  Blake,  Lawrence  Brown,  Boston,  Mass.,  J.  H.  Buchan- 
an, Durham,  N.  C,  Mrs.  L.  E.  Cain,  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Mae 
Clements,  Mrs.  R.  N.  Dett,  Hampton,  Va.,Cleo  M.  Dickerson, 
Chicago,  111.,  N.  Doxey,  Eva  Dykes,  Washington,  D.  C,  J.  H. 
Hebron,  Phila.,  Pa.,  Mary  Gibson,  Washington,  D.  C,  Clyde 
Glass,  Wilhelmina  Harrison,  and  Mildren  B.  Jones  of  Chicago, 
111.,  E.  Aldama  Jackson,  N.  Y.,  William  King,  Phila.,  Pa.,  Mrs. 
E.  Lambert,  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Wm.  S.  Lawrence,  Boston,  Mass., 
Andradas  Lindsay,  A.  Matthews,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Susie  Mc- 
Donald, Newark,  N.  J.,  Martha  Mitchell,  Nellie  M.  Mundy, 
N.  Y.,  Josephine  Muse,  Washington,  D.  C,  Portia  W.  Pittman, 
Maud  Powell,  A.  W.  Quarles,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.,  Helen  H.  Price, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  C.  Luckeyth  Roberts,  N.  Y.,  Arthur  W.  Ross, 
Ruth  Rowan,  Durham,  N.  C,  Amy  Steffens,  Wilwaukee,  Wis., 
Samuel  Stewart,  Columbus,  Ohio,  T.  T.  Taylor,  Chicago,  111., 
Roy  Tibbs,  Washington,  D.  C,  Hazel  D.  Thomas,  E.  Torney, 
Baltimore,  Md. 

The  Pace  Phonograph  Corporation,  New  York  City,  is  the 
first  of  its  kind  in  the  world  to  be  composed  only  of  Colored 
people.     It  is  presided  over  by  Harry  H.  Pace,  a  Colored  man 

198 


who  founded  it,  and  it  is  turning  out  records  reproducing  only 
Negro  music  sung  or  played  only  by  Colored  musicians.  All 
of  its  officials  and  employees  are  Colored,  and  its  chief  purpose 
is  to  preserve  in  vocal  form  such  as  are  left  of  the  slave-songs  of 
America.  Its  records  are  known  as  the  "Black  Swan  Records," 
that  are  already  in  much  demand  and  finding  large  sales. 

Today  the  original  and  unique,  singing  of  Perry  Bradford's 
"blues"  by  Mamie  Smith,  is  attracting  admiration  and  endless 
praise  on  both  sides  of  the  ocean.  Her  successful  singing  for  the 
reproduction  of  her  voice  on  the  records  of  the  Okeh  Phono- 
graph Co.,  has  made  her  the  first  Colored  female  singer  to  so 
suddenly  achieve  world  fame  along  that  line.  It  is  said  that 
the  royalties  from  her  records  amount  to  such  a  sum  that  it 
would  gladden  and  look  big  in  the  eyes  of  even  prima  donna 
singers  in  the  operatic  world.  The  records  containing  her  voice 
are  in  such  demand  by  the  public  that  the  manufacturers  turn- 
ing out  the  disc  have  to  put  on  night  shifts  in  conjunction  with  day 
shifts  in  order  to  fill  the  orders  piled  up  on  their  desks.  In  the 
fall  of  1920  Miss  Smith's  stage  singing  had  become  so  popular 
that  she  had  to  table  engagements  from  Paris  and  London  in 
order  to  fill  a  thirty  week  touring  engagement  in  the  United 
States. 

Band  Musicians  throughout  the  world  heard  of  and  learned 
to  admire  the  late  James  Reese  Europe,  who  was  one  of  the 
greatest  "jazz"  musicians  the  world  has  ever  heard.  Of  the  four 
best  bands  overseas  during  the'  World  War  and  representing  the 
four  greatest  nations,  James  Europe's  American  Colored  bandmen 
were  in  demand  more  than  any  of  the  others,  especially  in 
England  and  France. 

At  the  St.  Louis  World  Exposition  of  1904  and  at  the  Panama 
Exposition  held  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  in  1915,  Major  W.  H. 
Loving,  as  conductor  of  the  famous  Philippine  Band,  was  among 
those  who  were  awarded  the  highest  band  honors  for  being 
among  the  greatest  bandmasters  of  the  world.  Other  Colored 
musicians  who  have  achieved  success  and  recognition  as  band 
leaders  are  quite  numerous  in  America,  and  a  few  of  them  are 
mentioned  herewith;  Lieut.  Tim  Bryan,   F.  L.   Drye,  W.   H. 

199 


Howard,  W.  L.  Jackson,  C.  Wesley  Johnson,  N.  Clarke  Smith, 
A.  J.  Thomas,  W.  H.  Vodery,  and  P.  G.  Lowery  who  has  de- 
veloped such  a  great  band  that  yearly  throughout  the  seasons 
it  is  to  be  found  with  the  Ringling  Bro.  Show  as  one  of  its  most 
important  bands.  W.  H.  Graham,  as  well  as  a  great  band 
leader  is  a  talented  composer  of  band  music.  His  home  is  in 
Denver,  Colorado. 

According  to  the  determinations  of  one  of  America's  nation- 
ally recognized  authorities  and  critics  on  Negro  music  composi- 
tion, the  following  ten  named  Colored  composers  are  among  the 
foremost  in  the  United  States : 

Harry  T.  Burleigh,  whose  "Deep  River",  "Jean"  and  "The 
Soldier"  are  three  of  his  vocie  compositions  that  are  among 
his  numerous  spirituals  and  artsongs  published  by  Ricordi  & 
Co.,  New  York  City.  For  his  work  as  a  singer  and  composer, 
Mr.  Burleigh  was  awarded  the  1917  Spingarn  Medal. 

Melville  Charlton,  whose  piano  production:  Poeme  Crotique  is 
published  by  Schirmer  &  Co.,  New  York  City. 

Will  Marion  Cook,  whose  "The  Bandanna  Land",  "The  Casino 
Girl",  and  "The  Rain  Song"  are  among  his  popular  choruses 
in  Negro  style  that  are  published  by  Schirmer  &  Co.,  New 
York  City.  As  director  of  The  New  York  Syncopated  Or- 
chestra and  the  celebrated  Clef  Club  Orchestra,  Mr.  Cook 
has  won  himself  a  place  among  the  first-place  orchestra 
leaders  in  America  and  Europe. 

R.  Nathaniel  Dett,  whose  chorals:  "Chariot  Jubilee",  "Listen 
To  The  Lambs"  and  I'm  So  Glad  Trouble  Don't  Last  Alway" 
are  among  his  voice  spirituals  published  by  John  Church 
Co.,  New  York  City;  his  piano  composition  "Magnolia  which 
is  one  among  others  published  by  Summy  &  Co.,  Chicago.  A 
white  publication,  Musical  America  of  December  17,  1919, 
said,  "If  R.  Nathaniel  Dett  had  written  no  other  work,  his 
"Chariot  Jubilee"  would  suffice  to  make  his  name."  Mr. 
Dett  is  also  a  noted  pianist. 

Carl  Diton,  whose  pipe  Organ  production;  "Swing  Low  Sweet, 
Chariot"  is  published  by  Schirmer  &  Co.,  New  York  City, 

200 


and  whose  voice  composition;  "Swing  Low  Sweet  Chariot" 
is  published  by  Presser  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Helen  Hagan,  who  has  composed  for  the  piano;  Concerto  with 
orchestral  accompaniment  (manuscript). 

J.  Harvey  Hebron,  who  has  produced  for  the  voice  splendid  semi- 
classic  ballads  (American  Magazine  Co.,  1514  South  St., 
Phila.,  Pa.,)  and  for  the  violin  and  piano:  Sonata  in  E 
(manuscript). 

J.  Rosamond  Johnson,  whose  classic  ballads  and  light  operas 
have  been  written  for  the  white  company,  Klaw  &  Erlanger 
and  such  noted  white  actresses  as  Lillian  Russell.  In  the 
production  of  many  of  his  pieces,  J.  Rosamond  was  ably  assist- 
ed by  his  brother  James  Weldon  Johnson  who  also  was  the 
translator  for  the  English  libretto  of  "Goyescas"  the  Spanish 
grand  opera  produced  by  the  Metropolitan  Opera  Company 
in  1915.  James  W.  also  has  several  French  music  transla- 
tions to  his  credit.  The  works  of  J.  Rosamond  Johnson  are 
published  by  Ditson  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Gerald  Tyler,  who  has  composed  for  the  voice,  Art-songs  that 
are  published  by  Schirmer  &  Co.,  New  York  City. 

Clarence  Cameron  White,  whose  violn  Spirituals  are  published 
by  Carl  Fisher  &  Co.,  New  York. 

The  "blue  song"  compositions  of  W.  C.  Handy  are  known  and 
sung  all  over  the  world.  He  is  president  of  the  Handy  Music 
Co.,  of  New  York  City,  which  is  the  leading  firm  of  its  kind  among 
Colored  people  in  the  world.  Perry  Bradford  is  composer  of 
the  "Crazy  Blues"  that  have  made  himself,  Mamie  Smith  and 
the  Okeh  phonograph  records  nationally  and  internationally 
famous. 

N.  Clark  Smith  is  second  to  none  among  American  Colored 
musicians  as  a  composer  of  instrumental,  especially,  band 
music.  For  several  years  he  was  band  leader  of  the  Tuskegee 
Institute  expert  band  and  also  served  for  a  long  period  as  band- 
master of  the  famous  Old  Illinois  8th  Regiment.  Today  he  is 
Director  of  Music  at  the  Lincoln  High  School,  Kansas  City, 
Mo. 

201 


The  following  list  contains  the  names  of  some  of  the  leading 
musicians  who  are  foremost  composers  of  different  lines  of  music : 
Mrs.  B.  Consuelo  Cook,  J.  E.  Dowell,  E.  Edmonds,  W.  H.  Far- 
rell,  Harry  Freeman,  Jessie  L.  Gaynor,  A.  P.  Grant,  H.  P.  Gil- 
bert, L.  Godfrey,  Nora  Douglass  Holt,  Edwin  F.  Hill,  E.  A. 
Jackson,  Scott  Jolpin,  E.  T.  Jenkins,  Joe.  Jordan,  Turner  Lay- 
ton,  Therwold  Otterstrom,  Dave  Payton,  J.  S.  Pollen,  Alex 
Rogers,  H.  E.  Stewart,  Dekiven  Thompson,  Clarence  Will 
iams,  Spencer  Williams.    Geo.  Hoff. 


202 


IN   ATHLETICS 

Some  Man. 

When  a  white  star  fames  in  football  fray, 
Three  rivals  at  most  against  him  play; 
And  he  gets  the  cheers  of  every  fan 

For  they  feel  for  him  no  racial  ban; 
But  when  Colored  star  in  white  games  set 
Eleven  "cave  men"  play  him  "to  get"; 
And  when  thro  it  all  they  can't  him  "can" 

He  sure  must  be  what  is  called  "SOME  MAN". 

— Harrison. 

THE  main  thing  every  boy  and  girl  should  have  or  begin  to 
acquire  in  early  life,  and  then  continue  to  keep  during 
his  manhood  or  her  womanhood,  is  a  clean,  healthy,  supple  and 
well-developed  muscular  body  that  is  guided  and  governed  by  a 
pure  thinking  and  self -controlling  mind.  And  such  a  body  is 
mainly  built  up  and  preserved  by  taking  plenty  of  out-door 
playful  exercises  in  early  childhood;  by  taking  frequent  parts 
in  athletics  games  played  in  a  fair  and  honest  way  against  friend- 
ly rivals  while  in  young  manhood  and  womanhood;  and  by  re- 
gularly and  systematically  going  through  a  good  drill  of  setting- 
up  exercises,  gymnastics  or  callisthenics  throughout  both  middle 
and  old  age.  These  same  childhood  games  and  youthful  ath- 
letic sports  have  their  good  effects  upon  the  young  and  tender 
minds  by  early  teaching  them  courage  in  times  of  facing  big 
odds  and  developing  self-control  during  the  angry  moments  of  an 
exciting  game  when  temptations  so  often  come  up  to  strike  an 
unfair  blow  or  say  some  mean  and  rude  thing.  And  these 
same  out-door  activities  have  their  purifying  results  upon  those 
minds  in  that  they  are  nearer  to  Nature  and  thereby  prompt 
more  Godly  thoughts,  words  and  deeds  among  such  minds  than 
do  certain  in-door  pastimes  that  are  not  so  wholesome.  No 
country  in  the  world  surpasses  America  in  the  general  suppleness 
in  movement,  gracefulness  of  carriage  and  all-round  muscular 
development  and  physical  prowess  of  the  bodies  belonging  to 
its  people.  And  the  following  named  records  show  that  American 
Coloredlyouths  have  played  large  and  valuable  parts  in  helping 
to  build  up  the  physical  reputation  of  the  United  States  that  is 
today  ^recognized  as  the  leading  country  in  international  athletic 

sports. 

203 


In  Football 

W.  H.  Lewis  (one  of  the  ablest  Colored  lawyers  in  America 
today)  before  graduating  from  Harvard  proved  to  be  the  great- 
est football  center,  Colored  or  white,  in  his  college  and  of  his 
time.  Every  fall  when  Harvard  now  faces  her,  Brown  Univer- 
sity heaves  a  loud  sigh  of  regret  that  Fritz  Pollard,  a  Colored 
All-American  Half-back,  is  not  on  her  football  team  to  again  and 
mostly  alone  carry  the  brown  and  white  pennant  to  a  crushing 
victory  over  the  almost  unbeatable  crimson  and  white  colors. 
Williams  has  since  made  such  a  football  record  at  Brown  that  he 
was  given  a  place  on  an  i\ll-American  team  by  the  New  York 
World.  It  was  Johnny  Shelbourne,  All-American  Fullback,  who 
was  one  of  the  four  stars  on  Dartmouth  football  team  that  so 
smoothly  steam-rollered  the  team  of  the  University  of  Pa.,  with 
a  score  of  44  to  7  on  Franklin  Field,  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
November  13,  1920.  Shelbourne  is  also  such  a  sprinter  that  he 
is  able  to  "fade-away"  over  a  40  yard  stretch  in  4  4-5  seconds. 
Calloway  not  only  made  the  Varsity  team  of  Columbia  but  has 
proved  one  of  its  most  valuable  men.  All  football  teams  that 
have  recently  played  against  Northwestern  University  have  felt 
the  brawn  and  held  the  weight  of  "Buddy"  Turner.  Washington 
&  Jefferson  in  their  latest  football  games  have  fully  relied  upon 
the  punting  toe  of  their  Colored  player,  West.  Athletic  writers 
and  critics  on  the  staffs  of  both  the  Chicago  Tribune  and  Colliers 
Weekly  have  given  Duke  Slater,  the  Iowa  tackle,  a  place  on  an 
All-Western  football  team.  Leon  Taylor  was  made  All-Ohio 
Conferee  fullback  at  Oberlin,  Ohio.  Smith's  tricks  of  going 
completely  wild  when  turned  loose  on  the  gridiron  of  Michigan 
Agr.  College  caused  them  to  put  him  on  an  All-American  team 
for  safe  keeping.  When  knocking  men  right  and  left  on  the 
field  of  Minnesota  University,  Marshall  acted  so  much  like  a 
Minnesota  Indian  on  the  war  path  that  they  had  to  do  something 
to  sort  of  tame  him  down,  so  they  put  him  on  an  All-American 
team.  Beside  winning  his  letters  in  baseball,  basketball  and 
track  athletics,  A.  Hamblin  of  Knox  College  was  made  captain 
of  his  1918  football  team.  M.  Richmond,  on  account  of  his  ex- 
cellent defensive  and  offensive  playings  was  made  captain  of  the 

204 


Des  Moines  College  1917  football  team.  Sol  Butler,  when  play- 
ing on  the  Dubuque  College  football  team,  came  in  such  close 
contact  with  and  made  such  lasting  impressions  on  his  opponents 
that  they  will  until  their  dying  days  remember  having  met  a 
Sol  Butler  at  some  time  and  at  some  place.  W.  E.  Morrison 
and  W.  Brown  were  two  of  the  outstanding  stars  who  played  on 
the  Tuft  College  varsity  eleven  at  the  times  it  beat  Harvard 
and  gave  Princeton  one  of  the  toughest  battles  and  one  of  the 
worse  heart-stop-beating  scares  it  has  ever  had  on  a  football 
field.  In  New  England,  the  names  and  pigskin  deeds  of  those 
two  charging  warriors,  especially  that  of  Morrison  are  still  fondly 
remembered  and  always  referred  to  with  admiration  and  pride. 
Paul  Robeson  of  Rutgers  College  was  made  an  All-American 
End.  Walter  Camp  (white)  of  Yale  University  in  selecting  his 
All-American  Football  Team  of  1918  said,  "There  never  was  a 
more  serviceable  end,  both  in  attack  and  defense  than  Robeson 
— the  200  pound  giant  of  Rutgers.  Defensively  this  team  is 
remarkably  strong  with  Robeson  and  Alexander  backing  up  the 
line  as  secondary  defense;  Taking  turns  at  this  they  would  be 
employed  in  a  line  of  work  to  which  they  are  thoroughly  accus- 
tomed and  in  which  they  have  had  no  peers  in  many  years." 
(quotation  from  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition, 
page  44).  Other  Colored  youths  who  have  won  distinction  as 
football  players  in  white  universities  and  colleges  are;  Taylor 
at  the  University  of  Pa.,  Bullock  at  Dartmouth,  Gray  and  Pink- 
ett  at  Amherst,  Ayler  at  Brown,  Chadwell  at  Williams,  Craig- 
head at  Massachusetts  Agri.  College,  Jones  at  Harvard,  Ransom 
at  Belout,  Young  and  Wheeler  at  Illinois,  Johnson  and  Ross  at 
Nebraska,  Tibbs  at  Syracuse,  Green  at  Western  Reserve  and 
Roberts  at  Colorado  Reserve,  Niles  at  Colby. 

On  The  Track  and  Field 

Howard  P.  Drew,  the  present  holder  of  the  Official  A.  A.  U. 
world  record  of  9  3-5  seconds  for  100  yds,  was  selected  in  1918 
as  a  member  of  the  All-American  Athletic  Team  and  in  1919  as 
a  member  of  the  All-American  Track  Team.  In  writing  of 
Drew  in  the  Philadelphia  North  American  of  July  17,  1920,  Law- 

205 


son  Roberston  (white)  Coach  of  Athletics  at  the  University  of 
Pa.f  said:  "Just  before  Drew  broke  down  eight  years  ago  in  Stock- 
holm he  showed  enough  speed  in  his  trial  heat  to  warrant  the 
belief  that  he  could  beat  any  man  in  the  final  by  3  yards.  In  the 
semifinal  heat  he  "pulled"  his  tendon  when  he  had  covered  about 
80  yards  and  limped  in  the  remainder  of  the  distance.  Even 
at  that  he  won  his  semi-final  heat  by  about  eight  yards  from 
Thomas  of  Princeton,  the  1912  intercollegiate  champion."  The 
following  quotation  on  Drew  is  extracted  from  Work's  Negro 
Year  Book,  1918-1919,  page  44:  "At  the  1918  Western  Confer- 
ence College  Outdoor  Track  and  Field  Championship  Events, 
Howard  Drew,  the  world's  famous  sprinter  staged  a  comeback 
by  winning  against  a  very  fast  field  the  100  and  220  yard  dashes. 
A  comment  on  Drews'  performance  said:  "By  winning  the  100 
and  220  yard  dashes  from  the  fastest  fields  that  the  middle 
western  colleges  could  boast,  Drew  demonstrated  that  his  vic- 
tories were  not  due  to  accident  or  lack  of  formidable  opponents. 
If  any  further  proof  were  needed,  the  time  would  amply  attest 
the  high  standard  of  Drew's  sprinting  as  he  ran  the  100  in  10 
seconds.  When  it  is  taken  into  consideration  that  Drew  is  28 
years  of  age  and  has  been  competing  for  thirteen  years,  during 
which  time  he  has  won  numerous  victories  and  equalled  the 
world's  record  time  in  both  of  these  events,  it  can  be  seen  that 
his  latest  triumphs  are  little  short  of  athletic  marvels." 

Beside  being  one  of  its  best  football  players,  Sol  Butler  was 
also  one  of  the  best  all-round  athletes  Dubuque  College  ever 
turned  out,  and  was  holder  of  the  American  A.  A.  U.  broad  jump 
record  of  twenty-four  feet  and  eight  inches.  In  July  1919 
Butler  (now  of  Drake  College)  won  the  broad  jump  in  the  Inter- 
Allied  Games  at  Pershing  Stadium,  France.  He  was  one  of  the 
athletes  selected  to  represent  the  United  States  in  those  games. 
Butler  also  won  the  broad  jump  event  at  the  Relay  Carnival 
of  the  University  of  Pa.,  by  leaping  23  feet  5  3-4  inches.  Even 
in  his  youngster  frolics  while  attending  the  Hutchinson,  Kan. 
High  School,  Butler  showed  his  unusual  speed  by  getting  loose 
at  Evanston,  111.,  on  March  28,  1914,  and  pushing  60  yards  of 
air  out  of  the  way  in  6    2-5  seconds.     When  he  finally  slowed 

206 


down  at  the  end  of  that  affair  and  kept  still  long  enough  to  listen 
he  learned  those  boyhood  runaway  wild  steps  had  established 
the  best  United  States  Inter-Scholastic  Track  Record  for  that 
event. 

Edward  Orval  Gourdin 

The  field  sensation  among  the  white  colleges  during  the 
past  two  years  has  been  E.  O.  Gourdin,  the  Harvard  all-round 
star  athlete.  This  Colored  athlete  is  at  this  writing  unquestion- 
ably the  backbone  and  mainstay  of  the  Harvard  track  team, 
and  throughout  their  competitions  with  other  colleges,  Gourdin 
has  been  in  the  majority  of  cases  the  highest  individual  point 
scorer  for  his  college.  And  yet,  his  victories  have  been  under  the 
most  trying  conditions  and  circumstances.  Being  a  star  in  many 
events  and  the  chief  one  upon  whom  Harvard  depended,  in 
numerous  meets  he  has  repeatedly  been  called  upon  to  skip  from 
one  event  to  another  and  back  again  without  stopping  to  catch 
his  breath  or  get  a  rest:  even  fates,  especially  during  the  spring 
of  1921  seeming  to  be  against  him,  for  it  usually  rained  the  day 
before  or  the  day  he  had  to  perform.  As  his  best  work  is  done 
on  dry  ground,  and  he  fully  knows  it,  his  wet,  muddy  and  slippery 
events  were  of  course  entered  with  a  certain  amount  of  mental 
depression,  but  his  courage  never  faltered  nor  his  willingness 
halted.  During  the  spring  of  1921  when  Harvard  and  Yale  met 
in  their  annual  track  meet,  the  track  was  soaked  from  a  former 
rain;  yet,  Gourdin  won  the  100  yard  dash  from  Yale  in  10  2-5 
seconds.  Although  the  runway  was  uncertain  from  dampness, 
the  take-off  risky  for  the  same  reason  and  the  pit  wet  from 
holding  rain,  he  won  the  broad  jump  from  Yale  by  hurling  him- 
self through  the  air  24  feet  and  4  inches.  In  the  shot-put  under 
favorable  conditions  he  clears  41  feet  and  in  the  220  yard  dash 
he  hugs  22  seconds  so  tight  that  it  can't  get  away  from  him. 

Extra !  Extra !  Extra !  Special  Delivery  Red  Rush  Telegram ! 

At  last,  fates  and  the  atmospheric  elements  smiled  down 
upon  the  Colored  athletic  world  wonder  and  marvel,  "Ned" 
Gourdin,  by  giving  him  "A  Perfect  Day"  (no  drizzling  rains, 
no  wet  slippery  grounds,  no  damp  heavy  airs)  on  July  23,  1921. 

207 


On  this  date,  that  hilariously  kissed  the  sun  "good  night"  and 
joyously  embraced  the  moon  "good  morning",  was  held  a  dual 
track  meet  between  the  Harvard-Yale  teams  and  the  Oxford- 
Cambridge  teams  of  England,  at  the  Harvard  Stadium.  Re- 
garding the  results  of  that  meet,  the  writer  quotes  the  following 
extracts  as  part  of  an  article  that,  according  to  the  Chicago 
Defender  of  July  30,  1921,  appeared  in  the  July  25,  1921  issue  of 
the  Boston  Daily  Post: 

"By  Wilton  Vaugh" 

"Edward  Orval  Gourdin  now  goes  down  in  the  Harvard 
annals  as  the  greatest  track  athlete  ever  to  represent  the  Crimson. 

"His  record-breaking  jump  of  25  feet  3  inches  in  the  running 
broad  jump  last  Saturday  at  the  stadium  international  college 
meet  was  just  a  climax  to  his  amazing  achievements  on  the 
cinders. 

"Amazing  Record* ' 

"But  that  particular  feat  alone  would  have  been  enough 
to  rank  "Ned"  with  the  elite  of  Cambridge,  because  the  world 
has  been  waiting  twenty  years  for  a  man  capable  of  matching 
Peter  O'Connor's  leap  of  24  feet  11^  inches.  The  Harvard 
idol  accomplished  it,  and  with  such  a  margin  that  it  now  seems 
hopeless  of  developing  a  greater  jumper  for  a  number  of  years, 
anyway. 

"His  all-round  prowess  on  the  track  would  have  been  suffi- 
cient to  rate  him  with  the  best.  Had  he  chosen  to  specialize 
in  any  one  of  the  eight  events  it  is  not  beyond  the  scope  of  human 
thought  to  see  him  shatter  different  marks.  His  best  winning 
records  in  the  matches  he  has  already  tried  are : 

100-yard  dash — 9  4-5  seconds. 
220-yard  dash— 22  1-5  seconds. 
440-yard  run — 52  1-5  seconds. 
Running  broad  jump — 25  feet  3  inches. 
Running  high  jump — 5  feet  9  inches. 
Running  hop.step  and  jump — 45  feet  3  inches. 
Javelin  throw — 140  feet. 
Discus  throw — 1 10  feet. 

In  the  above  meet  on  July  23,  1921  Gourdin  also  won  the  100-yard  dash 
from  his  closest  rival,  Rudd,  the  famed  sprinter  and  captain  of  the  Brit- 
ish team. 

208 


During  his  athletic  career,  the  late  J.  B.  Taylor  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pa.,  was  a  track  wonder  in  both  America  and  Europe. 
When  in  action  he  had  the  easiest  and  prettiest  carriage  of  body 
and  the  smoothest  clocklike  movement  of  limbs  of  any  sprinter 
seen  on  the  cinder  path  for  years.  When  making  his  440  yard 
and  other  records  he  used  a  remarkable  sprinting  stride  of  nine 
feet — about  two  feet  longer  than  the  average  sprinter  takes. 

While  at  Harvard,  T.  Cable  won  fame  as  a  hammer  thrower ; 
L.  V.  Alexis  was  a  star  trackman,  and  E.  L.  Davidson  won  the 
125  pound-class  wrestling  Collegiate  Championship  in  competing 
against  the  best  white  wrestlers  of  his  class  from  the  other  six 
big  colleges  that  had  entered  the  match.  A.  L.  Jackson  was  one 
of  the  best  hurdlers  Harvard  ever  turned  out.  B.  Dismond  of 
the  University  of  Chicago  and  Lee  Umble  of  Colorado  Univer- 
sity made  records  for  their  schools,  and  Umble  is  today  one  of 
the  best  wrestlers  of  his  class  in  the  West.  J.  T.  Carter  has 
won  recognition  as  a  crack  sprinter  on  the  Brown  track  team, 
Dewey  Rogers  is  a  star  trackman  on  the  University  of  Pa. 
track  team  and  his  ability  to  push  440  yards  back  of  him  in  50  2-5 
seconds  shows  he  has  a  pair  of  heels  that  must  be  closely  watched 
or  they  may  some  day  on  some  cinder  path  get  fast  ideas  to 
elope  from  their  owner.  Rogers  in  one  of  his  440  yards  sprints 
defeated  the  captain  of  his  own  track  team  — Earl  Eby. 

Roy  Morris  has  won  a  national  reputation  as  a  sprinter  of 
note.  R.  E.  Johnson  of  Pittsburgh,  is  one  of  the  best  5,000  and 
10,000  meter  runners  in  the  country.  Little  Charley  Mitchell 
of  the  St.  Christopher  Club,  New  York,  is  one  of  the  pluckiest 
and  ablest  marathon  runners  in  the  land  and  has  finished  eighth 
out  of  a  string  of  sixty.  G.  L.  Brashear,  now  coach  of  Straight 
University,  New  Orleans,  La.,  was  at  one  time  one  of  the  best 
all-round  athletes  in  California.  E.  Niles  has  repeatedly  shown 
that  he  is  one  of  the  best  440  and  880  yard  sprinters  in  New  Eng- 
land. 

"The  New  York  Athletic  Club  games  saw  another  promising 
Negro  athlete  come  into  prominence.  Billy  Parker,  represent- 
ing the  St.  Christopher  Club,  raced  to  an  easy  victory  in  the 
1,000  yard  run.     He  won  about  as  he  pleased  in  2:10.     Parker 

209 


is  one  of  the  best-looking  runners  that  the  Colored  clubs  have 
developed  in  years.  He  is  big,  rangy,  and  a  good  stricter."  The 
above  is  what  Howard  Valentine,  a  sport  writer,  had  to  say  in  a 
white  paper,  the  New  York  Globe,  about  Wm.  S.  (Billy)  Parker 
who  so  easily  defeated  some  of  the  fastest  Colored  and  white 
runners  in  the  East.  Parker  is  also  one  of  the  foremost  basket- 
ball players  in  the  East.  Young  men  who  are  interested  in  bi- 
cycle riding  might  be  encouraged  to  learn  here  that  little  Major 
Taylor,  a  Colored  man,  during  the  year  1900  held  the  champion- 
ship as  the  fastest  bicycle  rider  in  America. 

Track  and  Field  Records  Held  by  Colored  Youths 

Best  Western  Inter-Collegiate  Conference  Record.  440  Yards,  47  2-5 
seconds,  Binga  Dismond,  Chicago,  at  Evantson,  111.,  June  3,  1916. 

Best  United  States  Inter-Scholastic  Track  Record.  60  yards,  6  2-5 
seconds,  Sal  Butler,  Hutchinson,  (Kansas)  High  School,  at  Evanston,  111. 
March  28,  1914. 

In  July,  1919  Butler  (now  of  Drake)  won  the  broad  jump  in  the  Inter- 
Allied  Games  at  Pershing  Stadium,  France. 


Track  Amateur  World   Records 

100  Yards,  9-  3-4  seconds  by  H.  P.  Drew  at  Berkley,  California,  March  28, 1914 ' 
130  Yards,  12  4-5  seconds,  H.  P.  Drew  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  22,  1913. 
220  Yards,  21  1-5  seconds,  H.  P.  Drew  at  Clearmont,  California,  Feb.  28.  1914. 


Colored  Youths  Who  Have  Won  Unusual  Distinctions  in 
Track  and  Field  Work  in  White  CoHeges. 

Sol  Butler All-round  Athlete Drake  University 

Theodore  Cable Hammer  Thrower Harvard  University 

Binga  Dismond 440  Yard  Runner Chicago  University 

Howard  P.  Drew ...Short  Distant  Runner  ....So.  Cal.  University 

Edwin  O.  Gourdin All-round  Athlete  Harvard  University 

W.  R.  Granger Half  Miler Dartmouth  College 

Irving  Howe Short  Distant  Runner  ...Colby  College 

A.  L.  Jackson Hurdler Harvard  University 

Wm.  B.  Matthews  Baseball  player  Harvard  University 

Fritz  Pollard  Hurdler  and  Football Brown  University 

Dewey  Rogers Sprinter University  of  Pa. 

John  B.  Taylor 440  Yard  Sprinter University  of  Pa. 

Joseph  E.  Trigg Oarsman Syracuse  University 

Fred  White Short  and  Middle  Sprinter,  Univ.  of  Pa. 

210 


Howard  and  Lincoln  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 

At  the  University  of  Pa.,  Relay  Games  held  April  29  and  30, 
1921,  on  Franklin  Field,  Phila.,  Pa.,  the  Howard  University 
track  team  took  a  one  mile  relay  race  away  from  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege, Carnegie  School  of  Technology,  Tufts  College  and  several 
other  white  colleges  of  that  stamp.  The  Lincoln  University 
track  team  in  a  one  mile  relay  race  also  romped  away  from  the 
teams  of  George  Washington  University  and  a  number  of  other 
such  white  institutions. 

Beside  gaining  honors  in  winning  those  only  two  events 
in  which  they  were  entered,  each  of  these  two  Colored  teams  was 
presented  with  a  banner  and  each  member  of  the  teams  was  given 
a  gold  watch.  The  outcome  of  those  two  events  not  only  brought 
encouragements  to  athletes  in  all  Negro  schools  and  pride  to 
members  of  the  Race  throughout  the  country,  but  it  convinced 
the  athletic  world  of  two  truths.  First,  the  brotherhood  and 
true  sportsmanship  feelings  between  white  and  Colored  schools 
in  America  are  slowly  but  surely  increasing  and  becoming 
closer  and  more  friendly.  Secondly,  Negro  universities,  col- 
leges and  schools  are  today  turning  out  athletes  who  can  hold 
their  own  when  competing  with  athletes  developed  by  white 
schools  of  the  same  class. 

Colored  Athletes  in   Colored   Universities  and   Colleges. 

Those  Colored  youths  mentioned  in  the  preceeding  chapter 
are  but  a  few  of  the  Colored  athletes  who  while  attending  white 
schools  successfully  matched  the  stamina,  endurance  and  strength 
of  their  muscles,  bones  and  will  powers  against  those  of  Cau- 
casian youths.  The  following  named  Colored  athletes  are 
those  who  studied  and  competed  among  themselves  in  Colored 
Universities,  colleges  and  schools  under  instructions  of  their 
college  trained  Colored  Athletic  coaches,  and  who  would  have 
carried  away  many  athletic  first  honors  had  they  attended  white 
schools  and  taken  parts  in  sports: 

Atlanta  University — L.  R.  Harper,  all-round  star  athlete:  L.  D.  Maxwell, 
football  and  baseball  star;  W.  S.  Fuller,  basketball  star. 

Fisk  University: — H.  A.  Johnson,  all-round  star  athlete;  W.  H.  Zeigler,  foot- 
ball star;  L.  O.  McVey,  baseball  star. 

211 


Hampton  Institute: — James  Gayle,  all-round  star  athlete;  J.  E.  Scott,  foot- 
ball star;  J.  W.  Harvey,  football  and  baseball  star;  V.  S.  Brown,  basket- 
ball star. 

Howard  University: — C.  Coleman,  all-round  star  athlete;  G.  Brice,  football 
star;  G.  Gilmore,  basketball  star;  F.  Sykes,  baseball  star. 

Lincoln  University: — W.  P.  Young,  all-round  star  athlete;  H.  G.  Ridgely, 
football  star;  M.  F.  Wheatland,  basketball  star;  L.  Holloway,  baseball 
star. 

Morehouse  College: — J.  C.  Walker,  all-round  star  athlete;  R.  Richardson, 
football  star;  Edw.  Hope,  basketball  star;  S.  Duncon,  baseball  star. 

Shaw  University: — M.  Walker,  all-round  star  athlete;  W.  Crump,  football 
star;  L.  W.  Cook,  basketball  star;  D.  W.  Graham,  baseball  star. 

Talladega  College: — L.  H.  Cox,  all-round  star  athlete;  C.  Coles  a»d  R.  E. 
Rivers,  football  stars;  Q.  Gordon,  baseball  star. 

Tuskegee  Institute: — G.  H.  Kitchen,  all-round  star  athlete;  A.  L.  Williams' 
football  star;  C.  C.  Hart,  basketball  star;  J.  F.  Ross,. baseball  star. 

Va.  Union  University:  —  H.  B.  Hucles,  all-round  star  athlete;  S.  B.  Taylor, 
football  star;  B.  C.  Gregory,  basketball  star;  S.  B.  Taylor,  baseball  star. 

Va.  Normal  and  Ind.  School: — J.  F.  Nicholas,  all-round  star  athlete;  E.  C. 
Melton,  football  star;  A.  C.  Jackson,  baseball  star. 

Wilberforce  University: — I.  Lane,  all-round  star  athlete:  T.   Reid,  football 
star;  S.  H.  Hull,  basketball  star;  L.  Townsend,  baseball  star. 


212. 


BASEBALL 

"  Play  Ball." 

From  early  spring  until  late  fall, 

This  Nation's  hobby  is  baseball; 
And  while  such  season  is  in  reign 

Few  men  or  boys  do  stay  real  sane. 

—  Harrison. 

Cris  Terriente,  Colored  champion  home-run  hitter  and  out- 
fielder, and  known  as  the  Cuban  "Babe  Ruth",  was  a  marvel 
even  several  years  ago  when  he  played  in  the  United  States 
with  the  famous  Colored  teams, American  Giants  of  Chicago  and 
the  All-Nationals  of  Kansas  City.  This  Colored  ball  player 
has  been  frequently  estimated  by  white  baseball  critics  as  being 
an  equal  home-run  hitter  to  the  celebrated  "Babe  Ruth",  whose 
services  were  sold  by  a  Boston  team  to  a  New  York  team  for 
over  one  hundred  thousand  dollars.  And  one  of  those  well- 
meaning  white  critics,  when  commenting  on  the  wonderful  base- 
ball playing  of  Terriente,  so  far  forgot  his  "square-deal"  and  one 
hundred  per  cent  Americanism  as  to  allow  some  of  his  grayless 
brain  matter  and  stagnant  watery  thoughts  to  soak  through  his 
system  and  overflow  into  his  pen  point  that  splashed  little  pud- 
dles of  poisoned  ink.  In  his  article  he  lamented  the  fact  that 
it  was  impossible  to  "indelibly  white-wash"  Terrente  so  as  to 
make  him  white  enough  to  be  accepted  as  a  playing  member  on 
one  of  the  Big  League  White  baseball  teams. 

Now,  if  that  same  baseball  critic  had  entered  the  United 
States  Army  as  either  a  volunteer  or  a  draftee  in  the  World  War 
and  had  been  dying  of  thirst  on  the  bloodsoaked  and  bone- 
strewn  plains  of  "No  Man's  Land",  it  is  wondered  if  he  would 
have  thought  it  necessary  to  "indelibly  white-wash"  Colored 
soldiers  before  accepting  from  thier  black  lips,  and  greedily 
pressing  to  his  own  parched  white  lips,  the  begged-for  water 
canteens  of  the  Colored  soldiers?  For  such  exchanges  of  can- 
teens between  generous  Colored  and  dying  white  soldiers  oc- 
cured  thousands  of  times  and  in  not  one  instance  did  those 
famished  white  men  allow  color  prejudice  to  stand  between  them 
and  a  few  mouthsful  of  left-over  Colored  water  that  meant  the 
saving  of  their  lives.     Nevertheless,  a  majoirty  of  those  soldiers 

213 


whose  lives  had  been  saved  by  the  timely  swallows  of  water 
from  the  canteens  of  black  soldiers,  immediately  resumed  their 
persecution  of  and  discriminations  against  the  Negro  race  even 
before  they  got  back  home  to  America. 

Thus  while  history  shows  that  the  majority  of  white  people, 
when  in  the  jaws  of  threatened  or  actual  death,  become  too 
"color-blind  and  "near  -sighted  to  see  the  hue  of  the  hand  or  the 
shape  of  the  face  that  comes  to  its  help  and  vital  rescue ;  history 
also  shows  that  a  great  many  white  people,  while  in  the  pink 
of  life,  health  and  prosperity,  allow  their  visions  to  become  so 
magnified  and  their  minds  to  become  so  overrun  and  soaked 
with  vile  race  prejudice  that  they  constantly  see  imaginary  color- 
lines  that  really  do  not  exist.  They  also  are  constantly  building 
up  before  law-abiding,  clean-living  and  progressive  classes  of 
Colored  people  certain  racial  barriers  that  are  not  only  proving 
a  stain  but  also  a  shame  (in  the  eyes  of  the  rest  of  the  onlooking 
world)  upon  this  land  of  freedom,  civilization  and  Christianity. 
But  at  this  time  and  place  the  writer  will  not  go  further  into  this 
particular]  phase  of  this  color-line  subject,  as  it  is  being  more 
fully  dealt  with  in  the  writing  of  one  of  his  other  books. 

Fair-minded  white  people  are  justly  ashamed  of  the  words 
and  actions  of  such  members  of  their  race  as  the  above  mentioned 
reporter,  and  already  bright  rays  of  hope  are  beginning  to  shine 
in  the  Big  League  for  Colored  baseball  players.  In  this  direc- 
tion The  Continential  League  with  headquarters  at  Boston, 
Mass.  and  formed  by  the  white  baseball  magnate,  Andrew  Law- 
son,  has  really  wedged  the  first  opening.  At  the  formation  of 
this  league,  Lawson  admitted  two  Colored  teams,  one  from  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.  and  the  other  from  Boston,  the  latter  team  having 
both  Colored  and  white  players.  This  is  the  greatest  bit  of 
encouragement  Colored  professional  baseball  players  in  America 
have  ever  received.  The  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Directors 
of  The  Continental  League  is  R.  T.  Murray,  a  Colored  man. 
This  league's  influence  for  the  spreading  of  broad-mindedness 
and  fair-play  is  already  being  noticed  among  the  officials  of  other 
white  Big  Leagues.     At  the  end  of  the  baseball  season  of  1920, 

214 


Colored  teams  were  allowed  to  play  against  many  of  the  big 
white  league  teams  on  their  barn-storming  tours. 

During  that  season  Bolden's  Hilldale  team  played  against 
Connie  Mack's  team  of  All-Stars  at  the  National  League  Park, 
Phila.,  Pa.,  in  which  game  Bolden's  team  lost  by  a  score  of  2  to  1. 

Bolden's  team  also  played  against  the  famous  "Babe"'  Ruth 
and  his  All-Stars  at  the  National  League  Park,  Phila.,  Pa.,  in 
which  game  Bolden's  team  won  by  a  score  of  5  to  0.  In  this  game, 
Flourney  the  Hilldale  pitcher  not  only  kept  "Babe"  Ruth  from 
getting  one  of  his  famous  home-runs  but  struck  him  out  twice. 
"Babe"  Ruth  was  also  struck  out  at  Shibe  Park,  Phila.,  Pa.,  dur- 
ing the  same  season  by  "Cannon  Ball'  Redding,  star  pitcher  on 
the  Atlantic  City  Bacharach  Giants  team. 

Tesreau's  Bears  played  against  Carl  May's  All  Stars  at  Dyck- 
man  Oval  at  which  place  the  Yankees  defeated  the  Colored 
team  on  both  ends  of  a  double-header  by  scores  of  10  to  0  and 
5  to  3. 

The  Lincoln  Colored  Giants  played  and  defeated  the  New 
York  Giants  (white)  in  New  York  by  a  score  of  4  to  1.  Williams 
the  Colored  pitcher  struck  out  thirteen  men  on  the  white  team. 

As  far  back  as  the  early  eighties,  M.  F.  Walker  proved  him- 
self such  a  good  pitcher  that  he  played  on  a  white  league  ball 
team  in  Toledo,  Ohio,  and  a  Frank  Grant  also  played  on  big 
white  league  teams  in  Connecticut,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 
William  B.  Matthews,  during  his  college  days  at  Harvard  caused 
quite  a  sensation  throughout  the  country  by  his  unexcelled  ball 
playing  and  mainly  through  his  star  playing  his  college  nine  won 
sweeping  victories  all  down  the  line  of  their  engagements. 

In  taking  hurried  glances  over  past  performances  of  present 
day  Colored  baseball  players,  the  following  named  are  but  a 
few  picked  from  among  those  who  think,  dream,  talk  and  act 
so  much  over  the  diamond  that  baseball  has  become  their 
middle  names: 

T.  Brown  of  American  Giants,  Cockerell  and  Flourney  of 
Hilldale,    Holland  of  Detroit  Stars,   Leblanc  of    Cuban  Stars 

215 


Redding  of  Bacharach  Giants,  Rogan  of  St.  Louis  Giants  and 
J.  Williams  of  Lincoln  Giants  put  forth  the  same  kind  of  energy 
and  earnestness  in  making  moundmen  fan  the  wind  and  think 
holes  are  in  their  bats  as  did  Mathewson,  Shawkey  and  Alex- 
ander, the  great  white  pitchers,  against  their  players. 

Duncan  of  Chicago  Giants,  Ray  of   Kansas  City  Monarchs, 
Rodguez  of   Cincinnati  Stars,  Rojoof  Bacharach  Giants,  Santop 
of  Hilldale  Quakers  and  Webster  of  Detroit  Stars  use  the  same* 
kind  of  stickability  in  freezing  onto  hot  balls  as  the  white  past 
masters  in  backstop,  Schalk  and  O'Neill. 

Bost  of  Oakland  Braves,  Grant  of  American  Giants,  Jeffries 
of  Chicago  Giants,  Pettus  of  Bacharach  Giants  and  Richards  of 
Godfrey's  California  All-Stars  go  through  the  same  kind  of  suc- 
cessful limber-jointed  jumping-jack  antics  on  first  base  as  Mc- 
Innis  and  Kelly  in  the  big  white  leagues. 

Crowell  of  Tesreau  Bears,  Holloway  of  Indianapolis  A.  B. 
C's.  Holtz  of  St.  Louis  Giants  and  Thomas  of  Columbus  Buck- 
eyes have  the  same  love  for  and  show  just  as  much  jealously 
over  the  second  bag  as  the  crack  second  basemen,  Collins  and 
Hornsby  don't  try  to  hide. 

Day  of  Indianapolis  A.  B.  C's,  Dinan  of  Tesraeu  Bears,  Fial 
of  Lincoln  Giants,  Francis  of  Hilldale  Quakers,  Brown  of  Nor- 
folk Giants  and  F.  Hill  of  Detroit  Stars  are  just  as  busy  nailing 
and  crucifying  the  last  hopes  of  runners  at  third  base  as  Groh 
and  Gardner,  who  are  about  the  best  among  white  third  base- 
men. 

Dobbins  of  Hilldale  Quakers,  Hewitt  of  St.  Louis  Giants, 
Lloyd  of  Columbus  Buckeyes  and  Lundy  of  Bacharach  Giants 
while  panning  the  same  kind  of  red-hot  frying  sizzlers  at  short- 
stop as  the  celebrated  Wagner  and  Bancroft,  also  usually  salt 
and  pepper  those  frying  sizzlers  with  most  amusing  capers  and 
comedian  stage  acts. 

Briggs  of  Hilldale  Quakers,  Gans  of  Lincoln  Giants,  P.  Hill 
of  Detroit  Stars,  Jenkins  of  Chicago  Giants,  Kemp  of  Norfolk 
Giants,  Thomas  of  Baltimore    Black   Sox,  and  Weeks  of  Pitts- 

216 


burgh  Stars  have  ttiat  same  knack  of  vamping  the  sun  straight 
in  the  face  without  blinking  an  eye  while  pulling  down  a  twenty- 
two  story  sky-scrapping  fly,  like  the  rangy  outfielders  Speaker 
and  Burns. 

Meadows  of  Godfrey's  California  All-Stars,  Santop  of  Hill- 
dale  Quakers  and  Torrenti  of  American  Giants  are  just  as  much 
interested  in  astronomy  and  scientific  research  as  "Babe"  Ruth 
and  Sisler  when  they  start  a  message  to  the  planet  Mars  by 
way  of  a  home-run  baseball. 

While  big  Jeff  Tesreau  has  tried  so  hard  and  done  so  well,  he 
has  not  yet  become  so  big  a  thief  as  Ty  Cobb  in  stealing  bases 
and  pawning  runs  at  home-plate. 

All  of  the  other  players,  on  these  Colored  teams,  whose  names 
have  not  been  mentioned  are  also  A-l  baseball  jugglers  and  would 
make  good  showing  to  their  credits  in  any  of  the  white  Big 
Leagues  that  would  give  them  a  fair  and  square  chance  to  play 
on  their  teams. 

And  Colored  boys  who  are  talented  and  aspire  to  become 
great  ball  players  should  not  lose  ambition  and  hang  back  be- 
cause of  their  race  or  color:  They  should  take  on  new  courage  by 
reading  here;  that  the  most  youthful  and  hopeful  things  (the 
grass  and  leaves)  in  the  world,  are  Colored,  and  no  one  who  looks 
"green"  with  hate  and  envy  is  able  to  stop  Dame  Nature  each 
spring  from  stepping  boldly  out  and,  without  apologies  to  men 
of  any  race,  drapping  the  woods  and  fields  with  her  colored 
shades  of  green. 


BASKETBALL 

George  Gilmore. 

With  Howard  and  Loendi  it  was  the  same; 

G.  Gilmore  to  them  did  dribble  much  fame. 
Sure  in  quick  shooting  and  true  in  his  pass 

He  often  proved  himself  in  a  peerless  class. 

All  basketball  folks  his  death  do  regret, 

But  none  of  those  people  will  soon  forget 

His  gliding  ways  up  and  down  the  floor, 

And  the  side-line  cry,  "Here  comes  Gilmore!" 

—  Harrison. 

Among  Colored  schools,  Hampton,  Howard  and  Lincoln  form 
the  big  basket-ball  right-angle  triangle  whose  three  angles  each 
year  are  usually  so  constantly  and  rapidly  twisted  and  turned 
to  equal  elevations  of  degrees,  that  it  is  not  until  the  end  of  the 
season,  when  the  three-sided  affair  finally  settles  on  a  steady 
foundation,  that  the  spectators  are  really  able  to  see  and  tell  the 
base  of  this  triangle  from  its  hypothenuse  and  altitude. 

Johnny  Johnson,  the  Colored  right-forward  on  the  Columbia 
University  varsity  basketball  team,  in  playing  against  the  teams 
of  Harvard,  Yale,  Dartmouth,  Pennsylvania  and  other  big  col- 
leges, in  nearly  every  ca.se  scored  the  majority  of  points  for  his 
college  team.  His  playing  against  these  colleges  was  so  brainy, 
spectacular  and  effective  that  it  caused  the  leading  white  sport 
pages  to  give  him  glowing  compliments  relative  to  his  being  one 
of  the  best  basketball  players  in  the  country. 

In  several  large  cities  Colored  athletes  have  organized  and 
wonderfully  developed  some  of  the  swiftest  and  most  efficient 
basketball  teams  in  America.  Among  the  leading  teams  are: 
Dr.  Johnson's  Forty  Club  of  Chicago,  Cum  Posey's  Loendi  Club 
of  Pittsburgh,  Chas.  Bradford's  St.  Christopher  Club  of  New 
York,  Manager  Accoe's  A.  C.  Lightning  Five  of  Brooklyn, 
C.  Cain's  Vandals,  of  Atlantic  City,  ''Babe"  Thomas'  Alpha 
Big  Five  of  New  York,  Douglas'  Spartan  Braves  of  New  York, 
Moss'  Center  Five  of  Toledo,  Ohio,  All-Scholastics  of  Harris- 
burg,  the  Alcoes  of  Washington,  D.  C,  the  Athenians  of  Balti- 
more and  the  Pioneers  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

218 


Among  those  players  on  these  teams  whose  names,  through 
observation  and  information,  the  writer  was  able  to  get  are: 
Betts,  Blueitt,  Sol  Butler,  Brown,  Bundy,  Capers,  Cooper,  Duff, 
Fial,  Fields,  Forbes,  Gumbs,  Howard,  Hubbard,  Jenkins,  Moss 
Posey,  Ricks,  Sessons,  Slocum,  Young  and  Winters.  The  other 
players  on  these  teams  were  always  doing  such  tricky  feinting 
dizzy  ducking,  dazzling  dodging,  sudden  blocking,  slippery 
sliding,  magic  dribbling,  lightning  shooting  and  bull's  eye 
caging  that  the  writer  was  not  able  to  corner  them  in,  so  as  to 
trip  them  up  and  hold  them  down  long  enough  to  get  their 
names. 


219 


PRIZE  FIGHTING. 

"Jack"  Johnson. 

Talk  as  you  may  of  his  private  life; 

"Jack"  led  the  world  in  fistic  strife, 
And  Johnson  today  has  as  keen  a  sense 

As  any  new  man  in  self-defense. 

—  Harrison. 

.The  decisions  the  United  States  Government  made  during 
the  World  War,  regarding  the  urgent  necessity  of  including  box- 
ing in  its  all-round  training  in  preparing  the  soldiers  and  sailors 
for  war,  at  last  brought  the  art  of  self-defense  into  its  own  and 
accorded  it  the  proper  recognition  and  value  it  should  have  of- 
ficially received  years  ago.  In  private  life  prize  fighting  had 
its  fbllowers  in  both  America  and  Europe  as  far  back  as  a  hun- 
dred years  ago.  About  that  time  a  Virginia  Negro  slave  by 
the  name  of  Tommy  Molineaux  whipped  all  American  boxers 
who  met  him  after  which  he  went  to  Europe  where  he  was 
beaten  by  the  Englishman,  Cribb,  who  was  at  that  time  the 
champion  of  Great  Britain. 

Along  in  the  70's,  George  Godfrey  was  in  his  prime  and  be- 
came known  on  both  sides  of  the  ocean  on  account  of  whipping 
the  famous  white  fighter,  Lannon,  in  one  of  the  greatest  prize 
fights  ever  ''pulled  off"  in  New  England.  Godfrey  fought 
seventy-six  rounds  with  the  great  fighter,  Jake  Kilrain  and 
he  also  staid  twenty  rounds  with  the  "Australian  Black  Wildcat," 
Peter  Jackson.  As  John  L.  Sullivan,  known  as  the  greatest 
white  slugger  of  all  times,  was  then  in  his  prime  and  zenith, 
Godfrey  repeadedly  tried  to  meet  him  in  the  ring  but  Sullivan 
always  managed  to  evade  a  fight  with  him. 

Peter  Jackson,  although  an  Australian  by  birth,  spent  his 
best  righting  years  in  America.  He  fought  with,  came  out  even 
or  on  top  of  all  the  best  men  of  his  days.  It  was  he  who  fought 
a  6i  round  draw  with  James  J.  Corbett,  who  is  known  as  the  most 
scientific  heavyweight  champion  boxer  the  world  has  ever  seen. 
Jackson  was  considered  by  many  as  the  quickest  heavyweight 
foot  worker  in  the  game.  It  is  said  that  he  was  so  uncanny 
quick  on  his  feet  that  many  times  when  an   opponent  made  a 

220 


lunge  at  him,  Jackson  would  dodge  the  blow,  circle  to  the  rear 
of  the  fighter  and  pin  him  one  back  of  the  ear  before  the  opponent 
could  regain  his  balance,  face  around  and  throw  up  his  guard  to 
block  off  the  blow.  During  all  the  time  he  was  meeting  the  best 
heavyweights,  Jackson  held  out  a  standing  challenge  to  John  L. 
Sullivan,  who  never  would  meet  him  in  the  ring.  But  John  L. 
was  always  truthful  enough  to  admit  that  he  did  not  consider 
himself  champion  o  the  world  because  he  had  never  whipped 
Peter  Jackson,  (for  proof  of  this  statement  write  to  the  Editor 
of  Everybody's  Column,  Philadelphia  Inquirer,  Phila.,  Pa.) 
According  to  an  article  that  appeared  in  the  Philadelphia  Even- 
ing Bulletin  of  January  26,  1921,  and  which  was  written  by 
Hughey  Fullerton  a  white  sport  critic,  John  L.  Sullivan  also 
side  stepped  another  Colored  heavyweight  prize  fighter,  who 
was  known  in  Louisiana  as  "Black  Zeke".  This  "Zeke"  who 
weighed  220  pounds  and  was  six  feet  two  inches  tall,  could  lift 
a  bale  of  cotton  weighing  five  hundred  pounds.  In  reference 
to  this  fighter  a  paragraph  in  the  above  mentioned  article  read 
as  follows:  "After  the  Sullivan-Kilrain  fight  Mr.  Carrol  tried  to 
arrange  a  bout  between  "Zeke"  and  John  L.  The  latter  re- 
fused and  the  planter  followed  Sullivan  over  the  country,  but 
to  no  avail."  So  while  Sullivan  was  truthfully  champion  over 
the  world  of  white  fighters,  there  were  at  least  three  Colored 
fighters,  George  Godfrey,  Peter  Jackson  and  "Black  Zeke" 
over  whom  John  L.  never  was  champion,  because  he  had  never 
whipped  any  one  of  them  although  all  three  had  repeatedly  fol- 
lowed and  challenged  him  after  they  had  met  and  held  their  own 
with  the  other  best  men  of  their  times. 

Of  all  prize  fighters,  Colored  or  white,  the  world  has  ever 
known,  George  Djxon  was  declared  the  most  wonderful  of  them 
all.  Being  a  little  over  four  feet  tall,  weighing  less  then  130 
pounds,  with  small  tapering  legs  that  seemed  to  sweat  tears  of 
pain  under  the  weight  of  his  gigantic  chest  and  unusually  broad 
shoulders  from  which  dangled  muscular  arms  of  such  thickness 
and  length  that  they  looked  unnatural,  Dixon  presented  a  most 
uncanny  and  formidable  foe  when  stripped  in  the  ring  waiting 
for  action.     He  always  proved  just  as  formidable  as  he  looked; 

221 


tor  when  he  warmed  up  and  got  into  real  action,  it  seemed  to  his 
opponent  that  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Satan  and  their  entire  brood  of  little 
Satan  imps  from  Hades  had  been  turned  loose  in  the  ring.  During 
a  period  of  ten  years  (1890-1900)  Dixon  at  different  times  held 
both  the  Bantamweight  and  Featherweight  championships  of 
the  world.  And  one  of  the  main  reasons  why  his  name  will 
ever  go  down  in  ring  history  as  the  "Wonder  of  Wonders'  is  that 
he  did  something  no  other  world  champion  has  ever  done — he 
"came  back"  three  times  and  regained  his  lost  championship. 
It  is  said  that  he  made  a  record  of  over  a  thousand  clean  knock- 
outs during  his  fighting  career.  His  three  "Come  backs"  were 
staged  as  follows:  Benny  Jordan  took  the  title  from  him  and  he 
regained  it  from  Eddie  San  try ;  Frankie  Erne  gave  Dixon  a  good 
spanking  one  year  and  the  next  year  he  thrashed  that  same  Frank- 
ie Erne ;  Sol  Smith  gave  him  a  good  lacing,  and  the  same  year, 
Dixon  in  a  return  battle  took  back  his  title  and  in  doing  so  (to 
use  a  frequent  and  amusing  expression  of  one  "Tommy"  Howard, 
a  jolly  fellow  and  Virginia  old-time  friend  of  the  writer's)  "nearly 
shook  the  living  life  out  of  him." 

Because  Dixon  always  went  into  the  squared-circle  to  give 
his  best  in  manhood  fighting  and  not  his  worse  in  childhood 
playing  and  faking,  he  was  respected  and  beloved  by  fight  fans 
of  all  classes  and  colors,  which  was  proved  by  the  most  cele- 
brated sport  followers  of  the  day,  including  ex-Heavy-weight 
Champion  James  J.  Corbett,  acting  as  pallbearers  at  his  funeral. 

Joe  Walcott  and  Dixie  Kid  were  two  other  great  little  fighters 
and  they  both  became  Welterweight  world  Champions,  Wal- 
cott from  1901  to  1904  and  Dixie  Kid  from  1904  to  1908.  It 
is  said  of  these  two  fighters,  that,  like  Dixon,  they  became 
famous  in  their  readiness  to  meet  top-notch  fighters  who  were 
nearly  twice  their  height  and  weight.  When  they  could  get 
such  big  men  in  the  ring  with  them,  they  usually  jumped  clear 
off  the  floor  to  land  a  mighty  crushing  paw  upon  some  rival's 
tempting  jaw  that  then  and  there  felt  nothing  more. 

But  the"01d  Master"  of  them  all,  who  even  today  is  conceded 
to  have  been  one  of  if  not  the  cleanest  hitting,  quickest  moving, 
gamest  staying  and  most  scientific  boxers,   Colored  or  white, 

222 


big  or  little,  who  ever  one-stepped,  two-stepped,  waltzed  and 
Virginia-reeled  into  and  around  a  roped-circle,  was  the  ring's 
national  favorite,  Joe  Gans  of  Baltimore,  Md.  This  great  little 
fighter,  who  was  as  much  a  pet  of  the  white  sporting  faction  as 
of  the  Colored  element,  took  the  Lightweight  championship  away 
from  Frank  Erne  in  1892  and  kept  it  for  six  years.  During 
that  time  he  defeated  all  the  best  men  in  his  field  and  jumped 
over  the  fence  into  the  Welterweight  pastures  where  he  gored 
and  tossed  into  the  air  several  human  beings  and  caused  many  to 
climb  up  on  the  fence  in  order  to  keep  out  of  his  way,  until  they 
saw  that  his  constant  mad  rushes  had  weakened  his  stamina  and 
tore  down  his  system.  It  was  during  the  zenith  tof  his  fighting 
career  that  whenever  Gans  started  from  home  to  engage  in  a 
fight  his  mother  would  laughingly  say,  "Bring  home  the  bacon, 
Joe."  The  boy  fully  understood  and  appreciated  his  mother's 
encouraging  joke  and  never  returned  home,  when  in  his  prime, 
without  bringing  along  the  winner's  roll  of  money.  Joe  Gans 
was  as  game  as  any  game  rooster  that  ever  threw  defiant  crows 
from  a  barnyard  gate  and  when  he  was  in  great  need  of  money, 
to  get  a  fight  he  would  make  such  vitality  sapping  and  strength 
weakening  weights  that  people  wondered  how  he  was  able  to 
stand  up  much  less  jump  around  and  fight.  And  to  the  very  last, 
poor,  broken-bodied,  but  not  broken  spirited,  Joe  Gans  put  up 
one  of  the  gamest  losing  battles  ever  fought  against  that  great- 
est champion — of  all  times  among  all  peoples — Death. 

"Panama  Joe  Gans"  a  Colored  fighter  of  today  has  added 
laurels  to  the  name  he  has  adopted  by  becoming  Middleweight 
Champion.  Like  his  late  namesake  he  is  willing  at  all  times  to 
give  the  best  of  them  in  and  out  of  his  class  chances  to  win  his 
title.  Just  because  he  is  a  champion  he  does  not  draw  the 
"color  line"  against  any  white  fighter  but  fights  as  often  as  four 
and  five  times  a  month  with  his  championship  at  stake  every 
time. 

Other  Colored  fighters  who  were  among  the  best  in  their 
times  and  who  no  doubt  would  have  won  championships  in  and 
out  of  their  clasess,  had  the  "color  lines"  not  been  drawn  around 
them,  are;  Bob  Armstrong,    Jack    Blackburn,  Bobbie    Dobbs, 

223 


Sam  Hopkins,  Young  Peter  Jackson,  Joe  Jeanette,  Sam  Laagford, 
Sam  McVey  and  Fred  Morris. 

Some  of  the  present  day  Colored  fighters  who  are  most  fre- 
quently heard  about  are  Jeff  Clark,  Leo  Johnson, ^Jamaica  Kid, 
Kid  Norfolk,  Benny  Ponteau,  Bill  Tate,  Jack  Thompson,  Jack 
White  and  Harry  Wills,  challenger  and  dreaded  foe  of  Dempsey. 

From  1908  to  1914  the  world  heavyweight  champion  fighter 
was  Jack  Johnson,  the  only  Colored  man  who  ever  wore  that 
crown  of  ring  glory  and  belt  of  fighting  fame.  Unlike  any  of 
the  white  heavyweight  champions,  Johnson  won  the  title  twice  : 
first  from  Tommy  Burns  in  1908  and  secondly  on  that  memorial 
Fourth  of  July  1910,  from  Jim  Jefferies,  who  along  with  the 
American  public  disputed  Jack's  right  to  the  title.  After  his 
complete  whipping  of  Jefferies,  the  Colored  fighter,  proved  to 
the  entire  world  that  he  was  not  only  the  rightful  holder  of  the 
title  but  that  he  was  also  one  of  the  best  champions  the  ring  had 
ever  seen.  Because  of  his  having  the  pantherlike  movements 
and  quickness  of  a  Peter  Jackson,  the  straight-arm  punch  of  a 
John  L.  Sullivan,  the  scientific  hit-and-get-away  style  of  a  James 
J.  Corbett,  the  ring  generalship  and  craftiness  of  a  "Bob"  Fitz- 
simmons  and  the  gameness  and  stamnia  of  a  "Jim"  Jefferies, 
plus  his  own  level-headedness  and  cheerful  fighting  disposition, 
the  best  fight  critics  in  America  and  Europe  considered  "Jack" 
Johnson  when  in  his  prime,  as  being  the  best  all-round  and  equally 
balanced  heavyweight  fighter  who  ey^er  crawled  through  the 
ropes  to  battle  in  a  prize  ring. 

Regarding  the  Johnson-Willard  fight  in  Havana,  Cuba,  at 
which  time  the  heavyweight  title  passed  from  Johnson  to  Willard 
the  writer  quotes  here  an  extract  that  is  taken  from  the  article, 
"Jack  Johnson  Tells  The  Truth"*  that  was  written  by  Juli  Jones, 
Jr.  in  the  August  6,  1921  issue  of  The  Chicago  Defender. 

"The  sporting  editor  of  the  New  York  Sun  printed  an  article 
which  stated  that  Jack  Johnson  said  the  Willard  fight  was  on  the 
level;  that  he  did  not  lay  down  to  Willard  in  Havana;  Cuba. 
This  statement  coming  from  Johnson,  printed  in  one  of  America's 
first-class  dailies,  is  the  first  good  step  that  Johnson  has  taken 

224 


to  win  the  favor  of  the  real  sporting  public.  The  present  public 
will  not  stand  for  a  crook  or  a  bad  loser.  It  killed  Fred  Fulton, 
a  very  likable  man. 

"Johnson  in  part  made  it  quite  plain  when  he  stated  if  he  was 
going  to  lay  down  to  Willard  he  would  have  done  so  in  the  seventh 
or  ninth  round,  and  not  wait  until  the  twenty-sixth  to  flop.  He 
also  stated  he  had  always  fought  square  and  that  was  the  reason 
he  got  to  the  top.  Johnson  gives  a  good  reason  for  his  failure 
to  whip  Willard,  a  very  good  reason.  First,  he  had  underestn 
mated  Willard,  hadn't  proper  training,  ran  around  on  the  ocean 
looking  for  a  battle  ground.    These  had  their  effects  on  the  fight/' 

Throughout  his  marvelous  fighting  career,  Johnson  was 
climbing  to  sucecss  under  most  unfavorable  conditions.  Whitt 
fighters  in  winning  championships  have  only  to  fight  against 
and  beat  down  the  opponent  in  the  ring  before  them.  But  before 
he  even  got  a  chance  to  fight  for  the  titled  belt,  "Jack"  had  al- 
ways to  mentally  fight  race  prejudice  on  the  outside  of  the  ring 
at  the  same  time  he  was  physically  beating  down  his  white  op- 
ponent in  the  ring.  It  would  be  hard  to  find  proper  words  to 
describe  the  great  fistic  career  Johnson  would  have  made  for 
himself  if  he  had  received  the  same  kind  of  unprejudiced  en- 
couragements and  boostings  all  white  champions  receive.  And 
if  up  to  this  date  nearly  one  hundred  million  of  white  Americans 
consider  it  wonderful  to  have  produced  out  of  that  number  seven 
white  heavyweight  champion  fighters — Sullivan,  Corbett,  Fitz- 
simmons,  Jefferies,  Burns,  Willard,  and  Dempsey;  or  in  other 
words  a  champion  for  ever  fourteen  million  of  their  population '•: 
then  it  must  be  most  wonderful  that  less  than  thirteen  million 
of  Colored  Americans,  under  most  unfair  and  persecuting  condi: 
tionsj  have  produced  one  heavyweight  champion  fighter  of  the 
the  world — John  Arthur  ("Jack")  Johnson. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  people  who,  on  account  of  their 
jealousy  and  envy  of  Johnson's  fighting  ability,  try  to  defame  and 
lower  his  character  to  the  lowest,  the  writer  would  suggest  the 
reading  of  the  logic  article — "Jack  Johnson,  Self-Made  Man" 
that  was  written  in  the  May  15,  1920  issue  of  the  Chicago  De- 
fender by  the  able  sport  scribe,  Juli  Jones,  Jr.  Thejollowing  is 
an  extract  from  that  article: 

♦  225 


"Both  races  got  Jack  wrong.  His  aim  in  life  was  not  to  be  a 
■doctor,  preacher,  lawyer  or  Race  Leader.  He  set  out  to  be  the 
best  man  with  his  lists,  which  he  did  beyond  all  question  of 
doubt.  We  cannot  find  one  case  where  Jack  ruined  any  young 
girl's  future  or  broke  up  any  man's  happy  home;  neither  was  he 
mixed  up  in  any  barroom  fights.  Never  was  he  found  in  the  gutter 
drunk  or  making  a  disgracful  fellow  of  himself,  throwing  away 
his  money.  On  the  other  hand,  since  Jack  has  been  self-exiled 
from  his  country,  press  reports  from  England,  France,  Spain 
and  Mexico  tell  us  that  he  has  conducted  himself  in  the  most 
gentlemanly  way  and  is  welcome  back  in  their  countries  at  any 
time.  How  many- men  who  have  been  born  under  any  flag  could 
have  stood  what  Jack  has  stood  for  the  past  six  or  eight  years  and 
still  be  in  the  limelight,  handing  the  world  a  golden  smile,  saying, 
"Good  will  to  all  men." 

Now,  not  for  one  moment  is  the  writer,  in  dealing  with  this 
subject,  attempting  to  shield  or  cover-up  any  short  -comings  that 
may  have  occured  in  the  private  life  of  Jack  Johnson.  But,  if 
after  reading  the  above  quotation  there  still  be  those  people  who 
continue  to  sneer  at  and  belittle  the  upward  struggles  and  crown- 
ing success  of  this  professional  fighter,  the  writer  would  kindly 
suggest  that  each  one  of  such  people  ask  himself  or  herself  the 
following  question : 

Have  I  (with  all  my  good  birth,  pleasant  and  elevating  home 
'life,  early  encouragements,  full  privileges,  unnumbered  oppor- 
tunities, unchecked  enthusiasms,  unshaken  determinations,  wide 
preparations,  various  abilities,  friendly  boostings  and  perfect 
living)  ever  stood  for  one  whole  day  upon  the  top  round  of  world 
recognized  success  in  my  chosen  life  work;  as  "Jack"  Johnson 
stood  for  six  years  on  the  top  round  of  world  recognized  success  in 
his  self-selected  life  calling? 


226 


ROWING 

To  Whom  it  May  Concern: 

To  get  rid  of  that  "Bay  Window," 

Just  hurry  up  and  learn  to  row; 
And  if  your  back  is  getting  weak 

Pull  on  the  oars  once  every  week. 

— Harrison. 

Thus  far  have  Colored  athletes  pushed  onward.  But  the 
following  are  a  few  mentioned  fields  of  athletics  in  which  Colored 
youths  have  not  become  very  active  or  efficient  mainly  because 
of  the  lack  of  certain  facilities  and  sufficient  appliances  and  ac- 
commodations for  proper  and  seasonable  trainings. 

Rowing  crews  have  not  been  developed  in  any  of  the  Colored 
universities,  colleges  and  schools  to  any  outside  recognized 
extent.  This  fact  is  quite  explainable  and  excusable  when  it  is 
taken  into  consideration  that  few  of  these  institutions  are  located 
near  natural  and  adequate  bodies  of  water  for  such  purposes. 
Borden  town  School,  Bordentown,  N.  J.  and  Hampton  Institute, 
Hampton,  Va.,  are  perhaps  the  two  most  favorable  exceptions 
in  this  case.  Both  of  these  schools  have  peaceful  streams  of 
gurgling  waters  that  flow  so  near  as  to  softly  caress  the  oft  kissed 
lips  of  their  water-edged  lawns. 

Calmly  setting  upon  the  banks  of  the  Hampton  River,  an 
arm  of  the  Merrimac-Monitor  famed-Hampton  Roades,  Hamp- 
ton Institute  has  running  before  its  very  doors  a  half  mile  of 
nearly  straight  and  unusually  smooth  body  of  water  that  is  wide 
enough  to  float  at  least  three  crews  abreast.  Peacefully  nestling 
on  a  high  projecting  hill,  Bordentown  School  can  look  miles  either 
way  upon  the  historical  Delaware  as  it  gently  flows  below  making 
a  wide,  graceful  bend  from  upward  Trenton  to  downward  Cam- 
den. 

There  are  already  hopeful  signs  appearing  which  show  that 
both  of  these  institutions  in  the  near  future  will  take  full  ad- 
vantages of  their  natural  and  wonderful  water  facilities  by  de- 
veloping rowing  crews  that  some  day  will  be  second  to  none  in 
the  country.     By  the  time  this  stage  of  their  rowing  development 

227 


has  been  reached,  it  is  hoped  that  the  racial,  and  sportsmanship 
feelings  between  white  and  Colored  colleges  will  have  become  so 
brotherly  and  peacefully  allied,  that,  the  rowing  crews  of  An- 
napolis will  be  friendly  competing  against  Hampton  oarsmen, 
and  the  shellmen  of  Princeton  will  be  friendly  churning  the 
Delaware  waters  against  the  crews  of  the  Borden  town  School. 
And  when  such  times  do  come  about,  the  writer  feels  sure  that 
the  oarsmen  of  Hampton  and  Bordentown  will  guarantee  to 
keep  enough  water  between  themselves  (either  at  the  bow  or 
stern)  and  the  shells  of  Annapolis  and  Princeton  to  wash  away 
and  keep  down  any  waves  of  "color  line"  that  might  suddenly 
arise  to  dampen  the  sportsmanship  and  one-hundred  percent 
Amerieanism  atmosphere  of  the  occasions. 

SWIMMING 

Diving-Treading-Floating. 

I  worship  this  my  hobby's  call, 

And  all  youths  ought  to  learn  it  all 
In  water  that  is  deep  and  wet 

Where  confidence  they  can  beget 
So  as  to  rescue  one's  own  life 

And  other  folks  in  drowning  strife 

— Harrison. 

General  swimming  as  a  recreation  and  pastime  by  the  Colored 
people  in  the  United  States  has  in  the  past  been  sadly  neglected 
for  some  excusable  and  some  unexcusable  reasons.  The  chief 
excusable  reasons  have  been  that  with  few  exceptions  they  have 
not  had  access  to  the  places  where  they  could  indulge  in  this 
sport  and  that  they  did  not  have  the  money  with  which  to  pro- 
mote and  construct  such  places  for  themselves.  The  main, 
unexcusable  reason  has  been  that  they,  with  but  few  exceptions, 
were  too  timid  and  scared  of  drowning  to  enter  water  deep  enough 
and  stay  there  long  enough  to  learn  how  to  swim. 

For  instance,  the  writer  several  years  ago  made  personal  in- 
vestigations among  many  Colored  fishermen,  oystermen  and 
crabmen  who  live  along  the  shores  of  and  spend  the  biggest  part 
of  their  lives  on  the  Chesapeake  Bay  in  little  boats  that  every 

228 


year  are  numerously  overturned  by  sudden  squalls  and  storms. 
And  to  his  great  and  painful  surprise  he  learned  from  those  men 
themselves  that  the  majority  of  them  could  not  swim  a  stroke, 
while  among  those  who  had  learned  to  swim,  but  few|had  con- 
fidence enough  in  themselves  to  believe  they  could  even  swim  a 
half  or  one  mile.  And  yet  those  men  daily  risked  their  lives  and 
ventured  out  upon  that  deep  and  uncertain  body  of  water  with- 
out attempting  to  revive  and  develop  that  valuable  and  necessary 
instinct  that  is  born  in  every  human  being  and  every  dumb 
animal.  As  the  result  of  such  thoughtless  neglect  of  their  own 
persona]  welfare,  many  of  those  cheerful,  honest,  frugal,  hard- 
working, plain-living  and  law-abiding  people  are  drowned  each 
year  because  of  their  not  knowing  how  to  swim. 

But  today;  through  the  cities'  public  recreation  ponds  being 
opened  to  Colored  youths,  the  increased  erections  of  Y.  M.  C. 
A's  and  Y.  W.  C.  A.'s  of  the  Colored  branches  withjmodernly 
inclosed  pools,  Colored  universities,  colleges  and  large  schools 
gradually  constructing  gymnasiums  containing  up-to-date  na- 
tatoriums,  and  business  men  of  the  Race  buying^andfimproving 
seashore  hotel  resorts  with  beach  bathing  privileges  such  as 
Dale's  at  Cape  May,  N.  J.,  Bay  Shore  near  Old  Point  Comfort, 
Va.,  Fitzgerald  and  Ovington  Hotels  and  Walls'  beach  at  At- 
lantic City,  N.  J.,  and  Idlewild,  111.,  a  new  interest  in  learning  the 
art  of  swimming  is  being  increasingly  aroused  among  Colored 
people  throughout  America.  When  fine  swimming  centers  such 
as  the  Chicago  Wabash  Avenue  Y.  M.  C.  A.  puts  before  its 
Race  boys  the  placards  and  advertisements — "One  Thousand 
Boys  Wanted  To  Learn  How  To  Swim",  it  shows  that  Colored 
swimming  instructors  are  using  every  persuasive  means  to  get 
their  youths  interested  and  skilled  in  this  most  useful  and  re- 
freshing pastime.  These  teachers  fully  realize  that  when  their 
art  is  rightly  learned  and  properly  performed  it  not  only  brings 
into  exercise  practically  every  muscle  of  the  body  but  also  enables 
its  possessor  when  necessary  to  save  his  own  as  well  as  the  lives  of 
others.  Thus,  with  these  encouragements/Unterests,  facilities, 
privileges  and  proper  instructions  rapidly  increasing;  it  is  not 
"building  castles  in  the  air"  to  prophesy  that  within  a  reasonable 

229 


length  of  time  the  Negro  race  in  America  will  produce  a  Colored 
Norman  Ross  and  a  Colored  Ethelda  Bliebtry  as  champion 
swimmers. 


<S*frr:rrr£-g<S> 


SKATING, 


Dutch  Roll  Figure  Eight-Grape-vine  Twist 

Great  are  my  joys  on  skating  night, 

When  moonshine*  flows  in  streams  so  light, 

While  some  strong  lassie  keeps  my  stride 
As  o'er  smooth  ice  we  fancy  glide. 

(*I  mean  the  moonshine  from  the  sky 
And  not  from  raisins,  corn  nor  rye.) 

—  Harrison. 

When  in  future  winters  young  men  and  women  of  the  Race 
are  justly  admitted  to  the  ice-skating  rinks;  they  sensibly  decide 
to  spend  less  of  their  time  in  hot-stuffy  parlors,  etc.,  and  with  ice 
skates  stay  out  more  in  the  free,  fresh,  health  renewing  air  upon 
the  parks'  frozen  lakes  and  streams :  they  will  certainly  find  among 
themselves  a  talented  skater  who  may  later  build  up  to  a  white 
Chas.  Jewtraw,  short  distant;  a  Mrs.  F.  F.  MacMillian,  fancy; 
or  a  J.  F.  Donohue,  long  distant,  ice  skating  champions. 


TENNIS 

It's  All  in  The  Game 

This  is  a  pastime  full  of  fun 

And  makes  the  players  jump  and  run; 

But  when  the  ladies  "serve"  "love  all", 
Some  fellows'  hearts  begin  to  crawl. 

— Harrison. 

As  they  are  constantly  laying  out  and  regularly  using  new 
private  and  club  tennis  courts  all  over  the  country,  the  Race 
will  in  due  time  mould  one  of  its  Tally  R.  Holmes  into  a  Wm. 
T.  Tilden  or  Jay  Gould  championship  quality ;  just  as  it  will  some 
day  take  one  of  its  Miss  Slowes  or  Miss  Channels  and  bloom  her 
into  a  Mrs.  Molla  Bjurstedt  Mallory  top-rung  record  holder. 

230 


GOLFING 

"Tee-Off"  and  "Fore" 
While  it  is  called  rich  people's  game 

Poor  folks  should  learn  it  just  the  same; 
And  tramp  the  meadows  and  the  hill 

To  let  fresh  air  their  lungs  to  fill: 
But  if  too  poor  to  hire  a  caddy 

Then  use  instead  your  sweetheart's  Daddy. 
—  Harrison. 

When  the  Colored  people  become  enough  interested  in  golf 
to  take  advantage  of  the  privileges  that  are  today  granted  to 
them  on  several  public  links,  and  which  privileges  will  increase 
as  time  goes  on;  they  will  then  begin  to  forward  one  of  their  Jim 
Barnes  or  Robert  Balls  into  a  champion  Jock  Hutchinson,  just 
as  they  will  some  day  discover  and  begin  to  develop  a  Colored 
woman  into  a  championess  Aleca  Stirling. 


An  Athletic  Dawn  of  To-morrow 

Today  fresh  air  is  free:  but  how  long  will  it  be? 

(We  better  snuff  it  while  it's  pure 

Before  the  airplanes  leave  no  more.)) 
Young  folks  should  saty  more  in  pure  airs 

And  outdoor  sports  seek  for  health  cares; 
And  lessen  more  house  party  'fairs 

Held  in  hot  rooms  stuffed  with  stale  airs. 

— Harrison. 

The  writer  recently  received  from  Mr.  Chas.  H.  Williams, 
Head  of  the  Physical  Culture  Department  of  Hampton  Insti- 
tute, a  graduate  of  that  institution  as  well  as  Harvard  University 
and  one  of  the  most  successful  Colored  athletic  directors  in  the 
country,  official  letters  and  architectural  drawings  relative  to  a 
campaign  having  already  been  launched  by  Hampton  Institute 
to  raise  funds  for  the  construction  of  a  thirty  thousand  dollar 
modernly  equipped  athletic  field.  When  this  pioneer  move- 
ment for  Negro  field  sports  is  completed  and  opened  for  general 
inspection  and  national  track  meets;  it  will  then,  as  the  Mecca 
in  America  for  Colored  field  sports,  most  certainly  arouse  un- 
bounded interests,  inspirations  and  determinations  in  the  minds 
of  visitors  from  other  Colored  schools  that  do  not  possess  such 
advantages.     And  as  those  visitors  turn  homeward  bound  their 

231 


enthusiasms  are  going  to  be  elevated  to  such  high  and  lasting 
hopes  and  longings  that  they  will  dreamingly  hear,  until  ma- 
terially heeded,  conscience  voices  from  the  clouds  above  that 
will  softly  and  encouragingly  whisper;  "Go  thou  likewise  and 
do  the  same."  Thus  a  real  athletic  dawn  will  eventually  light 
up  and  spread  over  many  Negro  schools  in  such  ways  as  to  enable 
them  in  due  time  to  turn  out  athletes  who  will  surprise  the  world 
by  making  unheard-of  and  unbelievable  new  track  records. 
For  instance,  as  Edward  O.  Gourdin,  the  Colored  and  greatest 
track  athlete  Harvard  University  has  ever  had,  did  July  23,  1921 
at  the  Harvard  Stadium  when,  in  competing  against  Great 
Britain's  best  athletes,  he  made  a  new  running  broad  jump  world 
record  by  leaping  25  feet  3  inches.  In  making  that  wonderful 
jump  he  beat  Peter  O'Connor's  then  world  record  of  24  feet 
11^  inches  that  track  athletes  all  over  the  world  for  the  past 
20  years  had  repeatedly  tried  but  always  failed  to  beat  until 
Gourdin,  a  Negro,  came  along  and  did  the  trick  by  over  a  clear 
margin  of  3  inches. 

After  reading  the  foreging  pages  of  Negro  success  in  athle- 
tics, Colored  youths  have  every  right  to  become  inspired  to  re- 
double their  efforts  in  trying  to  win  even  more  first  places  along 
these  lines.  But  if  a  Colored  athlete  should  at  any  time  just 
before  entering  a  severe,  critical  and  history  making  contest 
suddenly  become  discouraged  and  heavy-hearted,  because  of  his 
race  and  color;  he  should  remember  that:- 

The  swiftest  and  most  valuable  piece  of  horse-flesh  in  the 
world  (Man-O-War)  is  not  white,  but  is  a  light-red  bay,  and  from 
the  firm  tread  of  his  feet,  prancing  swing  of  his  legs,  proud  car- 
riage of  his  body,  beautiful  arch  of  his  neck,  graceful  poise  of  his 
head,  and  fearless  look  in  his  eyes,  shows  he  is  neither  ashamed  of 
his  horsehood  nor  his  well-colored  natural  coat.  So  this  three- 
year-old  colt  did  not  fret  and  worry  about  his  brunette  complex- 
ion nor  the  odds  in  years  against  him  as  he  nearly  divorced  his 
body  from  his  shadow  in  winning  the  Canadian  race  that  gave 
him  the  title,  "King  of  the  turf",  seventy-five  thousand  dollars 
in  money,  and  a  five  thousand  dollar  gold  cup  that  otherwise 
would  have  gone  to  the  four-year-old  British  colt,  Sir  Barton. 

232 


ON  THE  STAGE 

Charles  L.  Gilpin 

The  sun  first  drowned  the  night  from  day, 

As  it  came  from  depths  to  light  the  way; 

And  Charles  S.  Gilpin  did  first  bob  up 

To  damp  race  feelings  in  banquet's  cup. 

To-day  on  Thespian  mount  he  stands 

One  black  with  nine  white  in  these  lands; 
And  his  Broadway  light  has  lit  the  ways  » 

For  more  of  his  Race  in  serious  plays. 

— Harrison. 
Bert  Williams 

Second  to  none  as  a  natural  -born  actor  , 

Bert  Williams  to-day  is  a  leading  factor, 

When  on  the  stage  in  humorous  moods 

Feeding  Broadway  with  amusement  foods. 

—  Harrison. 

REINOLD  Wolf,  (white)  one  of  the  leading  stage  critics  of 
today,  wrote  of  Bert  Williams  as  being  "The  greatest 
comedian  on  the  American  Stage."  Years  back  this  noted  actor 
was  a  partner  in  the  famous  "Abyssinia"  Williams  &  Walker 
Company.  For  several  years  he  has  been  a  star  actor  in  The 
Zeigfield  Follies,  a  leading  white  high-class  Vaudeville  Company. 
The  instant  that  Williams  appears  before  the  footlights,  whether 
he  moves,  stands  still  or  doesn't  do  either,  he  captures  his  audi- 
ence, and  when  with  a  word-speaking  look,  a  suggestive  motion 
and  a  Hfe-pictured  song  he  is  always  able  to  bring  down  a  most 
dignified  house  in  uproarous  laughter;  it  is  no  wonder  that  he 
has  been  titled  the  Harry  Lauder  of  the  Negro  race.  For  years 
the  Columbia  Phonogaph  Co.,  has  been  reproducing  Mr. 
Williams'  songs  on  their  records  that  are  in  great  demand,  es- 
pecially his  ever-popular  songhit  "Parson  Eatmore". 

Aida  Overton  Walker,  at  the  time  of  her  death,  was  men- 
tioned by  some  of  the  New  York  papers  as  having  been  the  Lil- 
lian Russell  of  the  Negro  race.  Appearing  first  as  a  chorus 
dancer  in  "Isham's  Octoroons"  she  through  untiring  and  cease- 
less work  improved  her  acting  until  she  reached  her  highest 
dancing  feature  in  the  interpretation  of  "Salome",  which  acting 
was  said  to  have  been  of  a  Mary  Garden  standard.  In  their 
primes  and  times,  Aida  and  her  talented  husband,  George  Walker 
were  the  dancing  Castles  of  that  period,  and  no  couple,  Colored 

233 


or  white,  before  or  since,  have  been  able  to  excel  them  in  their 
world-famed  "Cake  Walks"  that  they  executed  by  invitation 
before  most  of  the  kings  and  queens  in  Europe.  Her  singing  of 
"Why  Adam  Sinned",  "Its  Hard  to  Love  Somebody  When  Some- 
body Don't  Love  You",  and  "H  You  Ain't  Got  No  Money, 
Well,  You  Needn't  Come  Around",  had  not  been  equaled  by  any 
singer  in  that  line  until  our  present  and  famous  Mamie  Smith 
first  ddintly  tripped  forth  and  with  those  hypnotizing  smiles  of 
hers  caused  the  audience  to  quiver  and  tremble  from  the  crown 
of  its  head  to  the  sole  of  its  feet  while  listening  to  her  life-action 
singings  of  "That  Thing  Called  Love",  "You  Can't  Keep  a 
Good  Man  Down"  and  "It's  Right  Here  For  You." 

George  Walker,  the  one-time  partner  of  Bert  Williams  and 
the  late  husband  of  Aida  Walker,  was  the  real  "Bon  Bon  Buddy" 
singer  and  starred  with  Williams  in  "Sons  of  Ham",  "Bandanna 
Land",  "In  Dahomey"  etc.  "Bob"  Cole,  as  leader  of  the  re- 
nown Cole  and  Johnson  Company,  won  a  great  deal  of  his  stage 
glory  in  the  presentation  of  "The  Red  Moon".  As  well  as  an 
actor  he  was  a  composer  of  note  and  among  his  best  productions 
that  attracted  wide  attention  and  afforded  much  amusement 
for  the  theatre  goers  were  "A  Shoo  Fly  Regiment",  "Katydid' 
and  "I  Must  Have  Been  A  Dreaming." 

Before  going  any  further  mention  ought  to  be  made  of  the 
world-famed  Ira  Aldridge,  who  was  born  in  Bel  Air,  Maryland 
in  1810  and  therefore  can  be  rightly  classed  as  an  American 
product,  although  he  spent  most  of  his  years  and  died  in  Europe, 
Even  today  he  is  considered  as  one  of  the  greatest  actors  the 
Negro  race  has  ever  had.  Going  to  Europe  when  young  and 
studying  at  Glasgow  University,  Scotland,  he  excelled  in  com- 
position work  and  won  many  prizes.  Winning  one  success  after 
another,  he  finally  reached  his  zenith  in  the  playing  of  Othello, 
the  Moore.  From  that  time  until  his  death  he  was  without  a 
peer  in  portraying  that  character,  and  few  have  equaled  him 
since.  His  acting  was  infused  with  so  much  intelligence,  per- 
sonality, naturalness  and  composure  that  he  was  always  assured 
of  over-crowded  theatres  and  was  constantly  entertained  and 
awarded  gold  medals  of  honor  by  the  crowned  rulers  of  England, 

234 


Prussia,  Austria,  Russia  and  many  other  important  countries 
in  Europe.  As  Mr.  Aldridge  made  his  home  in  London,  his 
widow  and  two  talented  daughters,  Luranah  A.  Aldridge,  a 
contralto  singer  of  European  fame,  and  Amanda  Aldridge,  a 
celebrated  composer  known  by  her  professional  works  as  "Mon- 
tague Ring",  continue  to  reside  in  that  city. 

(Ref.:  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  pgs.  335). 

The  name  of  Samuel  Milady  (better  known  as  Sam  Lucas) 
will  ever  go  down  in  Thespian  circles  as  one  of  the  greatest 
performers  in  the  old  school  of  Negro  actors.  He  not  only  wrote 
the  sensational  play  of  his  day,  "My  Grandfather's  Clock",  but 
played  its  leading  role.  But  his  world  popularity  and  fame  were 
mostly  won  through  his  impressive  playing  of  "Uncle  Tom"  in 
the  original  white  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  Company." 

S.  Tutt  Whitney  and  J.  Homer  Tutt,  with  their  "Smarter 
Set"  Co.,  are  to  stageland  today  what  Williams  and  Walker 
were  with  their  Company  years  ago.  The  team  work  of  Whitney 
and  Tutt  is  without  doubt  the  most  wonderful  combination  of 
versatile  comedy  acting  put  forth  over  the  footlights  within  the 
past  ten  years.  They  produce  and  act  their  own  compositions 
to  full  houses  whenever  and  wherever  they  perform,  and  one  of 
their  latest  hits  is  "Bamboula." 

A  Colored  comedian  who  is  in  a  class  by  himself  is  the  many- 
sided  Billy  King.  His  ability  to  make  people  laugh  without 
tickling  them  in  their  ribs  or  even  on  their  knees  is  nationally 
known.  Beside  being  a  genius  in  acting,  he  is  versatile  composer 
of  over  a  hundred  stage  productions  in  which  he  has  played  the 
leading  parts  in  scores  of  them.  His  show  is  such  a  financial 
success  that  it  is  said  he  annually  pays  over  two  hundred  thousand 
dollars  as  salaries  to  the  half  hundred  or  more  people  in  his  em- 
ployment. Billy  King  is  without  doubt  the  greatest  individual 
producer-performer  of  high-class  musical  comedy  in  the  Negro 
race  today.  He  is  also  one  of  those  (scarce-as-hen-teeth)  human 
beings  on  earth  who  seems  to  have  been  born  under  certain 
stars  whose  horoscopic  influences  magnatize  dollars  from  every 
place  and  steadily  drop  them  into  his  pockets  whether  he  is 

235 


working  or  playing.  For  Mr.  King  is  j ust  as  financially  successful 
in  his  insurance  company  and  other  business  seriousness  as  he 
is  in  his  theatrical  fun  making. 

Two  of  the  leading  moving  picture  actors  among  the  American 
Colored  people  are;  Noble  Johnson  who  has  appeared  in  such 
national  reels  as  "Intolerance"and  "The  Death  Warrant",  and 
Donald  Lashley  who  has  acted  and  posed  for  pictures  with 
Alice  Joyce,  played  forty-five  weeks  with  Billie  Burke  in  "Caesar's 
Wife",  and  took  part  in  "The  Passion  Flower"  with  Norma 
Talmadge.  During  the  four  years  he  has  been  acting  for  the 
screens  he  has  played  in  company  with  many  other  white  moving 
picture  stars. 

According  to  an  article  that  appeared  in  the  May  27,  1921 
issue  of  the  Negro  Star  of  Wichiti,  Kansas,  Colored  people  in 
America  own  and  operate  seven  film  companies  producing  pic- 
tures with  Negro  casts.  One  of  these  companies  is  The  Lincoln 
Motion  Picture  Company,  which  is  incorporated  in  California 
and  has  been  producing  moving  picture  films  for  the  past  five 
years.  Negro  actors  and  actresses  are  wholly  featured  in  its 
reels  that  are  shown  in  Colored  theatres  and  other  institutions 
throughout  the  United  States.  Among  its  star  reel  features  are ; 
"Realization  of  a  Negro's  Ambition",  "The  Trooper  of  Troop 
K."  "Law  of  Nature"  and  "By  Right  of  Birth."  The  Micheaux 
Film  Corporation,  Chicago,  111.,  is  another  nationally  known 
moving  picture  producer.  The  founder  and  president  of  this 
company  is  Oscar  Micheaux,  who  is  recognized  as  America's 
foremost  Negro  producer.  His  chief  productions  are  "The 
Brute",  "The  Homesteader",  The  Gunsaulus  Mystery",  "The 
Symbol  of  The  Unconquered"  and  "Within  Our  Gates". 

Some  of  the  leading  Colored  moving  picture  stars  of  today 
are;  Dick  Abrams,  Jack  Austin,  L.  De  Bulger,  Jim  Bums,  Law- 
rence Chenault,  Louise  Dunbar,  Iris  Hall,  Evelyn  Preer,  E.  G. 
Tatum,  Walker  Thompson,  Lee  Whipper  and  Mattie  Wilkes. 
W.  H.  Herman. 

Right  here  before  the  facts  again  slips  from  the  writer's  mind, 
must  be  mentioned  two  actors,  the  late  Tom  Brown  and  Ernest 

236 


Hogan.  On  account  of  their  seemingly  unlimited  theatrical 
abilities,  their  earnestness  in  performing  and  their  cheerful  and 
lovable  dispositions,  those  two  were  among  the  best  and  most 
popular  actors  during  their  times. 

S.  H.  Dudley  aside  from  having  shone  in  the  center  of  the 
actor's  spotlight  when  taking  active  parts  on  the  stage,  has 
become  one  of  America's  leading  Colored  theatrical  promoters, 
builders  and  managers  in  the  country.  He  is  owner  or  part 
owner  of  theatres  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Petersburg,  Ya.  and 
other  cities.  In  theatrical  circles  the  name  of  Dudley  is  as  fa- 
miliar and  popular  among  Colored  people  as  the  name  of  fCeith 
is  among  white  people. 

"The  King  Pin  of  'em  all"  (A  humorous  and  fitting  descrip- 
tion made  by  the  "Old  Roll  Top  Desk  Man,  With  the  Million 
Dollar  Smile")  is  Charles  S.  Gilpin  the  world-famed  dramatic 
actor,  who  was  given  the  highest  thespian  honors  of  the  season 
on  Broadway. 

"Never  in  the  history  of  the  stage  has  an  actor  been  accorded 
the  class  of  press  notices  handed  Gilpin  during  his  present  en- 
gagement. What  he  did  in  a  dramatic  way  in  "Abraham  Lin- 
coln" attracted  the  plaudits  of  the  critics  of  the  metropolitan 
press;  but  his  wonderful  work  in  "The  Emperor  Jones"  has  more 
than  eclipsed  anything  seen  on  Broadway  in  many  years. 
Indeed,  some  writers  claim  that  never  before  has  a  character 
been  portrayed  in  as  graphic  a  manner  as  is  the  title  role  in  Gil- 
pin's present  vehicle."  The  above  is  an  extract  taken  from  an 
article  that  appeared  in  the  March  26,  1921  issue  of  the  Chicago 
Defender  and  which  article  was  written  by  Tony  Langston, 
Dramatic  Editor  and  Advertising  Manager  of  that  paper. 

To  the  thoughtless  observer  the  sudden  leap  to  fame  by  this 
Colored  actor  looked  like  a  streak  of  good  luck:  but  not  so. 
Years  ago  when  Glipin  was  working  as  a  coal  miner,  butler,  por- 
ter and  many  other  menial  jobs  he  was,  perhaps  unkown  to  even 
himself,  making  preparations  to  face  some  big  event  that  his 
elevating  aspirations  pushed  him  on  to  meet.  He  was  an  actor 
then,  but  he  had  not  found  himself  and  his  talents  were  unde- 
veloped.    When    he    organized    the    first    Lafayette    dramatic 

237 


players  in  New  York  many  years  ago  he  was  beginning  to  find 
and  unfold  himself.  This  unfolding  continued  for  sometime 
until  he  was  given  a  cast  in  John  Drinkwater's  "Abraham  Lin- 
coln." Then  (what  Gilpin  knew  for  years  but  did  not  get  a 
chance  to  show)  the  nation  learned  that  in  this  man  were  the 
qualities  and  abilities  of  a  great  actor.  So  when  the  big  oppor- 
tunity came  for  Gilpin  to  play  the  principal  actor  in  Eugene 
O'Neill's  play,  "The  Emperor  Jones",  this  Colored  man's  previous 
years  of  hard  struggles  in  and  out  of  his  avenues  of  cherished 
hopes  had  well  equipped  him  for  the  place.  Chance  many  have 
put  him  there,  but  luck  did  not  keep  him  there.  Only  long  pre- 
parations and  the  proper  qualifications  that  are  allied  with  those 
preparations  can  balance  and  keep  a  man  on  such  a  high  and 
dizzy  steeple  point  as  that,  and  also  enable  him  to  hold  a  Spin- 
garn  Medal. 

Some  of  the  other  Colored  actors  and  actresses  in  America 
who  have  mounted  high  enough  upon  the  Thespian  ladder  to 
catch  glimpses  of  its  topmost  rung  and  are  rapidly  climbing 
thereto,  are;  Dick  Abrams,  George  Allen,  Mrs.  Chas.  Anderson, 
Chas.  Anderson,  Emmett  Anthony,  Austin  &  Delaney,  "Chick" 
Beaman,  Andrew  Bishop,  "Eubie"  Blake,  Laura  Bowman, 
Clarence  Brooks,  Shelton  Brooks,  Teressa  Brooks,  Ida  Brown 
L.  De  Bulger,  Jim  Burris,  H.  B.  Carter,  Estelle  Cash,  Lawrence 
Chenault,  Inez  Clough,  Lulu  Coates,  Julian  Costello,  Amon 
Davis,  Hazel  Davis,  A.  B.  DeComathierre,  Cleo  Desmond, 
Evelyn  Ellis,  Ada  Forman,  Charlotte  Freeman,  Lottie  Ghee, 
Ella  Goodloe,  Alice  Gorgas,  Richard  Gregg,  Lawrence  Griner, 
Iris5  Hall,  Harper  &  Blank,  Grace  Howell,  Maud  Jones,  Joe 
Jordan,  Sidney  Kirkpatrick,  Margeurite  Lee,  Tom  Lemonier, 
Florence  McClain,  Irvin  C.  Miller,  Abbie  Mitchell,  Lionel 
Monogus,  Frank  Montgomery,  Francis  Mores,  Moss  &  Frye, 
Clarence  Muse,  Chas.  Olden,  Laura  Prampin,  Harry  Prampin, 
Ethel  Pope,  Evelyn  Preer,  Gladys  Price,  Arthur  Ray,  "Bob" 
Russell,  Gertrude  Saunders,  Seamore  &  Jeanette,  Arthur  Sim- 
mons, Nobble  Sissle,  "Bob"  Slater,  Mildrew  Smallwood,  Eddie 
Stafford,  Susie  Sutton,  E.  G.  Tatum,  Walker  Thompson,  "Babe" 
Townsend,  Andrew  Tribble,  Lee  Whipper,  Maybelle  Whitman, 
Fannie  Wise,  Eddie  Brown,  Marie  Lucus. 

238 


Elocutionists 

Some  of  the  foremost  dramatic  readers  and  elocutionists  of 
today  are ;  Hallie  Q.  Brown,  who  is  also  president  of  The  National 
Association  of  Colored  Women,  Wilberforce,  Ohio,  Fannie  H. 
Clint,  New  York,  Madame  Coppage,  Norfolk,  Va.,  Henrietta 
V.  Davis,  Washington,  D.  C,  Richard  B.  Harrison,  Chicago, 
111.,  Madamme  Johnson,  Berkley,  Cal.,  Maud  Jones,  New  York, 
Frances  E.  Motin,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Elmer  L.  Payne,  Bethlehem, 
Pa.,  Theodore  Shackelford,  New  York,  Ruby  Pelleford,  Sabina, 
Ohio,  Anna  Teney,  Chicago,  111,,  Charles  W.  Wood,  Tuskegee, 
Ala.,  and  Alonzo  Jackson,  Phila,  Pa.,  who  is  Founder  and  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Garrick  Dramatic  School  in  that  city. 

Red  Blooded  Airy  Plays 
Theaters  of  the  Negro  Race 

Today  try  hard  in  every  case 
To  ventilate  their  ceilings  space 

And  thus  save  lungs  within  the  Race. 

Harrison. 

"According  to  J.  A.  Jackson,  of  the  Billboard,  Negroes  sup- 
port 328  Vaudeville  and  611  motion  pictures  theatres  in  21 
States.  The  smallest  theatre  seats  200  and  the  largest  1,800. 
Since  September,  1920,  25  new  acts,  14  companies  and  12 
theatres  have  entered  the  field."  The  above  quotation  is  an  ex- 
tract from  the  July,  1921  issue  of  The  Crisis.  John  T.  Gib- 
son, Phila.,  Pa.  owner  of  the  New  Standard  and  Dunbar  Thea- 
ters in  that  city,  and  Rufus  G.  Byars,  Washington,  D.  C.  ow- 
ner and  promoter  of  a  chain  of  theaters,  are  recognized  as  two 
of  the  most  successful  theatrical  owners  and  promoters  in  the 
Negro  Race  today. 

The  writer  presents  the  following  names  as  being  only  a  few 
belonging  to  the  many  many  foremost  Colored  theatrical  owners, 
managers,  promoters,  editors  writers  and  critics,  who  are  using 
their  utmost  talents  and  energies  to  inspire  and  present  intelli- 
gent entertainment  and  clean,  wholesome  amusement  for  the 
Colored  theatre  goers: 

C.  P.  Bailey,  Clarence  Bennett,  E.  C.  Brown,  Romeo  L. 
Dougherty,  E.  B.  Dudley,  S.  H.  Dudley,  C.  H.  Douglass, 
Hubert    H.    Harrison,    H.    J.    Huey,    Jas.    A.    Jackson,  Geor- 

239 


gia  B.  Jones,  Tony  Langston,  F.  M.  Murray,  A.  B.  Nordecai, 
E.  L.  Pankey,  Sam  E.  Reevin,  W.  S.  Scales,  Jesse  Shipp,  Milton 
Starr,  E.  S.  Stone,  W.  J.  Styles,  C.  H.  Turpin,  Lester  B.  Walton, 
and  G.  Grant  Williams,  Deacon  Johnson. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  collective  sign  of  the  rapid  and  wonder- 
ful progress  made  along  executive  lines  by  Colored  theatrical 
promoters  and  performers  in  America  is  seen  in  the  formation 
of  at  least  three  big  organizations  pertaining  to  their  own  manage- 
ment and  welfare. 

The  National  Managers'  Protective  Asociation  is  an  organiza- 
tion to  encourage  the  progress  and  promote  the  welfare  of  all 
connected  with  the  Negro  stage.  Three  of  its  chief  duties  are; 
first,  to  see  that  Negro  players  be  encouraged  in  every  way  to 
entersperse  their  acts  with  clean,  worth  while  offerings  iti  songs 
and  new  material ;  secondly,  to  agree  to  such  arrangements  that 
the  booking  exchange,  will  give  acts  contracts  that  will  be  played 
as  given,  eliminating  lay-offs,  with  shortest  possible  jumps,  and 
salary  in  keeping,  and  thirdly,  to  arbitrate  all  complaints  of 
managers,  actors  or  agents,  and  see  that  a  just  settlement  is 
given  the  parties,  each  case  to  be  decided  upon  its  merits.  The 
officers  of  this  organ  are  as  follows:  President  C.  H.  Turpin,  of  the 
Booker  T.  Washington  Theatre,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Vice-President, 
E.  B.  Dudley,  of  the  Dudley  Theatre,  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  Secre- 
tary-Treasurer, T.  S.  Finley  of  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

The  Theatre  Owners'  Booking  Association  by  its  own  name 
implies  what  its  chief  duties  are,  and  it  is  only  necessary  to  say 
that  the  rapidly  increasing  numbers  of  theatre  managers  who  are 
joining  this  association  in  order  to  be  assured  of  regular  and  best 
plays  being  booked  for  their  houses,  vividly  shows  the  necessity 
and  value  of  such  an  organ.  Its  President  is  Milton  Starr, 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  Vice-President,  C.  H.  Turpin,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
Secretary,  W.  S.  Scales,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C,  and  Treasurer- 
Manager,  S.  E.  Reevin,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

A  most  recent  organization  along  these  lines  is  known  as  The 
Actors'  Legion  with  headquarters  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Its 
membership  is  to  be  composed  of  actors  and  actresses..,  and  one 

240 


of  its  chief  duties  is  to  see  that  matters  of  importance  to  per- 
formers will  be  speedily  and  properly  adjusted.  The  writer  was 
not  able  to  get  a  list  of  the  names  belonging  to  the  officers  of 
this  body. 

Tony  Langston,  born  in  Detroit,  Michigan,  (fortunately 
several  years  after  Noah's  Flood  and  a  few  years  before  Volstead's 
Drought)  and  today  living  in  Chicago  never  very  far  from  nor 
out  of  sight  of  "Dear  Old  State  Street",  is  without  question  the 
most  popular  Colored  theatrical  writer  not  only  in  America  but 
throughout  the  world.  He  writes  the  widest  variety  of  subjects 
of  any  present-day  penman  in  that  line  and  is  read  by  more 
than  one  million  people  each  and  every  week.  Nine  years  ago 
he  entered  the  establishment  of  the  Chicago  Defender  by  way 
of  its  back  door  and  on  a  salary  less  than  the  devil  (printer's) 
himself  receives.  To-day,  he  (Tony,  not  the  devil)  walks  in 
and  out  the  front  doors  of  this  firm  as  the  highest  paid  writer 
in  the  history  of  Colored  journalism. 

When  he  first  took  hold  of  the  dramatic  sheet  of  this  paper 
and  held  it  up  before  the  sun  (son — excuse  the  pun) ,  he  could  see 
just  about  as  much  matter  on  it  as  is  seen  in  the  hole  (whole) 
of  a  doughnut.  Since  then  he  has  been  constantly  thumping 
and  pounding  on  Colored  theatrical  Boards  with  such  hard  and 
well-aimed  blows  (not  with  hammers  and  nails,  but  with  ability, 
hard  work,  tact,  cheerfulness,  sympathy,  friendliness  and  a 
"Million  Dollar  Smile")  that  to-day  the  dramatic  construction 
of  the  Chicago  Defender  averages  over  thirty  thousand  dollars 
yearly  in  advertising. 

Aside  from  being  Advertising  Manager  of  the  above  men- 
tioned journal,  which  is  popularly  known  as  the  "World's 
Greatest  Weekly",  this  all-round  journalist,  who  is  fondly 
called  the  "Old  Roll  Top  Desk  Man,"  holds  similar  positions 
in  connection  with  the  Avenue,  Grand,  States,  Phoenix, 
Lincoln,  Atlas,  Monogram,  Owl  and  Pickford^  Theatres.  He  is 
also  President  of  the  Langston  Slide  and  Advertising  Company. 


241 


"REAL  WHITE"  FRIENDS 

Hopefulness  and  Gratefulness. 

Through  all  his  trials  upon  this  land, 

Some  white  folks  take  the  Negro's  stand; 
And  this  has  kept  his  hopes  alive 

For  higher  things  to  ever  strive 
So  as  to  show  his  worth  and  thanks 

To  those  who  share  their  brains  and  banks. 

—  Harrison. 

FROM  the  year  1619  when  Negroes  were  first  brought  from 
Africa  to  the  American  Colonies,  Colored  people  had  from 
the  very  first  a  few  of  the  truest  kind  of  friends  among  a  certain 
class  of  broad-minded,  clean  hearted  and  Christian  white  people. 
This  group  of  people  never  was  in  favor  of  slavery  but  they  could 
not  stop  it  because  their  numbers  were  so  much  smaller  than 
those  who  wanted  and  did  have  slaves.  But  white  friends  of 
those  shackled  human  beings  rapidly  increased  in  numbers 
until  1861  when  they  felt  that  at  last  they  were  not  only  evenly 
matched  but  also  had  the  sentiment  of  the  rest  of  the  world  with 
them  against  the  Southern  white  enemies  of  the  Negro  in  free- 
dom. Even  during  the  darkest  days  of  slavery  there  were  white 
men  and  women  in  both  the  North  and  South,  who  after  having 
slaves  given  to  them  by  their  parents,  became  so  heavy  of  heart 
and  worried  in  mind  because  of  their  parts  in  such  soul  damming 
sins  and  crimes  that  they  would  not  longer  keep  their  Colored 
people  as  slaves  but  set  them  free.  Then  again  on  account 
of  some  valuable  deeds  or  services  they  had  performed,  many 
slaves  were  made  free  outright  or  were  allowed  to  work  their 
freedom  out  on  easy  terms.  Some  owners,  while  they  were  not 
quite  Christianized  or  civilized  enough  to  free  their  slaves,  were 
in  several  ways  quite  kind  to  them  and  sometimes  secretely 
(for  the  laws  of  the  land  forbid  owners  educating  their  slaves) 
taught  them  to  read  and  write  in  somewhat  the  same  amusing 
and  pitying  manner  that  tender-hearted  boys  and  girls  of  today 
are  kind  to  their  pet  birds  and  rabbits  and  teach  them  several 
smart  tricks  but  yet  will  not  open  the  cage  doors  and  turn  them 
loose. 

Thus  in  the  above  ways  there  were  during  the  whole  period 
of  slavery  in  the  colonies  a  certain  number  of  Negroes  who  had 

242 


secured  their  freedom  as  well  as  good  educations  in  many  in- 
stances. This  explains  how  it  is  possible  for  the  writer  to  truth- 
fully mention  within  these  pages  historical  facts  relative  to  cer- 
tain Colored  people  becoming  noted  teachers,  preachers,  doc- 
tors, newspaper  editors,  etc.,  long  before  the  Civil  War  and  the 
freedom  of  all  Negroes  in  America. 

Through  the  agencies  of  such  organizations  and  societies  as 
named  below  thousands  of  Northern  white  people  either  by 
means  of  their  money  or  through  actual  service  among  the  Color- 
ed people  in  the  South  showed  their  unquestioned  friendships  for 
the  Negro  race.  Some  of  the  most  important  of  those  friendly 
organs  were  as  follows: 

"Freedman's  Bureau,  American  Missionary  Association,  The 
American  Freedmen's  Union  Commission,  The  Baltimore  As- 
sociation for  the  Moral  Educational  Improvement  of  the  col- 
ored people,  The  Western  Freedmen's  Aid  Commission,  National 
Freedmen's  Relief  Association  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  The 
Soldiers'  Memorial  Society  of  Boston,  Old  School  General  As- 
sembly Presbyterian  Church,  American  Baptist  Home  Mission 
Society,  The  New  England  Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends,  and  The 
Pennsylvania  Friends'  Freedmen's  Relief  Association  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

The  two  Presidents  of  the  United  States  who  have  proved 
themselves,  through  both  words  and  deeds,  truly  to  have  been 
the  greatest  white  friends  the  Negro  race  has  ever  had  in  the 
White  House  were  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Ulysses  S.  Grant. 

The  following  are  a  few  names  handed  to  the  writer  by  capable 
estimators  as  being  among  the  many  thousands  of  America's 
"real  white"  people,  who,  either  before  or  during  the  Civil  War, 
Reconstruction  Period  or  during  the  present  times,  have  shown 
by  their  encouraging  and  fearless  words  and  their  generous  and 
helpful  deeds  that  they  had  or  have  within  them  the  deepest 
brotherhood  interest  for  the  truest  humane  welfare  and  progress 
of  the  Negro  Race : 

Wm.  Anthony  Aery Editor 

Samuel  Chapman  Armstrong  Educator 

Miss  Alice  M.  Bacon Philanthropist. 

Dr.  Gamaliel  Bailey Editor,  Abolionist 

243 


Henry  Ward  Beecher Preacher 

Arthur  Brisbane Journalist 

Arnold  Buffum, Abolionist 

Horace  Bumstead Educator 

Benjamin  F.  Butler General 

Natalie  Curtis  Burlin, Composer-Author 

John  Brown Agitator-Abolionist 

Dr.  Wallace  Buttrick Educator 

George  W.  Cable Novelist 

Dorothy  Canfield Novelist 

Andrew  Carnegie Philanthropist 

Gen.  H.  W.  Carpenter Philanthropist 

Dr.  J.  M.  Clark Educator 

Joshua  Coffin Abolitionist 

Mrs.  Mary  Crozier Philanthropist 

Frank  W.  Darling Philanthropist 

Miss  Jane  E.  Davis Editor 

Dr.  Jas.  H.  Dillard Educator 

Dr.  J.  Stanley  Durkee Educator 

L.  C.  Dyer, Congressman 

John  T.  Emlen Philanthropist 

Samuel  Ettleson, Senator 

Mrs.  Mary  Evans Philanthropist 

Calvin  Fairbanks Underground  R.  R.  Agent 

Homer  L.  Ferguson Philanthropist 

Dr.  C.  H.  Fisk Educator 

Jos.  B.  Foraker Lawyer-Senator 

A.  S.  Frissell Banker 

Dr.  Hollis  Burke  Frissell Educator 

F.  Nathan  Fritch Manufacturer-Merchant 

Wm.  Lloyd  Garrison Agitator- Abolitionist 

Eugene  G.  Grace, Manufacturer-Merchant 

Dr.  Jas.  E.  Gregg Educator 

Mrs.  J.  H.  Hammond, Publicity  Worker 

Warren  G.  Harding President 

Atticus  G.  Haygood Educator 

William  Hayward, Colonel 

Mrs.  Mary  Hemenway, Philanthropist 

O.  0.  Howard General 

Julia  Ward  Howe Philanthropist 

Dr.  G.  W.  Hubbard Educator 

Collis  P.  Huntington Philanthropist 

Mrs.  C.  P.  Huntington, ....Philanthropist 

Miss  Elizabeth  Hyde Educator 

Mrs.  D.  Willis  James, Philanthropist 

Miss  Anna  T.  Jeanes Philanthropist 

W.  N.  Harthorn Philanthropist 

Mrs.  John  S.  Kennedy Philanthropist 

Robt.  T.  Kerlin Educator- Author 

F.  H.  Keys Philanthropist 

F.  E.  Lewis Lawyer  and  Ex-Mayor. 

H.  E.  and   R.  A.  Lewis, Manufacturers-Merchants 

Colonel  Little, U.  S.  Army 

Elijah  P.  Lovejoy Preacher- Abolitionist 

Martin  E.  Madden Congressman 

Joseph  C.  Manning Congressman 

Frederick  L.  Marquand, Philanthropist 

Samuel  J.  May Underground  R.  R.  Agent 

244 


Dr.  F.  A.  McKenzie Educator 

Mendell  McCormick Senator 

Dr.  C.  M.  Melden Educator 

Dr.  C.  F.  Meserve Educator 

Lucretia  Mott Philanthropist 

John  R.  Mott, Y.  M.  C.  A.  Worker 

Robert  C.  Ogden Philanthropist 

Mary  White  Ovington Authoress-Lecturer 

Robt.  W.  Paterson Philanthropist 

Geo.  Foster  Peabody  Philanthropist 

Wendell  Phillips Agitator-Abolitionist 

Dr.  Geo.  P.  Phenix Educator 

Dr.  John  B.  Rendali Educator 

R.  J.  Reynolds Philanthropist 

John  D.  Rockefeller Philanthropist 

Theodore  Roosevelt President 

Julius  Rosen wald Philanthropist 

Mrs.  Russell  Sage Philanthroipist 

J.  G.  Schmidlap Phanlanthropist 

Charles  M.  Schwab Manufacturer-Merchant 

Herbert  J.  Seligman Author 

John  Sherman Senator 

John  F.  Slater Philanthropist 

R.  C.  Solt Banker 

Joel  E.  Spingarn Philanthropist 

Miss  Caroline  Phelps-Stokes Philanthropist 

Moorefield  Storey Lawyer 

Mrs.  Valeria  Stone Philanthropist 

Harriett  Beecher  Stowe Novelist-Abolitionist 

Wm.  Jay  Schieffelin Philanthropist 

Prof.  T.  L.  Stewart, Educator 

Charles  Sumner Senator- Abolitionist 

Dr.  F.  A.  Sumner Educator 

Robert  S.  Taylor. Lawyer 

Dr.  W.  P.  Thirkield Bishop 

Oswald  Garrison  Villard Editor 

Dr.  E.  T.  Ware Educator 

John  Wanamaker..... Philanthropist 

Mrs.  Sarah  E.  Whitin Philanthropist 

John  Greenleaf  Whittier  Poet 

Linderman,  Warren  &  Robt. Wilbur, Bankers 

Henry  Wilson Abolitionist,  Vice-President 

(Some  names  in  above  list  are  extracts  from  Work's  Negro 

Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  p.  34.) 

The  National  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Colored  People. 

The  National  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Colored 
People  has  its  headquarters  in  New  York  City.  This  organiza- 
tion was  fittingly  originated  in  1909  at  a  banquet  celebrating  the 
one-hundredth  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  the  immortal  Abraham 
Lincoln.     The  one  who  made  the  first  move  for  its  organization 

245 


was  a  white  woman,  Miss  Mary  White  Ovington,  who  is  recog- 
nized today  as  the  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  of  her  race.  She  is  a 
graduate  of  Radcliffe  College  and  is  the  author  of  several  books. 
It  has  been  greatly  through  her  untiring  and  helpful  efforts  that 
this  organ  now  has  in  America,  Canada,  Canal  Zone  and  Phil- 
ippine Islands  nearly  four  hundred  branches  that  have  a 
membership  of  over  one  hundred  thousand.  At  this  writing  the 
association  is  conducting  a  campaign  for  the  securing  of  two 
hundred  fifty  thousand  members.  The  true  steering  rudder  of 
this  tremendous  ark  of  safety  is  in  the  steady  hands  of  Moor- 
field  Storey,  who  as  its  pilot  is  being  ably  assisted  in  accurately 
compassing  all  rightful  courses  by  his  keen-eyed  lookout  crew 
that  is  composeed  of  Robt.  W.  Bagnall,  Dr.  W.  E.  B.  DuBois, 
Archibald  H.  Grimke,  Rev.  John  H.  Holmes,  Mrs.  Addie  W. 
Hunton,  Bishop  John  Hurst,  Jas.  Weldon  Johnson,  Miss  Mary 
White  Ovington,  William  Pickens,  Arthur  B.  Spingarn,  J.  E. 
Spingarn,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Talbert,  Oswald  Garrison  Villard  and 
Walter  White. 

The  work  of  this  association  is  best  explained  in  the  following 
matter  which  is  a  copy  of  one  of  its  programs: 

Done  in  1920 

1.  Anti-Lynching.-Had  introduced  in  both  the  House  and  the 

Senate  anti-lynching  measures,  as  a  result  of  which  it  is 
expected  that  Congress  will  enact  laws  making  lynching 
a  federal  offense. 

2.  The  Vote-Took  the  matter  of  disfranchisement  of  colored 
voters  in  the  South  before  the  House  Committee  on  the 
Census;  introduced  evidence  to  prove  the  denial  of  the  right 
to  vote  by  terrorization  and  other  means;  demanded  the 
fair  and  impartial  enforcement  of  election  laws  in  the  south- 
ern states,  or  the  reduction  of  representation  wherever  the 
right  to  vote  is  denied. 

3.  Haiti.-American  misrule  in  the  black  republic  of  Haiti  was 

brought  into  the  light  of  pitiless  publicity,  forcing  investiga- 
tion by  the  Navy  Department  and  resulting  in  the  intro- 
duction in  the  Senate  and  House  of  bills  providing  for  Con- 
gressional investigation. 

246 


4.  Legal  Defense -Defended  Arkansas  riot  victims  and  had 
their  cases  appealed;  6  of  the  12  men  condemned  to  death 
granted  new  trials  on  constitutional  grounds;  Robert  L. 
Hill,  charged  with  being  the  chief  "conspirator"  in  these 
riots,  freed.  Extradition  of  Tom  Ray  from  Michigan  to 
Georgia  fought.  Numerous  civil  rights  cases  contested  by 
the  branches. 

5.  Ku  Klux  Klan,.-A  campaign  was  begun  against  the  revived 
Ku  Klux  Klan,  which  eventually  put  the  Klan  on  the  de- 
fensive. 

6.  Publicity. -The  most  formidable  weapon  for  fighting  wrong 
and  injustice  is  publicity.  Placed  The  Crisis  each  month 
before  more  than  350,000  readers.  Sent  131  press  releases 
to  more  than  500  white  and  colored  papers  all  over  the  coun- 
try.    Sent  out  220,550  leaflets  and  pamphlets. 

Program  for  1921 

1.  Anti-Lynching  legislation  by  Congress. 

2.  Abolition  of  Segregation  in  the  Departments  at  Washington. 

3.  Enfranchisement  of  the  Negro  in  the  South  or  reduction  of 
southern  representation,  if  necessary. 

4.  Restoration  of  Haitian  Independence  and  Reparation,  as 
far  as  possible  for  wrongs  committed  there  by  the  American 
administration,  through  Congressional  investigation  of  both 
military  and  civil  acts  of  the  American  occupation. 

5.  Presentation  to  the  New  President  of  a  mammoth  petition 
of  say,  100,000  bona  fide  signers,  collected  by  the  various 
branches,  requesting  the  pardon  of  the  soldiers  of  the  24th 
Infantry  imprisoned  at  Leavenworth  on  the  charge  of 
rioting  at  Houston,    Texas. 

6.  The  Abolition  of  Jim  Crow  Cars  in  interstate  traffic. 

7.  Treatment  of  Colored  Men  in  the  Army  and  Navy;  (a)fln 
the  Army,  admission  to  artillery  units,  from  which  they  ^are 
now  excluded,  promotion  in  the  medical  and  other  corps,  and 
the  elimination  of  other  forms  of  discrimination ;  (b)  In  the  Na- 

247 


vy  obtaining  ratings  as  non-commissioned  officers  once  more, 
instead  of  their  present  enlistment  only  as  mess-boys,  that 
is,  as  servants." 

8.  Appointment  of  a  National  Inter-Racial  Commission  to 
make  an  earnest  study  of  race  conditions  and  race  relations 
in  the  United  States. 

9.  Appointment  of  Colored  Assistant  Secretaries  in  the  Depart- 

ments of  Labor  and  Agriculture  which  would  give  the  Negro 
official  representation  in  the  two  phases  of  national  life  where 
he  needs  most  and  suffers  most. 

10.  Continuance  of  the  Fight  in  the  Arkansas  Cases. 

1 1 .  The  Successful  Holding  of  the  Second  Pan-African  Congress 
that  the  colored  peoples  of  the  world  may  gain  a  mutual 
understanding  of  their  common  problems. 

12.  The  Defeat  by  Every  Legitimate   Means  of  the  Nefarious 

Ku  Klux  Klan,  both  South  and  North. 

National  Urban  League 

Another  organization  that  is  second  to  none  in  its  usefulness 
and  helpfulness  to  the  America  Colored  people  is  the  National 
Urban  League  for  Social  Service  Among  Negroes.  This  body 
was  formed  in  1911  and  is  also  under  the  guidance  of  one  of  the 
staunchest  white  friends  the  Race  has  in  the  person  of  L.  Hollings- 
worth  Wood.  His  keen  foresight  discovers  and  leaves  no  stone 
unturned  in  bringing  about  for  Colored  people  throughout  the 
country  fair  chances  to  work  in  new  lines  of  industry  and  be  ac- 
corded just  privileges  to  live  in  sanitary  and  comfortable  quar- 
ters. This  league  has  branches  in  more  than  thirty  cities  where 
thousands  of  Colored  people  yearly  receive  social  and  industrial 
helpfulness  of  the  most  encouraging  nature.  Few  people  know 
the  full  value  of  the  tremendous  work  this  league  is  doing  and 
of^the  rapid  growth  it  is  making. 

Those  who  are,  as  the  chief  officers  in  this  league,  wisely  and 
unstintingly  giving  their  time  and  efforts  to  aid  Mr.  Wood  in 
this  great  work  are  W.  H.  Baldwin,  A.  S.  Frissell,  A.  L.  Jackson, 
E.  K.  Jones,  Dr.  R.  R.  Moton,  Kelly  Miller,  John  T.  Emlen, 
J.  C.  Thomas  and  Lillian  A.  Turner. 

248 


Praiseworthy  and  thankful  mention  should  be  made  on  these 
pages  regarding  the  backboned  manhoods  and  Christian  stands 
for  protection  and  justice  to  Colored  people  three  Southern 
governors  have  fearlessly  taken  within  the  past  two  years. 

In  July  1920,  Governor  Thos.  W.  Bickett  of  North  Carolina 
sent  the  State  Militia,  under  Capt.  M.  P.  Fowler,  to  Graham, 
N.  C.  with  orders  to  halt  and  prevent  a  white  mob  from  breaking 
into  jail  and  lynching  three  Negro  prisoners.  After  the  troops 
had  arrived  and  were  placed  on  guard  the  mob  advanced  on  the 
jail  to  secure  the  prisoners  but  were  halted  and  scattered  by  the 
militia's  machine  gun  that  killed  one  and  wounded  three  of  the 
would-be  lynchers. 

During  March  1921,  Governor  Edwin  P.  Morrow  of  Kentucky 
removed  from  office  the  white  jailer,  J.  H.  Edgar  for  allowing  a 
white  mob  to  enter  the  jail  and  lynch  Richard  James  a  Colored 
prisoner.  This  Governor  also  offered  a  reward  of  one  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars  for  the  capture  and  conviction  of  each  mem- 
ber of  the  mob. 

Right  on  the  heels  of  the  exposure  and  arrest  of  the  Georgia 
white  planter,  J.  S.  Williams,  who  was  convicted  in  April  1921 
for  the  murder  of  Lindsey  Peterson,  a  Colored  laborer  on  Williams 
peonage  plantation  where  the  murdered  bodies  of  at  least  ten 
other  Colored  laborers  were  found;  Governor  Hugh  M.Dorsey, 
of  Georgia  had  published  and  freely  circulated  a  pamphlet  en- 
titled, "The  Negro  in  Georgia."  In  this  publication  the  Gover- 
nor bravely  and  in  detail  tells  of  135  incidents  of  cruelties  com- 
mitted upon  Georgia  Negroes.  In  only  two  of  these  cases  were 
the  victims  accused  of  crimes  against  white  women.  The  re- 
maining 133  exposures  tell  of  the  whippings,  shootings,  lynchings, 
and  the  enslavement  of  Colored  laborers  under  the  forced  labor 
systems,  as  well  as  the  driving  away  of  wealthy  Colored  people 
from  their  homes  by  bodily  abuses  or  threatened  tortures. 

When  it  is  taken  into  consideration  that  those  officials  fu  ly 
knew  that  their  stands  against  and  exposures  of  such  savage  be- 
haviors of  their  own  people  would  without  doubt  mean  their 
political  deaths,  as  well  as  making  for  themselves  state  wide 

249 


enemies  who  would  not  hesitate  to  do  them  physical  harm; 
the  acts  of  those  Governors  were  really  those  of  heroes.  In  per- 
forming their  full  official  and  Christian  duties,  they  have  already 
influenced  many  other  Southern  officials  to  come  forward  like 
real  men  and  help  to  wash  away  from  the  South  (especially 
Georgia)  its  world-wide  stain  and  shame. 

During  the  past  twenty  years,  Hon.  Joseph  C.  Manning  of 
Alabama,  because  of  his  continued  courageous  stands  and  his 
mighty  platform  and  pen  fights  for  justice  to  the  Colored  people, 
especially  in  the  South,  has  constantly  proved  himself  one  of  the 
most  fearless  and  truest  white  friends  the  Negro  race  has  in 
America  today.  In  the  April  23,  1921  issue  of  the  Chicago  De- 
fender there  was  republished  the  article  "Let  Him  Have  Due 
Credit"  that  appeared  in  the  April  16,  1921  issue  of  The  Washing- 
ton Bee.     The  article  in  part  says : 

"The  peonage  conditions  in  Georgia  and  the  trail  that  has 
been  going  on  down  there  recalls  that  it  was  Hon.  Joseph  C. 
Manning  of  Alabama  who  first  brought  peonage  conditions  in 
Alabama  and  the  South  to  national  attention  and  into  national 
discussion. 

"A  letter  written  by  Mr.  Manning  to  the  New  York  Evening 
Post  in  1903  not  only  assailed  this  condition  but  named  the  peon- 
age perpetrators.  The  Literary  Digest  made  a  review  of  the 
newspaper  comment  the  article  aroused.  The  papers  in  Ala- 
bama, some  of  them,  vilified  Mr.  Manning  unmercifullly.  He  was 
denounced  as  a  "defamer  of  his  state",  branded  as  a  liar,  the 
peonage  conditions  were  denied;  but,  in  not  a  great  while,  the 
citizens  he  named  were  prosecuted  and  convicted  through  the 
operations  of  the  Department  of  Justice  when  Mr.  Moody  was 
Attorney  General. 

"In  the  matter  of  peonage,  as  well  as  in  the  showing  up  of 
"black  belt"  frauds  in  the  South,  it  was  none  other  than  Hon. 
Joseph  C.  Manning  who  took  the  initiative  and  has  stood  the 
burden  to  follow  for  having  stood  for  right. 

250 


"Precisely  as  he  fought  "black  belt"  frauds,  helping  to  unseat 
Southern  members  of  Congress  in  1897,  he  has  kept  on  fighting 
disfranchisement  and  arraigned  lynching  and  all  sorts  of  mobs 
and  mob  government. 

"President  Harding,  when  in  the  United  States  Senate,  was 
called  on  frequently  by  Mr.  Manning,  who  discussed  these 
wrongs  with  the  man  who  was  to  become  President.  The  Bee 
then  followed  the  work  being  done,  in  1917,  right  here  in  Wash- 
ington by  Mr.  Manning.  No  man,  more  than  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  knows  about  this  self-sacrificing  labor  of 
Mr.  Manning  for  right  and  for  justice." 


251 


CORRECTED  FRATERNAL  INFORMATION 

|  In  order  to  prevent  possible  misleadings  or  misunderstandings 
on  the  part  of  any  reader,  the  writer  quotes  below,  from  pages 
457-8  of  Work's  Negro  Year  Book,  1918-1919  edition,  the  rela- 
tive positions  of  officers  in  different  divisions  of  the  Orders  of 
Masons,  Odd  Fellows  and  Pythians,  which  detailed  information 
he  found  it  impossible  to  put  on  pages  128-9  on  account  of  lack 
of|space. 

"MASONS" 

Imperial  Council  Ancient  Egyptian 

Arabic  Order  of  Nobles  of  The  Mystic  Shrine. 

Officers: 

Imperial  Potentate,  C.  R.  Blake,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 

Imperial  Chief  Rabban,  R.  E.  Moore,  Chicago,  111. 

Imperial  High  Priest  and  Prophet,  R.  F.  Husley,  Wheeling  W.  Va. 

Imperial  Treasurer,  C.  A.  Freeman,  Washington. 

Imperial  Recorder,  Levi  Williams,  Jersey  City. 

Ancient  and  Accepted  Scottish  Rite  Masons 

Officers  of  Northern  Jurisdiction : 

Sovereign  Grand  Commander,  J.  F.  Richards,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Lieutenant  Sovereign  Grand  Commander,  R.  E.  Moore,  Chicago,  111. 
Grand  Secretary,  W.  H.  Miller,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Officers  of  Southern  Jurisdiction: 

Sovereign  Grand  Commander,  T.  W.  M.  Grant,  Sr.,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Lieutenant  Sovereign  Grand  Commander,  James  T.  Logan,  Natchez,  Miss. 
Grand  Chancellor,  Leon  W.  Taylor,  New  Orleans. 

Royal  Arch  Masons 

Officers: 

President  W.  T.  Butler,  New  York. 
Treasurer,  T.  M.  Holland,  Chicago. 
Secretary,  James  O.  Bampfield,  Washington. 

Ancient  York  Masons 

Officers  of  National  Grand  Lodge  of  Free  and  Accepted  York  Rite  Masons: 

National  Grand  Commander,  Bishop  J.  W.  Alstork,  Montgomery,  Ala. 
National  Deputy  Grand  Commander,  Dr.  A.  R.  Robinson,  Philadelphia, 

Penna. 
National  Grand  Secretary,  R.  J.  Simmons,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

252 


"ODD  FELLOWS" 

Grand  Officers:  (Morris  Faction) 

Grand  Master,  E.  H.  Morris,  219  S.  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Deputy  Grand  Master,  I.  L.  Roberts,  Boston. 

Grand  Secretary,  James  F.  Needham,  N.  W.  Cor.  12th  and  Spruce  St., 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Grand  Treasurer,  W.  David  Brown,  New  York  City. 

Grand  Officers:  (Davis  Faction) 

Grand  Master,  J.  S.  Noel,  Charleston,  W.  Va. 
Deputy  Grand  Master,  W.  T.  Francis,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Grand  Secretary,  R.  J.  Nelson,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Grand  Treasurer,  C.  Colbourne,  Wilmington,  Del. 

"KNIGHTS  OF  PYTHIAS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  SOUTH 
AMERICA,  EUROPE,  ASIA,  AFRICA,  AND  AUSTRALIA." 

Officers  of  Supreme  Lodge: 

Supreme  Chancellor,  S.  W.  Green,  226  South  Robertson  St.,  New  Or- 
leans, La. 

Supreme  Vice  Chancellor,  E.  C.  Tidrington,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Supreme  Master  of  Exchequer,  J.  H.  Young,  405  Martin  St.,  Pine  Bluff, 
Arkansas. 

Supreme  Keeper  of  Records  and  Seal,  Dr.  E.  E.  Underwood,  Frankfort,  Ky 

"KNIGHTS  OF  PYTHIAS  (EASTERN  AND  WESTERN 
HEMISPHERE.)" 

"Meets  biennially.     The  Officers  are: 

Supreme  Chancellor,  W.  Ashbie  Hawkins,  Baltimore. 

Supreme  Vice-Chancellor,  W.  H.  Willis,  New  York  City. 

Supreme  Master  of  Exchequer,  J.  C.  Anderson,  Crewe,  Va. 

Supreme  Keeper  of  Records  and  Seal,  G.  E.  Gordon,  Chelsea,  Mass." 


253 


I  MUST  PROCLAIM  YOUR  ABSENT  NAME  IS 
NOT  MY  BLAME 


If  on  this  book's  few  pages  space 

Some  worthy  one  of  either  Race 
Finds  not  his  name  in  any  place, 

Think  not  it  is  the  author's  slight 
That  kept  your  name  from  inky  write; 

For  he  has  toiled  both  day  and  night 
In  vain  research  both  far  and  near 

To  get  more  facts  than  here  appear. 
Thus  blame  not  him  for  real  neglect 

'Cause  your  own  name  he  did  not  get : 
And  if  a  wrong  fact  herein  be 

It  was  not  writ  intentionally. 
So  friend,  resume  your  cheerful  moods 

And  smile  away  those  fretful  broods 
For  of  all  names  in  type  here  set 

The  writer  makes  no  one  his  pet, 
But  equally  lauds  all  those  who  seek 

To  inspire  youths  and  help  the  weak. 

The  Author. 


254 


ADVERTISEMENT 

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About  this  book  tell  SWEETHEART  all. 

Give  on  next  CHRISTMAS  OR  BIRTHDAY 
This  BOOK  to  cheer  your  BEAU  real  gay. 

The  PRICE  herein  asked  for  this  BOOK 
Is  DIRT  CHEAP,  if  you  would  once  look 
And  weigh  GREAT  VALUES  it  contains 
As  gleaned  from  study,  WORK  and  brains. 


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